University  of  California. 


<   r  I   FT      OK 


LATIN  LESSONS 


ADAPTED   TO 


ALLEN  AND  GREENOUGH'S  LATIN  GRAMMAR. 


PREPARED   BY 


R.   F.   LEIGHTON, 
ii 

MASTER  OF  THE  MELROSE  HIGH  SCHOOL. 


UBIVB'RSITY 


BOSTON: 

PUBLISHED    BY    GINN    BROTHERS, 
1872. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1872, 

BY    R.    F.     LEIGHTON, 

£.£>    .•  (j  i 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


UNIVERSITY  PRESS:  WELCH,  BIGELOW,  &  Co., 
CAMBRIDGE. 


PKEFACE. 


THIS  book  has  been  prepared  to 
Greenough's  Latin  Grammar.  In  addition 
elementary  drill,  going  systematically  over  the  entire  ground 
of  the  Etymology  and  Syntax,  it  aims  to  furnish  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  interesting  reading  matter,  on  subjects  suited  to 
the  capacity  of  the  pupil,  to  prepare  him  to  read  the  usual 
Latin  authors  with  ease  and  profit ;  while  the  Notes  are  de- 
signed to  supply  all  necessary  information  on  the  subjects  of 
synonymes,  ancient  geography,  Roman  history,  and  antiqui- 
ties. Questions  for  examination  and  review,  with  vocabularies, 
complete  the  volume. 

Much  care  and  study  have  been  spent  on  the  order  and 
arrangement  of  the  Lessons,  especially  in  the  earlier  part, 
aiming  mainly  at  these  two  things,  —  first,  to  introduce,  very 
early  in  the  course,  a  comparison  of  the  simpler  verb-forms, 
which  are  easier  than  nouns,  and  open  the  way  to  a  much 
larger  range  of  expression;  and  secondly,  to  give  not  bare 
words  and  their  inflections,  but  sentences  from  the  start, 
both  questions  and  answers,  in  natural  and  easy  succession. 
The  first  associations  with  any  language,  especially  when 
learned  by  the  young,  ought  to  be  such  as  make  it  as  nearly 
as  possible  like  a  living  tongue;  the  scientific  study  of  it 
should  follow,  not  go  before,  some  familiar  elementary  knowl- 
edge of  what  it  is  in  actual  speech.  Teachers  who  use  this 


iv  PREFACE. 

book  may  find  it  desirable,  further,  to  save  the  learner  from 
those  mistakes  which  often  cling  in  the  memory  long  after 
the  correction  of  them  has  been  forgotten,  by  reading  the  les- 
sons with  their  classes  in  advance  :  the  value  and  importance 
of  frequent  reviews  are  too  plain  to  need  recommendation 
here.  The  Lessons,  including  considerably  more  than  a  hun- 
dred exercises,  Latin  and  English,  are  so  arranged  that  each 
gives  practice  on  what  has  gone  before ;  those  to  be  written 
in  Latin  being  based  on  the  exercises  in  translation  immedi- 
ately preceding.  Taken  in  course,  they  will  be  found  an  am- 
ple preparation  for  any  of  the  more  advanced  manuals  of 
Latin  Composition.* 

The  Reading  Lessons  which  follow  are  largely  made  up 
from  modern  Latin,  —  a  few  Fables  of  ^Esop,  and  extracts 
from  "  Viri  Romae,"  —  owing  to  the  almost  absolute  lack  in 
classic  authors  of  matter  at  once  simple  in  style  and  suitable 
for  elementary  practice.  These  are  followed  by  AVoodford's 
Epitome  of  the  First  Book  of  the  Gallic  War,  which  gives 
the  main  thread  of  the  narrative  in  Caesar's  own  words,  omit- 
ting the  more  difficult  constructions  and  parenthetical  clauses. 
The  Notes  to  this  portion  of  the  book  have  been  prepared  on 
the  theory  that  it  is  better  to  give  too  much  than  too  little 
at  this  stage  of  the  course.  Hence,  besides  very  numerous 
references  to  the  grammar,  the  full  explanation  of  construc- 
tions, and  frequent  exhibition  of  synonymes,  many  details  have 
been  given  of  history,  antiquities,  etc.,  which  will  prove,  if 
not  essential  at  first,  yet  useful  in  the  pupil's  later  studies. 
Some  may  prefer  that  he  should  get  this  information  by  his 
own  research ;  but  my  own  experience  as  a  teacher  convinces 

*  They  have  been  expressly  arranged  as  an  introduction  to  the  brief 
but  very  complete  "Latin  Composition"  by  Professor  W.  F.  Allen. 


PREFACE.  V 

me  how  little  likely  this  is  to  be  done,  and  how  little  danger 
there  is  of  putting  these  matters  within  too  easy  reach. 

Without  entering  into  the  discussion  as  to  the  best  method 
of  pronouncing  Latin,  I  may  be  permitted  to  urge  the  great 
advantage  and  importance  of  knowing  thoroughly  the  phonetic 
value  of  the  letters  of  the  Roman  alphabet,  and  their  simpler 
changes  and  combinations  (as  given  in  the  first  two  sections 
of  the  Grammar),  as  a  key  to  many  of  the  difficulties  of  in- 
flection and  derivation.  This  is  quite  aside  from  the  question 
of  pronunciation,  which  must  after  all  be  governed  by  the 
prevailing  usage.  For  the  convenience  of  those  who  adopt 
the  so-called  English  method,  a  few  simple  rules  are  given. 
It  will  be  understood,  of  course,  that  they  have  no  claim  of 
authority  or  scientific  value,  and  are  a  mere  enumeration  of 
accidental  errors  and  corruptions  which  the  Roman  tongue 
has  encountered  in  its  blending  with  modern  speech. 

To  the  authors  of  the  Latin  Grammar,  and  to  Professor 
Allen  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin,  I  desire  to  express 
my  obligations  for  the  very  serviceable  aid  which  they  have 
afforded  me  in  the  preparation  of  this  book. 

MELKOSE,  MASS.,  August,  1872. 


CONTENTS. 


PAOE 

RULES  OF  PRONUNCIATION xi 

DEFINITIONS xiv 

INFLECTION    OF    NOUNS. 

First  Declension 1 

Subject  and  Predicate          .......  2 

Subject  and  Object          ........  4 

Questions   ..." 5 

Prepositions 6 

Second  Declension      ........  7 

First  and  Second  Declension  of  Adjectives       ....  9 

Conjunctions  and  Adverbs 10 

The  Verb  SUM 11 

First  Conjugation  :  Active  Voice 13 

Third  Declension  of  Nouns     . 15 

Third  Declension  of  Adjectives    .         .         .         .         .         .  18 

Comparison  of  Adjectives  and  Adverbs    .         .         .         .         .19 

Irregular  Comparison 20 

Genitives  in  -lus.  —  Present  Indicative 21 

Fourth  Declension.  —  Imperfect  Indicative  ....  22 

Fifth  Declension. — Future  Indicative 24 

Numerals.  —  Perfect  Indicative 25 

PRONOUNS. 

Personal  Pronouns 26 

Demonstrative  Pronouns 27 

Relative  Pronouns.  —  Pluperfect  Indicative     .         .         .         .  29 

Interrogative  Pronouns.  —  Future  Perfect  Indicative    .         .  SO 


Vlll  CONTENTS. 

PRONOUNS  (continued). 

Indefinite  Pronouns 31 

Correlatives.  —  Imperative  Mood 32 

Infinitives  and  Participles 33 

The  Active  Voice  of  the  Four  Conjugations     .         .         .         .34 

The  Passive  Voice  of  the  Four  Conjugations        ...  36 

Deponent  Verbs 39 

Irregular  Verbs 46 

Impersonal  Verbs :  Periphrastic  Forms    .         ;  .         .49 

SYNTAX. 

Apposition 50 

Agreement  of  Adjectives     .         .         .         .         .         .         .  51 

Relative  Pronouns 52 

CASES. 

The  Genitive 53 

The  Dative 55 

Accusative  and  Vocative          .......  58 

The  Ablative 59 

Tune  and  Place 02 

Use  of  the  Tenses 64 

MOODS. 

Conditional  Sentences 65 

Comparative  and  Concessive  Clauses 67 

Temporal  Clauses 69 

Causal  Clauses     . 71 

Final  Clauses 72 

Consecutive  Clauses 74 

Intermediate  Clauses 76 

Indirect  Discourse 77 

Infinitive  in  Indirect  Discourse 80 

Wishes  and  Commands 82 

Substantive  Clauses 84 

Questions 85 

Participles 86 

Gerund  and  Gerundive 88 

Supine 90 

Roman  Calendar  .                 ...                 ...  91 


CONTEXTS.  IX 

FABLES        .        .        .        . 95 

EXTRACTS  FROM  VIRI  R01VLE 99 

WOODFORD'S  EPITOME  OF  CJ1SAR.     BOOK  I.  ...  124 

NOTES 143 

QUESTIONS   FOR  REVIEW    . 185 

EXAMINATION  PAPERS 197 

ENGLISH-LATIN   VOCABULARY 203 

LATIN-ENGLISH  VOCABULARY 243 

INDEX  OF  SYNONYMES                                                          ,  251 


EULES   OF   PKONUNCIATION. 


I.    ACCORDING  TO  THE  "  ENGLISH  METHOD." 

N.  B.  —  The  long  or  short  vowel-sound  indicated  in  these  rules  is  wholly  independent 
of  the  quantity  of  the  vowels  by  the  rules  of  Latin  Prosody. 

1.  In  Monosyllables,  the  vowel  has  — 

a.  The  long  sound,  if  it  ends  the  syllable  :  as,  si,  me,  spe. 

b.  The  short  sound,  if  followed  by  a  consonant :   as,  ab,  cum,  hoc, 
7ids  ;  except  post,  monosyllables  in  es,  and  (in  plural  cases)  os,  where  it 
has  the  long  sound  :  as,  res,  hos,  Vs. 

2.  An  accented  Penult  has  — 

a.  The  long  vowel-sound  before  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  I 
or  r),    or,  before  a  vowel  or  diphthong :  as,  pd'ter,  lib-er-a'lis,  de'us, 
sa'cra,  pa'tris. 

b.  The  short  vowel-sound  before  two  consonants  (except  a  mute  followed 
by  I  or  r),  or  x :  as,  reg'num,  rex'i. 

3.  An  accented  Antepenult  has  — 

a.  The  long  vowel-sound  before  a  vowel :  as,  tfadem,  Jii'e-mis,  fW- 
e-rat. 

b.  The  short  vowel-sound  before  a  consonant  :  as,  in'su-la,  i-tin'e-ris. 

^EXCEPTIONS.  —  (a.)  u  before  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  Z  or  ?•) 
has  the  long  sound  :  j&'ve-nis,  lu'ri-dus,  pu'tri-dus  ;  but  before  bl,  the 
short  sound  :  as  in  res-pub' li-ca. 

(b.)  a,  e,  o,  before  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  I  or  r)  followed 
Jby  two  vowels,  the  first  of  which  is  e,  i,  or  y,  have  the  long  sound :  as 
impe'ri-um,  do'ce-o,  a'cri-a. 

4.  In  all  unaccented  syllables  the  vowel-sound  is  — 

a.  Long,  if  followed  by  a  single  consonant  (or  a  mute  with  I  or  r)  :  as, 
do-lo'ris ;  but  final  syllables  ending  in  a  consonant  are  short  :  as,  con-sul 
(except  es,  and  in  plural  cases  os  at  the  end  of  the  word). 

b.  Short,  before  x,  or  any  two  consonants  :  as,  bel-lo'rum,  rex-is'sct. 


Xll  RULES   OF   PRONUNCIATION, 

EXCEPTION.  —  Final  a  is  sounded  as  in  the  last  syllable  of  America : 
__as,  rnen'sa  ;  and  the  vowel  sounds  in  tibi  and  sibi  are  as  in  the  English 

my. 

NOTE.  —  Compounds  generally  follow  the  same  rules  ;  but  if  the  first 
part  ends  in  a  consonant,  the  vowel-sound  is  short :  as,  ob'it,  rcd'it,  ab- 
e~rat,  prce-tcr'e-a,  trans'i-tur  (except  post,  and  final  syllables  in  as  and 
05  of  plural  cases  :  as,  post-quam,  post'e-ri,  Iws'ce). 

,      5.  Diphthongs  follow  the  same  rules  as  the  vowels  which  repre- 
sent them  in  English :  thus  — 

(a.)  ce  and  ce  have  the  sound  of  e :  that  is,  long  in  cce'lum,  a-mttfnus; 
short  in  liens' i-to,  a-mazn'i-tas. 

(b.)  In  poetry  ei  may  be  regarded  as  a  diphthong,  as  in  dein'de,  hav- 
ing the  sound  of  i  in  mind  :  eu,  au,  oi,  have,  when  diphthongs,  the  same 
sound  as  in  feud,  autlwr,  coin:  as  Orplieus,  Oileus,  aurum  ;  ui  is  a  diph- 
thong, having  the  long  sound  of  i  in  huic,  cui,  hui  ;  u  in  connection 
with  other  vowels  or  diphthongs  sometimes  has  the  sound  of  w  after  g 
or  s :  as,  qui,  lirigua,  sua'deo,  quce'ro. 

6.  Consonants  have  generally  the  same  power  as  in  English :  — 

(a.)  Thus,  before  c,  i,  y,  and  the  diphthongs  a,  eu,  ce,,  c  has  the  sound 
of  s,  and  g  of  j ;  ch  has  always  the  sound  of  k  as  in  chemist  ;  c,  s,  t 
often  have  the  sound  of  sh  before  i  followed  by  a  vowel,  and  before  eu 
when  preceded  by  an  accented  syllable,  and  x  of  Tcsh  :  as,  socius,  censui, 
ratio,  caduccus,  anxius. 

NOTE.  —  It  is  to  be  understood  that  in  these  examples  the  rule  is  only 
iwrmissivc,  and  that  usage  varies  considerably  among  the  best  authori- 
ties. In  general,  when  the  word,  or  the  combination  of  letters  is  dis- 
tinctly foreign  to  us,  it  may  be  better  to  retain  the  pure  consonant  sound : 
as  in  men-ti-e'tur,  Min'cius,  ca-du'ce-us,  Ly'si-as,  MoJsi-a,  ax-i-o'ma, 
noc'ti-um. 

It  is  very  common,  in  English  pronunciation,  to  slur  or  suppress  the 
more  difficult  consonant  sounds,  particularly  in  such  cases  as  en,  gn,  ps, 
pt,  tm,  or  x,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word  ;  as  in  Cnidus,  gnotus,  pscudo-, 
2)teris,  Tmolus,  xylon.  But,  in  an  accurate  pronunciation  of  these,  as 
Latin  or  Greek  words,  the  full  consonant  sound  will  be  retained. 

Finally,  there  can  be  no  correct  rale  to  authorize  the  slipshod  and 
slovenly  habit  of  enunciation  which  is  frequently  allowed.  To  cultivate 
a  clear  and  vigorous  utterance  of  unfamiliar  words  is  one  of  the  inci- 
dental benefits  of  careful  instruction  in  a  foreign  tongue. 


RULES    OF    PRONUNCIATION.  X1H 


II.    ACCORDING  TO  THE  "  ROMAN  METHOD." 

The  following  are  the  rules  adopted  in  the  Boston  Latin  School,  as  given  in  "  Old 
and  New,"  November,  1871. 

The  English  equivalents  for  the  long  and  short  sounds  of  the  Vowels 
are  here  given  — 

a  as  in  ah :  ddbam.        a  as  in  ah  :        nabam. 

e   "    "  fated:        vfaio.         e   "    "  fane:     veni. 

i    "    "  fleet:          video.          I    "    "  flee:       mdi. 

o    "    "  intonate :  foveo.         5    "    "  tone      fovi. 

u    "    "   boot :         fugio.         \i    "   "  moon  :  fugi. 
The  Diphthongs  ae  and  ai  are  sounded  like  ay,  the  English  adverb  of 
affirmation  ;  au  like  ow  in  owl ;  oi  and  oe  nearly  like  oi  in  oil ;  eu  like 
eh'oo  ;  ua,  when  a  diphthong,  like  wdh. 

Ui  is  sounded  like  the  French  oui  or  English  we. 

Y  is  sounded  like  the  German  u  or  French  u. 

Of  the  Consonants,  — 

C  has  always  the  hard  sound :  thus  Cicero  is  to  be  pronounced  Kee'kcro. 

fi    «       «<       «       «        « 

J  when  used  as  a  consonant  corresponds  in  sound  to  our  Y :  thus  jam 
is  pronounced  yam. 

Qu  has  the  sound  of  K:* 

V  has  a  sound  approximating  to  the  English  W. 

T  has  always  the  simple  sound :  thus  the  second  and  third  syllables 
of  justitia  are  sounded  alike. 

S  has  always  the  pure  sound,  and  not  the  sound  of  Z  or  Sh. 

Gli  has  the  power  of  K. 

Tli  has  the  power  of  9  (Greek),  or  of  tli  in  thin. 

Z  is  sounded  nearly  like  S. 

The  other  consonants  are  supposed  to  have  had  sounds  nearly  identical 
with  the  present  English  sounds. 

NOTE.  — According  to  some  of  the  best  authorities,  if  the  vowel  of  the 
Penult  is  short,  i  or  u  coming  immediately  before  it  is  to  be  regarded  as 
a  semi-vowel,  and  pronounced  like  y  or  w,  the  accent  going  back  to  the 
syllable  before  :  as,  mti'lieres,  mo'nu%rat,  fl'liolus.  But  in  compounds, 
the  accent  will  not  be  thrown  back  of  the  radical  syllable  :  thus,  im- 
pl'etas,  ab-fu'%rat. 

*  Or  more  correctly  as  in  English,  according  to  Professor  Lane:  compare  ' 
(Strabo)  for  Aquitanos. 


DEFINITIONS. 


ARTICLES,  Nouns,  Adjectives,  Pronouns,  Verbs,  Adverbs,  Prepo- 
sitions, Conjunctions,  and  Interjections  are  called  PARTS  OF  SPEECH. 
There  is  no  Article  in  Latin. 

A  NOUN  is  the  name  of  any  thing:  as,  homo,  man ;  navis,  ship. 

If  a  noun  is  the  name  of  a  person,  or  of  a  thing  spoken  of  by  its  own 
name,  as  if  it  were  a  person,  it  is  a  Proper  Noun ;  if  not,  it  is  a  Com- 
mon Noun.  Thus  in  the  sentence  Roma  magna  est  urbs,  Rome  is  a 
great  city,  Roma  is  a  proper,  and  urbs  a  common  noun. 

An  ADJECTIVE  is  a  word  used  to  define  a  quality :  as,  carus,  dear; 
bonus,  good. 

COMPARISON  shows  the  degree  of  the  quality :  as, 

POSITIVE.  COMPARATIVE.  SUPERLATIVE. 

carus,  dear.  carior,  dearer.  carissimus,  dearest. 

bonus,  good.  melior,  better.  optimus,  best. 

A  PRONOUN  is  a  word  used  instead  of  a  noun:  as,  he  for  the  man. 

The  First  Person,  ego,  I,  nos,  ice,  is  the  person  speaking  ;  the  Second 
Person,  tu,  vos,  you,  is  the  one  spoken  to  ;  the  Third  Person,  he,  she,  it, 
they,  is  that  spoken  of,  and  has  no  personal  pronoun  in  Latin,  Demon- 
stratives being  often  used  instead. 

A  Demonstrative  denotes  a  particular  person  or  thing :  as,  Me,  /7m, 
ille,  that. 

A  Relative  refers  to  a  person  or  thing  before  spoken  of :  as,  qui,  who, 
quod,  which. 

The  person  or  thing  referred  to  is  called  the  Antecedent :  as,  homo 
qui  venit,  tlie  man  who  came. 

An  Interrogative  asks  a  question  :  as,  quis  adest  ?  who  is  Jteref  ubi- 
nam  gentium  sumus  ?  wliere  in  tlie  world  are  we  ? 

A  VERB  is  a  word  which  tells  an  action  or  condition :  as,  veni,  / 
came;  cecldit,  he  fell. 

Mood  denotes  the  manner  of  an  action  :  as,  venit,  he  cairn  (Indicative) ; 
venisset,  he  migld  liave  come  (Subjunctive). 


DEFINITIONS.  XV 

Tense  denotes  the  time  of  an  action  :  as,  currit,  he  runs  (Present) ; 
cucurrit,  lie  ran  (Past). 

Of  Voices,  the  Active  speaks  of  a  person  doing  the  action  :  as,  ferit, 
he  strikes  ;  the  Passive,  as  suffering  it :  as,  feritur,  lie  is  struck. 

A  PARTICIPLE  expresses  the  action,  etc.,  of  a  verb  in  the  form  of 
an  adjective :  as,  feriens,  striking  ;  ictus,  struck. 

An  ADVERB  is  a  word  which  qualifies  the  meaning  of  adjectives, 
verbs,  or  adverbs:  as,  acerrime  ferit,  he  strikes  very  hard, 

A  PREPOSITION  is  a  word  which  expresses  the  relations  between 
other  words :  as,  in  oppidum  venit,  he  came  to  town  •  pro  patria 
mori,  to  die  for  one's  country. 

A  CONJUNCTION  is  a  word  which  connects  other  words  or  sen- 
tences :  as,  procerus  et  validus,  tall  and  strong. 

INTERJECTIONS  are  exclamations:  as,  heus!  halloo! 

G-ENDER  is  distinction  as  to  sex,  and  is  Masculine  of  male  crea- 
tures: as,  rex,  king ;  Feminine  of  female  creatures:  as,  regina, 
queen;  Neuter  of  things:  as,  solium,  throne. 

Things  without  sex  are  Neuter  in  English :  as,  stone,  tree.  But  in 
Latin  they  are  frequently  masculine  or  feminine  :  as,  lapis,  stone  (masc.); 
arbor,  tree  (fern.).  This  is  called  Grammatical  Gender. 

NUMBER  signifies  how  many,  and  is  Singular  when  one  is  spoken 
of:  as,  vir,  man  ;  Plural  when  more  than  one :  as,  viri,  men. 

CASE  is  the  form  a  noun  takes  to  show  its  relation  to  other  words : 
as,  pueri  currunt,  the  boys  run  (Nominative);  pueri  soror,  the 

boy's  sister  (Genitive). 

This  relation  is  generally  shown  in  English  by  prepositions  ;  as,  gesta 
Romanorum,  the  deeds  of  the  Romans;  invidia  mini,  envy  against 
me. 

QUANTITY  is  the  time  taken  in  pronouncing  a  vowel  or  a  syllable, 
in  comparison  with  other  syllables. 

Thus  in  the  word  strengthen,  the  first  syllable  is  long  and  the  second 
short  in  quantity  or  time,  though  they  are  both  called  short  in  quality 
or  sound  ;  in  submit,  the  first  is  long  and  the  second  short,  in  quantity, 
though  the  latter  has  the  accent. 

Quantity  is  reckoned  much  more  important  in  Latin  than  in  English, 
and  often  shows  the  difference  in  the  meaning  of  words.  Thus  levis 
(long  e)  means  smooth  ;  levis  (short  e),  means  light ;  cecidit  is  he  fell ; 
cecldit,  he  cut  or  felled. 


2  LATIN    LESSONS. 

2  The  genitive  in  Latin  often  corresponds  to  the  possessive  in 
English  ;  the  words  rosa  puellee  may  mean  the  girl's  rose  or  the 
rose  of  the  girl. 

XOTE.  —  The  quantity  of  all  the  long  syllables  will  be  marked  in 
the  vocabularies  except  where  the  rules  of  §  3  apply ;  those  not 
marked,  nor  long  by  position,  are  short.  The  pupil  should  be 
required  to  account  for  the  quantity  of  those  vowels  to  which 
the  rules  apply.  The  vocabularies  should  be  committed  to  memory 
by  the  pupil  before  beginning  to  translate  the  exercise. 

RULE  I.  —  Final  a  is  short  iu  declinable  words,  except  in 
the  ablative  of  the  first  declension. 


LESSON    II. 


SUBJECT  AXD   PREDICATE.     §  49,  2. 


silva, 

insula, 

via, 

ffiia, 

in  cola, 

casa, 

et, 

non, 


Vocabulary. 

wood,  forest. 

magna, 

large. 

a, 

island. 

parva, 

small. 

way,  road. 

alta, 

hi  flh  or  deep. 

daughter. 

dens  a, 

thick,  close. 

a, 

inhabitant. 

clara, 

clear,  bright. 

cottage. 

longa, 

long. 

and. 

sed, 

but. 

not. 

plena, 

full. 

sum, 

I  am.                          sumus,  ice  are. 

es, 

thon  art  (you  arc).      estis,      you 

are. 

est, 

he  (she,  it)  is.              sunt,    -  they 

are. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Stellre  suiit  cLme.     2.  Puella  est  parva.     3.  Lima 
et  stella  dune  suiit.1     4.  Puella  est  miut;r  tilia.2    5.  Sil\;i- 


LESSON   II.  6 

densse  sunt  et  altse.  6.  Insula  longa  est  sed  non  lata. 
T  Incolae  insularum  nautae3  sunt.  8.  Insula  non  est 
magna.  9.  Est4  (it  is)  casa  agricolse.  10.  Est5  (there  is) 
parva  insula,  plena  silvarum  (silvis).  11.  Est  (he  is) 
incola  insulae. 

1  When  there  are  two  subjects,  the  verb  is  plural;  see  §  49,  1. 

2  See  §  9,  2  (e). 

8  Notice  that  the  predicate  after  the  verb  to  be  is  in  the  same  case 
as  the  subject. 

*  Notice  that  the  personal  pronouns  /,  thou,  &c.,  are  contained 
in  the  endings  of  the  verb ;  thus  est  is  not  merely  is,  but  he  (slie  or 
it)  is ;  the  nominative  of  the  personal  pronouns  is  rarely  expressed 
in  Latin. 

5  In  English,  when  the  subject  is  indefinite  we  use  the  word 
there  with  the^erb  to  be  ;  as,  insula  est  parva  may  mean  the  island 
is  small,  an  island  is  small,  (there)  is  a  small  island,  (it)  is  a  small 
island,  or  the  island  is  a  small  (one).  Generally  the  same  order  in 
Latin  can  be  followed  as  in  English,  unless  we  wish  to  give  empha- 
sis to  some  particular  word ;  then  that  word  should  be  placed  either 
first  or  last  in  the  sentence.  Thus  we  can  say  est  insula  parva, 
the  island  is  small,  if  we  wish  to  contradict  some  one  who  has  said 
it  is  not  so.  (See  §  76.) 

Translate  into  Latin. 

\ 

1.  The  way  is  long/  2. 'The  moon  is  bright.  3.  The 
forest  is  large  and  thick.  4.  The  inhabitants  of  the 
island  are  sailors.  '5.  The  islands  are  not  small.  6.  The 
inhabitants  of  the  island  aie  not  sailors,  but  farmers. 
7.  She1  is  the  daughter  of  the  sailor.  8.  The  moon 
and  stars  are  bright.  9.  There2  is  a  large  island  full  of 

woods.     10"  He  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  island.     11.  We 

f 

are  farmers,  not  sailors. 

1  See  Lesson  II.  Note  4.  2  See  Lesson  II.  Note  5. 


LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON  III. 

SUBJECT  AND   OBJECT.     §  52,  1. 

Vocabulary. 


ora, 

shore. 

aula,             hall. 

pecunia, 

money. 

rapida,         swift. 

terra, 

land. 

paro,            prepare. 

do,1 

give. 

seco,            cut. 

arc, 

plough. 

voco,            call. 

amo, 

I  love.              amanms,  ice  love. 

amas, 

tkou  lovest.       amatis,      you  love. 

am  at, 

lie  loves.            amant,      they  love. 

Translate   into  English. 

1.  Nautas  vocat.  2.  Incolas  insularum  vocamus. 
3.  Vocat  puellam.  4.  Yocant  nautam.  5.  Damns  rosas 
puellis.  6.  Orae  insularum  plense  sunt  rosarum.  7.  Agri- 
colse  silvas  secant  magnas  densasque.2  8.  Aula  est  magna. 
9.  Matronae  dant  rosas  filiabus.  10.  Puellas  sunt  agrico- 
larum  filial  11.  Sumus  nautse. 

1  These  verbs  are  inflected  in  the  present  tense  like  amo. 

2  The  syllable  -que  added  to  a  word  means  and. 

RULE  II.  —  Final  0  is  common ;  but  it  is  long  in  datives 
and  ablatives ;  also,  usually  in  verbs. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  calls  the  sailors.  2.  The  fanners  cut  the  hiiji 
woods.  3.  He  calls  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands.  4.  The 
sailor  ploughs  the  water,  and  the  farmer  ploughs  the 
land.  5.  The  sailor  calls  (his)1  daughter.  6.  She  is  the 
daughter  of  the  sailor.  7.  They  are  the  sailor's  daugh- 


LESSONS    III.,    IV.  5 

ters.  8.  It  is  a  beautiful  island,  long  but  narrow,  and 
the  water  is  deep  and  swift.  9.  (There)  is  a  report  of_ 
victory. 

•  l  Words  in  parenthesis  are  not  to  be  translated. 


LESSON    IV. 
QUESTIONS.     §  71. 


Vocabulary. 


littera,  letter. 

litterae  (plur.),  letter,  epistle. 

delecto,  delight. 

monstro,  show. 

Galba,  Galba. 

ancilla,  maid-servant. 

eram,  I  ivas. 
eras,   thou  wast. 
erat,   he  was. 


poeta, 
perfuga, 


poet, 
deserter. 


insidiee  (plur.),  snares. 

umbra,  shade. 

medicina,  medicine. 

eegra,  sick. 

eramus,  we  were. 
erates,    you  were. 
erant,      they  were. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Vocatne1  puellam?  Vocat.  2.  Nonne  Galba  in- 
sidias  parat  ?  3.  Agricola  puellis  viam  moiistrat.  4.  Num. 
poeta  reginse  rosam  dat  ?  5.  Suntne  puellse  agricolarum 
filiae  ?  Non  sunt,  sed  nautarum.  6.  Erantne  copise  Galba3  ? 
7.  Eegina  erat  segra.  8.  Nonne  regina  vocat  ancillas  ? 
Non  vocat.  9.  Umbra  silvarum  agricolas  delectat. 

1  A  question  may  be  asked  in  Latin  by  the  particles  num,  nonne, 
and  the  syllable  -ne  added  to  a  word.  The  enclitic  -ne  is  used  in 
questions  asked  for  information  merely ;  nonne,  when  the  answer 
yes,  and  num  when  the  answer  no  is  expected.  There  is  no  word 
in  Latin  for  yes  or  no.  To  answer  a  question,  the  verb  may  be 
repeated ;  thus,  vocatne,  does  he  call  f  vocat,  ?/e.s  (he  calls) ;  non 
vocat,  no  (he  does  not  call). 


O  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Translate  into  Latin* 

1.  Does  the  sailor  call  (his)  daughter  ?  Yes.  2.  Does 
the  deserter  give  a  letter  to  the  queen  ?  No.  3.  Were 
they1  the  daughters  of  the  farmer?  4.  The  farmer  shows 
the  way  to  (his)  daughter.  5.  Was  the  island  long  ? 
6.  (There)  is2  the  letter  of  the  queen.  7.  The  moon  de- 
lights the  farmer.  8.  Does  the  shade  of  the  wood  delight 
the  poet  ?  9.  Was  he  an  inhabitant  of  the  island  ? 

1  Use  num  erant. 

2  The  verb  must  be  plural ;  littera,  sing.,  means  a  letter  (as  of 
the  alphabet)  ;  litterae,  plur.,  a  letter,  i.  e.  an  epistle. 


fera, 

sto,1 

nato, 

ambulo, 

provincia, 

porta,2 

aquila, 


LESSON    V. 

PREPOSITIONS.     8  42. 


Vocabulary. 

wild  beast. 

alba, 

stand. 

rubra, 

swim. 

copia, 

walk. 

copiae  (plur.), 

province. 

pulchra, 

gate. 

nigra, 

eagle. 

volo, 

red. 

abundance, 
forces, 
beautiful, 
dark. 

fly- 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Stant  in3  densa  silva.  2.  Ad  silvani  ambulamus,  et 
stanius  in  nigra  umbra.  3.  ISTonue  nautre  natant'in  alta 
aqua,  ad  oram  insulre  ?  4.  SilvoB  in  insula  nigrce  sunt  et 
densae.  5.  Ambulantne  ad  silvain  ?  6.  Agricola  latam 
viam  secat  per  silvam.  Y.  Nanta  stat  in  (on)  iusulse  ora. 
8.  Suntne  puellas  in  silva  ?  9.  In  ripa  sunt  pulchr:e 
puella?,  cum  rosis  rubris  et  albis. 

1  Inflect  these  verbs  like  aino. 


LESSONS   V.,    VI.  7 

2  SYN.  —  Porta  is  used  of  a  city;  janua,  of  a  house. 

3  All  the  prepositions  govern  either  the  accusative  or  the  abla- 
tive.    See  §  56. 

NOTE.  —  The  preposition  in,  with  the  accusative,  means  into; 
with  the  ablative,  it  means  in:  ad  and  per  are  followed  by  the 
accusative;  ad  means  to;  per,  through:  cum  is  followed  by  the 
ablative,  and  means  zuith,  in  company  with. 

Notice  that  et  connects  words  which  are  considered  indepen- 
dently and  of  equal  importance,  while  que  joins  a  word  closely 
to  another  as  belonging  to  it ;  thus,  in  pueri  puellaeque  ludunt, 
the  boys  and  girls  are  playing,  -que  connects  the  words  under  one 
proposition ;  while  in  pueri  student  et  puellae  ludunt,  the  boys 
study  and  the  girls  play^  et  connects  two  distinct  propositions. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  swim  in  deep  water.  2.  The  farmers  stand  in 
the  thick  woods.  3.  The  water  is  deep  and  dark.  4.  Do 
the  sailors  stand  on  the  shore  of  the  island  ?  5.  The 
sailor  is  in  the  water.  6.  We  walked,  through  the  woods 
towards  the  cottage.  7.  The  sailors  (do)  not  stand  on 
the  shore,  but  swim  to  the  river-bank  in  the  deep  and 
swift  water.  8.  The  sailors  are  in  the  water.  9.  We 
swim  to  the  shore  of  the  island. 


LESSON    VI. 

SECOND  DECLENSION.     §10. 


' 

Vocalbulary. 

ager,  agri, 

field. 

magister, 

master,  teacher. 

faber,  fabri, 

smith. 

gener, 

son-in-law. 

equus, 

horse. 

venit, 

he  (she,  if)  comes. 

domiiius, 
pabulum, 

master, 
fodder. 

ludus, 
campus, 

school, 
.field. 

LATIX    LESSOXS. 


hortus, 

garden. 

vesper, 

evening. 

regnum, 

kingdom. 

janua, 

door. 

servus, 

slave. 

legatus, 

ambassador. 

arvum, 

ploughed  field.             vir, 

man. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Magister  curn  pueris  erat  in  agro.  2.  Puer  venit 
in  januam.  3.  Suntne  servi  in  horto  ?  4.  Pueri  (tec 
boys)  in  aqua  natamus.  5.  Puellas  vocamus  ex1  via  in 
hortum.  6.  Est  in  agro2  copia  pabuli  7.  Domiims  in 
arvo  cum  servis  arnbulat.  8.  Gener  venit  ex  casa.  9. 
Pueri  parvi  sunt  in  horto  cum  magistro.  10.  Puer  venit 
e  deusa  silva,  et  natat  in  alta  aqua  ad  parvani  insulam. 
11.  Boni  viri  bonos  pueros  amant.  12.  Vir  veuit  cum 
servo  in  arvum.  13.  Vir  ambulat  ab  insulae  ora. 

1  The  preposition  ex  (e  before  consonants)  is  followed  by  the 
ablative,  and  means  out  of:  a  (a  before  consonants,  ab  before  vow- 
els and  consonants)  means  from,  away  from ;   it  means  by,  when 
used  with  a  passive  verb  to  express  the  person  by  whom  anything 
is  done. 

2  STX.  —  Ager  is  the^eZc?  in  general ;  arvum,  the  ploughed  f  eld  ; 
and  campus,  the  enclosed  Jield^or  plain. 

RULE  III. — Final  i  and  u  are  long,  also  final  as,  es,  and  os; 
final  a,  e,  and  y  are  short ;  also  is  and  us,  but  is  is  long  in 
plural  cases. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  calls  the  boys  out  of  the  garden  into1  the  road. 
2.  Does  the  master  call  the  boys  ?  No.  3.  The  slave 
comes  into  the  field  with  (his)  master.  4.  The  boy  conies 
into  the  garden.  5.  The  girl  comes  out  of  the  garden  and 
walks  towards  (ad)  the  field.  6.  He  walks  in  the  field 
with  (his)  son  and  daughter.  7.  The  boy  walks  away 
from  the  water.  8.  The  sailor  conies  out  of  the  water. 


LESSONS   VI.,    VII. 


9 


9.  (It)  is  the  farmer's  horse.     10.  The  man  walks  in  the 
garden  at  (ad)  evening  with  (his)  boys. 

1  Observe  the  distinction  between  the  prepositions  in  and  ex, 
and  ad  and  ab.  In  (with  the  accusative)  and  ex  denotes  motion 
to  and  from  the  inside  of  a  place ;  ad  and  ab  (or  a)  denote  motion 
to  and  from  the  outside  of  a  place.  Thus,  venit  in  Italiam,  when 
one  comes  into  Italy  ;  ex  Italia,  when  one  comes  out  of  Italy  j  but 
ad  Italiam,  to  Italy  when  there  is  no  notion  of  entering  into  Italy 
conveyed ;  just  so  ab  Italia,  away  from  Italy,  when  it  is  simply 
expressed  that  he  came  away  from  Italy  (which  he  had  not  en- 
tered). 


LESSON    VII. 

ADJECTIVES  :  FIRST  AND  SECOND  DECLENSION.     §  16. 


Vocabulary. 

amplus, 

large. 

castra  (plur.), 

camp. 

noster  (nostra), 

our. 

oppidum, 

town. 

meus  (voc.  mi), 

my. 

fluvius, 

river. 

bonus, 

good. 

latus, 

broad. 

liberi  (plur.), 

children. 

bellum, 

war. 

saxum, 

rock. 

proslium, 

battle. 

cselum, 

sky. 

donum, 

gift. 

mums, 

wall. 

locus, 

place. 

Translate  into  English* 

1.  Nonne  dat  puero  donum  ?  2.  Campus  longus  est  et 
latus.  3.  Dominus  servusque  sunt  in  lato  campo.  4. 
Statue  puer  in  ripa?  5.  Equus  salit  (leaps)  in  aquam, 
natatque  ad  insulam  parvam.  6.  Multa  saxa  sunt  inter1 
silvas.  Y.  Puer  stat  in  magno  fluvio.  8.  Periculuin  est 
magnum.  9.  Aquila  volat  trans  magnum  fluvium  in  sil- 
vam  densam.  10.  Venit  (he  comes)  in  castra2.  11.  Aula 
est  ampla.  12.  Servus  ambulat  ex  insula  in  campum. 


10 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


1  The  preposition  inter  is  followed  by  the  accusative,  and  means 
between  or  among ;  trans,  across,  and  propter,  on  account  of. 

2  Castra  (declined  like  the  plural  of  donum)  has  a  different 
meaning  in  the  singular  and  plural.     See  §  14,  2  (c). 

SYX. — Murus  is  any  kind  of  a  watt;  paries,  etis,  a  partition- 
wall  inside  a  house;  mceuia  (plur.),  city-walls,  a  defence  against 
the  enemy. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  farmer  walks  with  (his)  son  towards1  the  dense 
forest  and  cuts  a  road.  2.  The  farmer's  sous  are  in  the 
large  garden.  3.  The  boy  comes  across  the  large  river 
into  the  town.  4.  The  servant  comes  out  of  the  large 
hall  with  (his)  master  into  the  garden.  5.  A  great  and 
high  wall  stands  in  the  water.  6.  The  boy  walks  in  the 
garden  with  his  master's  son.  7.  A  great  and  high  rock 
stands  in  the  water ;  and  in  the  rock  is  a  large  cave.  8. 
My  children  love  (their)  master. 

1  Observe  that  when  there  is  motion  to  a  person  or  place  (except 
names  of  towns)  the  preposition  is  expressed. 


LESSON    VIII. 

CONJUNCTIONS  AND  ADVERBS.     §§  41  and  43. 
INDICATIVE  MOOD  OF  Sum.    §  29. 
Vocabulary. 


JQunc, 

now. 

semper, 

ahcays. 

tune  (turn), 

then. 

ssepe, 

often. 

mox, 

soon. 

niinquam, 

ibi, 

there. 

neque, 

nor,  and  so. 

ubi, 

where. 

eras, 

to-morrow. 

hodie, 

to-day. 

heri, 

yesterday. 

aut  (or  vel), 

cither,  or. 

ubique, 

everywhere. 

male, 

M. 

bene, 

well 

LESSONS   VIII.,    IX.  11 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Num.  puer  natat  in  magno  rapidoque  fluvio  ?  2.  In 
multis  proeliis  magno  fuit  in  periculo.  3.  Parvus  puer 
saspe  trans  latum  fluvium  natat.  4.  Bonos  pueros  semper 
amamus.  5.  Domini  non  semper  boni  erunt  in  (towards) 
servos.  6.  Mox  erimus  in  silva.  t.  Multse  pulchrseque 
puellse,  magnse  parvseque,  in  horto  fuerunt  ad  vespemm. 
8.  Viri  cum  equis  in  proelio  fuerant  magno  cum  peri- 
culo. 9.  Magistri  mei  semper  bene  facileque  docent 
(teacJi).  10.  In  oppido,  in  loco1  alto,  erat  magnus  murus. 

i  SYN.  —  Locus  (masc.  in  the  sing.,  and  masc.  and  neut.  in  the 
plur.)  means  place;  the  plur.  loci  means  passages  in  looks ;  also 
used  of  the  points  or  grounds  of  an  argument ;  loca,  places. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Were  the  farmer's  sons  in  the  large  garden  ?  2.  The 
boy  swims  easily  to  the  small  island.  3.  We  were  often 
on  the  banks  of  the  deep  river.  4.  We  shall  soon  be  in 
the  field.  5.  The  children  of  good  (men)  are  not  always 
good.  6.  Our  master  teaches1  well  and  easily.  T.  The 
farmer  walks  with  (his)  sons,  and  not  (his)  daughters, 
into  the  garden. 

1  Use  docet. 


LESSON    IX. 

THE  VERB   Sum.    §  29. 

Vocabulary. 


Justus,  just. 

absum,  be  absent,  distant. 

adsum,  be  present,  near. 

arma  (plnr.),    arms. 


columna,  column. 

Romanus,  Roman. 

probus,  upright. 

attentus,  attentive. 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


miser,  mis  era, 

miserable. 

creber, 

frequent. 

aedificium, 

building. 

frumentum, 

corn. 

negotium, 

business. 

beatus, 

liappy. 

mult  us, 

many. 

discipulus, 

pupil. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Xova  sedificia  sunt  alba.  2.  Xautae  liberi  parvi 
eraiit,  sed  boni  pulchrique.  3.  Mox  erunt  in  silva. 

4.  Fuimus  heri  in  oppido,  nbi  mine  sunt  iilii  filireque. 

5.  Semper  a  proelio  abero.     6.  Puella  aegra  erat.     7.  Fuis- 
tisne  heri   in   oppido  ?     Non  fuimus,   sed  eras   erimus. 
8.  Erant  inulti  pueri  heri  in  horto ;  et  inter  pueros  fili- 
us1  magistri.     9.  Abfneritis  a  proelio.     10.  Magii^  copia3 
Eomanorum  in  proelio  aderant.     11.   Probi  este,  pueri  et 
beati  eritis.    12.  Discipuli  sint  (sunto)  attenti.    13.  Estne 
copia2  frumenti  in  agris?     Non  est. 

1  See  §  10,  4  (c). 

8  Copia,  plenty;    copiae,  forces. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  town  was  small,  but  beautiful.  2.  The  columns 
of  the  hall  are  white.  3.  We  were1  yesterday  in  the  gar- 
den, where  were  many  boys  and  girls.  4.  The  boy  comes 
across  the  wide  field  into  the  farmer's  garden.  5.  We 
have  been  on  the  bank  of  the  deep  river.  6.  There  had 
been  many  battles  near  the  city.  7.  The  forces  of  the 
Eomans  were  often  in  wars  and  battles.  8.  Be  just.  9. 
Be  attentive,  pupils.2 

1  The  English  past  tense  is  to  be  translated  by  the  imperfect 
when  it  describes;  by  the  perfect  (aorist)  when  it  simply  states  a 
fact. 

8  Use  the  vocative.     See  §  53. 


LESSON   X. 


13 


LESSON    X. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION  :    ACTIVE  VOICE.     §  31. 
INDICATIVE  AND  IMPERATIVE  MOODS. 


Vocabulary. 


regno, 

Horatius, 

inceptum, 

convoco, 

secundo, 

provoco, 

conjure, 

tuus,  tua,  tutim,  thy. 

gaudium,  joy, 


reign. 

Horatius. 

undertaking. 

call  together. 

prosper, 

appeal, 

plot,  conspire. 


Amulius,  Amulius., 

libero,  liberate. 

dimico,  fight. 
occupo,  seize,  take  possession  of. 

conclamo,  cry  out  together. 

simulo,  pretend. 

ferrum,  iron,  sword. 

suus,  -a,-um,  his,  her,  their  (own). 

avum,  grandfather. 


Translate  into  English. 

1.  Eomani  ssepe  bello  dimicaverunt.  2.  Ferro  dimi- 
cant  pro  sua  patria.  3.  Gaudium  simulavistis ;  non  beati 
eratis.  4.  Contra  populum  Romanum  conjurant.  5.  Ad 
populum  provocavit.  6.  Agricola  arvum  suum  arabat. 
T.  Conclamavit  gaudio.  8.  Dii  nostra  incepta  secundant. 
9.  Amulius1  Albas  regnabat,  cum  Romulus  avum  suum 
liberavit,  Amuliumque  necavit.  10.  In  populum  Roma- 
num  conjures.  .  11.  Oppidum  novum  occupaverat  in  in- 
sula  parva.  12.  Puerum  suum  liberavit. 

1  See  §  10,  4  (c). 

SYN.  —  Provoco  is  to  appeal  to  the  people ;  appello,  to  appeal 
to  one  magistrate  from  the  decisions  of  another. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boys  pretend  flight.  2.  We  shall  fight  with1 
the  sword.  3.  Romulus  seized  the  kingdom  of  his  grand- 
father Amulius.  4.  They  were  fighting2  with  the  sword. 
5.  They  fought  with  the  sword.  6.  He  has  fought  well 


14  LATIX    LESSONS. 

with  the  sword ;  and  with  the  sword  he  will  liberate  his 
country.  T.  Horatius  appealed  to  the  people  and  they3 
liberated  him  from  danger.  8.  The  fields  are  not4  large. 
9.  AVe  call  the  inhabitants  of  the  islands  sailors.  10. 
Call  the  men  from  the  fields.  11.  They  may  not  favor 
our  undertaking. 

1  Xotice  that  when  cum  expresses  the  means  or  instrument  of  the 
action,  it  must  be  translated  by  the  ablative  alone ;  when  it  denotes 
accompaniment,  the  preposition  cum  must  be  used. 

2  The  teacher  should  carefully  explain  the  meaning  of  the  im- 
perfect, the  perfect,  and  aorist  (perfect  indefinite)    tenses:   were 
fighting  is  to  be  translated  into  Latin  by  the  imperfect ;  fought,  by 
the  aorist;  and  has  fought,  by  the  perfect. 

3  Observe  that  populus  is  singular,  and  the  pronoun  that  relates 
to  it  must  be  singular  in  Latin,  and  take  a  verb  in  the  singular 
number. 

4  When  not  belongs  to  the  verb,  the  non  in  Latin  must  precede 
the  verb;  as,  aula  non  est  ampla,  the  hall  is  not  large. 


LESSON    XI. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  :    TOWEL  STEMS.     §  11,  1. 

Vocabulary. 
turris, 
hostis, 
piscis, 
civis, 
nubes, 
canis, 
clades, 
unions, 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Canis  latrat.     2.  Xubes  est  nigra.     3.  Xonne  hostes 
agros,  vastant1  ?     4.  Amicus  noster  filiam  suam  dat  in 


tower. 

latro, 

bark. 

enemy. 

volo, 

fly- 

fish. 

liber  (libri), 

book. 

citizen. 

vallis, 

valley. 

cloud. 

rupes, 

rock. 

dog. 

avis, 

bird. 

slaughter. 

juvenis, 

young  man. 

friend. 

notus, 

known. 

LESSONS   XL,    XII.  15 

matrimonium  pulchro  juveni.  5.  Multse  turres  altae  stant 
in  ripa.  6.  Magna  erat  hostium  clades.  T  Hostium 
oppida  occupat.  8.  Eomani  trans  fluvium  multos  agios 
vastaverunt.  9.  Magister  librum  puero  dat.  10.  Valles 
hostibus  notae  erant. 

NOTE.  —  The  nouns  given  above  have  -em  in  the  accusative  sin- 
gular, and  -e  in  the  ablative.  The  genitive  plural  ends  in  -ium, 
except  canis  and  juvenis,  which  have  -um. 

SYN.  —  Hostis  is  a  foreign  enemy  in  war ;  inimicus,  a  private, 
personal  enemy ;  adversarius,  any  opponent. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  dogs  barked.  2.  The  dogs  barked  (were  bark- 
ing). 3.  The  dogs  barked  (have  barked).  4.  The  enemy 
(plur.)  took-possession-of l  the  town.  5.  The  master  gave 
his  book  to  the  boy.  6.  Birds  fly  from  the  thick  wood 
to  (in)  the  farmer's  garden.  7.  There  are  many  black 
clouds  in  the  sky.  8.  Did  you  call  the  dog  ?  No.  9. 
The  slaughter  of  the  enemy  in  battle  was  great. 

1  Took  possession  of  is  really  a  compound  verb,  and  is  to  be  ren- 
dered by  occupo,  governing  the  accusative. 


LESSON    XII. 

THIRD  DECLENSION  :    LIQUID  STEMS.     §  11,  2. 
Vocabulary. 


consul,  iilis,  consul. 

genus,  eris,  race,  class,  kind. 

mare,  is,  sea. 

pater,  tris,  father. 


soror,  oris,  sister. 

homo,  mis,  man,  person. 

Caesar,  aris,  Ccesar. 

victor,  oris,  victor. 


16  LATIN    LESSONS. 


aer,  aeris, 

air. 

scelus,  eris, 

crime. 

litus,  oris, 

shore. 

creo, 

choose,  make. 

animal,  alls, 

animal. 

varius,  a,  um, 

various. 

sententia, 

opinion. 

Ira, 

anger. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Populus  Romanus  Caesarem  consulem  creat.  2. 
Srepe  sententiam  mutat.  3.  Varia  sunt  animalium  genera. 
4.  In  litore  mans  staiit  fratres  cum  sororibus.  5.  Romu- 
lus  fratrem  liberavit.  6.  Ira  causa  est  multorum  scele- 
rum.  T.  Bonos  homines  laudamus.  8.  Consul  Caesareni 
sententiam 1  rogabat.  9.  Magister  veiiit  (comes)  cum  puero 
parvo  in  hortiun.  10.  Dat  consiliuni  de  animi  sententia. 
11.  Copiae  ad  oppidum  festinabant. 

1  SYN.  —  Seutentia,  opinion;  consilium,  counsel,  advice, project. 
Festino,  hasten  impatiently,  hurry;  propero,  hasten  with  energy, 
but  without  hurry  or  impatience. 

RULE  V.  —  In  the  increment  of  nouns  and  adjectives, 
a  and  0  are  generally  long ;  e,  i,  U,  and  y  are  generally 
short  ;  but  0  is  short  in  the  increment  of  neuter  nouns.  (For 
the  meaning  of  increment,  and  exceptions,  see  Gr.  p.  218.) 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Romulus  will  liberate  (his)  brother.  2.  They  make 
Caesar  consul.  3.  Fishes  swim  in  the  water  and  birds  fly 
in  the  air.  4.  The  boys  stand  upon  the  bank  this-side-of 
(citra)  the  river.  5.  Does  the  father  call  his  children  ? 
No.  6.  Many  animals  are  in  the  great  and  broad  river. 
7.  Did  the  boy  swim  in  the  water  from  the  small  island 
to  the  shore  ?  8.  Were  you  absent  from  school  yester- 
day ?  No. 


LESSON    XIII. 


17 


LESSON    XIII. 


THIRD  DECLENSION  :    MUTE  STEMS.     §  11,  3. 


Vocabulary. 


urbs,  urbis, 
lex,  legis, 
miles,  itis, 
lapis,  idis, 
trabs,  trabis, 
nomen,  mis, 
obses,  idis, 

city, 
law. 
soldier, 
stone, 
beam, 
name, 
hostages. 

pons,  pontis, 
flumen,  inis, 
(ops),  opis, 
comes,  itis, 
regno, 
hiems,  emis, 
solitudo,  Inis, 

bridge, 
river, 
aid  ;  (pi.  wealth.} 
companion, 
rule  (as  kinff). 
winter, 
wilderness. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Trabes  sunfc  longc^e  in  pontibus.1  2.  Fratri  frater  fert 
(bears)  opem.2  3.  Miles  lapide  comitem  occidit  (kills). 
4.  Hostes  dant  obsides  Eomanis.  5.  Vastse  turn  in  iis 
(those)  locis  solitudines  erant.  6.  Eomulus  nomen  Eomam 
novse  urbi  dat.  7.  Movit  (stirred)  animum  juvenis  com- 
ploratio  sororis  8.  Multse  aves  sub3  liiemem  in  insulam 
volant,  vel  in  litore  stant.  9.  Eomulus  Romanorum  rex 
erat.  10.  Trabes  novi  pontis  longse  sunt  et  validse. 

1  For  the  gender,  see  §  11,  iv.,  3  (d). 

2  The  word  is  not  found  in  the  nominative. 

3  Towards. 

SYN.  —  Flumeii  (fluo,  to  flow) t  properly  the  stream,  is  used  as  a 
general  term  for  river;  fluvius,  river ;  amnis,  a  broad,  deep  river; 
rivus,  a  brook. 


RULE  VI.  —  Most  final  syllables  ending  in  a  consonant, 
except   C,  are  short ;   but  monosyllabic  nouns  ending  in  a 
consonant  are  long. 
2 


18  LATIN    LESSOXS. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  gave  hostages  to  Caesar.  2.  The  beams  of  the 
long  "bridge  are  new  and  strong.  3.  The  name  of  the  city 
was  Borne.  4.  Fishes  swim  in  the  deep  river.  5.  The 
enemies'  camp  was  near  the  walls  of  Rome.  6.  The 
enemy  are  in-the-power-of  the  consul.  7.  Towards  win- 
ter, birds  migrate  into  distant  (longinquas)  lands.  8.  We 
dwell  now  in  the  city,  but  we  will  soon  dwell  in  (our) 
gardens. 


LESSON    XIV. 

ADJECTIVES  :    THIRD   DECLENSION.     §  16,  2  and  3. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Puer  est  tristis.  2.  Eeges  sunt  potentes.  3.  Dabit 
civitateni  omnibus  Italicis.  4.  Consilium  ducis  audax  est. 
5.  Bex  ingentem  numerum  militum  habet.1  6.  Leges 
Piornanorum  erant  egregise.  7.  Kaves  hostiiim  sunt  cele- 
res.  8.  Tempus  huuianae  vitie  breve  est.  9.  Miles  vulnus 
grave  patienter  tolerat.  10.  Memoria  in  pueris  est  tenax. 
11.  Equites  veloces  ad  silvam  festinant.  12.  Yita  est 
breve  iter.  13.  Milites  sunt  audaces.  14.  Longissimas 
vias  incredibili  celeritate  confecit.2 

1  Has.  ~  He  accomplished. 

SYX.  —  Consilium,  advice,  counsel;  concilium,  an  a&semUy,  a 
meeting  (of  part  of  the  people).  Lex  is  a  law  passed  in  a  comitia. 
(an  assembly  of  the  whole  people) ;  scitum,  one  passed  in  a  con- 
cilium. 

Populus  (orijrinally  the  patricians)  came  to  include  the  whole 
people ;  plebs  (pleo,  to  Jill),  a  part  of  the  people,  an  inferior  class 
until  equality  was  established  by  the  Licinian  Laws,  B.  C.  3G7 ;  the 
Roman  people  in  their  civil  capacity  were  called  Quiritcs. 


LESSONS    XIV.,    XV.  19 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boys  were  sad.  2.  The  king  gives  large  re- 
wards to  the  soldiers.  3.  Lions  are  rapacious  animals. 
4.  We  live  outside-of  the  city.  5.  The  ships  of  the 
enemy  are  in  the  river.  6.  The  king  comes  to  the  city 
with  a  large  number  of  soldiers.  7.  The  ships  of  the 
king  were  swift.  8.  The  gods  are  immortal.  9.  We  are 
on-this-side-of  «the  river.  10.  We  were  in  the  power  of 
the  king.  .  11.  The  soldiers  swim  across  the  river  and 
assault  the  town.  12.  They  are  walking  alongside  a 
large  river.  13.  The  farmer  cuts  a  road  in  the  thick 
forest.  14  We  swim  in  deep  water.  15.  The  sailors  do 
not  stand  on  the  shore,  but  swim  in  the  deep  water  from 
the  island  to  the  bank. 


LESSON    XV. 
COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES  AND  ADVERBS.     §  17. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Sumus  potentes.  2.  Estis  potentiores.  3.  Eeges 
sunt  potentissimi.  4.  Noctes  brevissimse  sunt  sestate.1 
5.  Cicero  erat  doctissimus  Eomanorum.  6.  Aqua  est 
gravior  ae're.2  7.  Eoma  clarissima  urbs  Italian  erat.  8. 
Remus  oris  lineamentis  erat  matri  simillimus.  9.  Erat 
geminata  victoria3  ferox  animus.  10.  Longissime  ab- 
sunt.  11.  In  bello  miserrimi  sunt  agricolce.  12.  Ger- 
mani  cum  Ilomanis  fortiter  pugnaverunt.  13.  Milites 
fortius  pugnant.  14.  Itinera  erant  dimcillima.  15.  Galli 
Italiam  longe  lateque  vastaverunt.  16.  Miles  vulnus 
grave  patienter  tolerat. 

1  In  summer.  2  See  Kule  32.  8  See  Rule  26. 


20  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  are  not  all  happy.  2.  Xot  all  soldiers  are  brave. 
3.  They  are  the  most  powerful  of  all.  4.  Air  is  lighter 
than1  water.  5.  The  Belgians  are  the  bravest  of  all  the 
Gauls.  6.  Light  is  swifter  than  the  wind.  7.  The  enemy 
were  farthest  distant  from  the  city.  8.  The  enemy  fight 
most  bravely.  9.  The  journey  is  very  difficult.  10.  The 
swiftest  animals  are  not  always  the  strongest.  11.  Remus 
was  very  like  his  brother.2  12.  The  Gauls  laid  waste  the 
fields  of  the  Romans  far  and  wide.  13.  The  soldiers  fight 
bravely.  14.  The  sailors  often  swam  from  the  island  in 
the  deep  water. 

1  See  Rule  32.  8  Use  the  dative. 


LESSON    XVI. 

IRREGULAR   COMPARISON.     §  17,  2. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Horatius1  erat  bonus  poeta,  Vergilius  melior,  Hoine- 
rus  optimus.  2.  Nihil2  est  melius  quam  sapientia.3  3. 
Sol  major  est  quarn  terra.  4.  Luna  minor  est  quam  terra. 
5.  Plurima  et  maxima  aninialia  sunt  in  rnari.  6.  Horne- 
rus  est  veterrimus4  omnium  Graecorum  poetarum.  7. 
Cum  proximis  civitatibus  paceni  et  amicitiam  confirmant. 
8.  Acriter  pugnant.  9.  Lupa  ssepius  ad  parvulos,  veluti 
ad  catulos  revertitur.5  10.  Finitimi  Belgis  erant.  11. 
Urbs  proxinie  aberat.  12.  Tullus  Hostilius  proximo  regi 
dissimilis  fuit.  13.  Armorum6  peritissimus  erat.  14. 
Yenit  ex  loco  superiore.  15.  Est  in  citeriore  Gallia. 

1  See  §10,  4  (c).       *  See  §17,1  (a). 

8  See  §  14,  1  (c).        6  Returns. 

8  See  Rule  32.  6  Render,  in  anns  ;  peritus  governs  the  gen. 


LESSONS    XVI.,    XVII.  21 

Translate  into  !Latin. 

1.  Caesar  establishes  peace  with  the  nearest  states. 
2.  The  soldiers  fight  fiercely.  3.  He  was  unlike  the  last 
king.  4.  He  hastened  from  the  city  into  Hither  Gaul. 
5.  The  enemy  fight  more  fiercely.  6.  He  hastened  to  the 
nearest  city.  f.  We  are  in  the  last  town  of  Gaul.  8. 
They  fight  often  with  the  enemy.  9.  The  earth  is  larger 
than  the  moon.1  10.  We  call  the  children  from  the 
garden  at  (ad)  evening.  11.  The  brave  chiefs  will  fortify 
many  towns. 

1  Ablative.     See  Kule  3' 


LESSON 

GENITIVES  IN  -ins.    §  16,  1  (&). 

PRESENT  INDICATIVE  OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS.     §  30  -  34. 

Translate  into  [English. 

1.  liter  nomen  novae  urbi  dat  ?  2.  Statim  Eomani 
alius  super  alium  exspirantes  cadunt.  3.  Gives  Csesari 
uni  honorem  dant.  4.  Veniunt  in  unum  locum.  5. 
Miles  venit  ex  altera  parte  urbis.  6.  Tota  Csesaris 
vita  memorabilis  erat.  7.  Eomanos  spes  tota  deserit. 
8.  Alius1  alium  amat.  9.  Alius  aliud  dictitat.  10.  Uter 
erat  in  horto  ?  11.  Fratres  amant,  alter  alterum.  12. 
Alii  puerum  laudant,  alii  culpant.  13.  Miles  lapicle 
comitem  occidit.  14.  Milites  omnes  periculum  timent. 
15.  Videt  (she  sees)  super  fratris  humeros  paludamentum 
amici.  16.  Mea  unius  causa  venit.2 

1  Translate,  one  likes  one ;  another,  another. 

2  He  comes  for  my  sake  alone. 


LATIN    LESSONS. 

XGTE.  —  The  pupil  need  learn  only  the  few  lines  of  the  large  type 
at  the  beginning  of  §  30 ;  the  present  tense  of  the  different  conju- 
gations will  be  found  under  §  31,  §  32,  §  33,  §  34,  respectively. 

RULE  VII.  —  In  increments  of  conjugation,  a,  e,  and  0  are 
long ;  i  and  U  are  short ;  but  a  is  short  in  the  first  increment 
of  do,  and  e  is  short  in  the  present  and  imperfect  of  the  third 
conjugation.  (For  illustrations  and  exceptions  see  Gr.  p.  219.) 

Exc.  —  Final  is  in  the  second  person  singular,  present  indicative, 
of  the  fourth  conjugation  is  long. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  We  see  many  and  strange  animals  in  the  sea,  2. 
Romulus  gave  another  name  to  the  new  city.  3.  Some 
praise  Caesar,  others  blame  him.  4.  The  father  with  (his) 
daughter  conies  to  the  sea-shore.  5.  To  which  (of  the  two) 
does  he  give  the  praise  ?  6.  The  one  was  pleasing  to  the 
citizens,  the  other  was  troublesome.  T  The  boy  sits 
easily  on  (his)  horse.  8.  The  horses  leap  into  the  water 
and  swim  to  the  bank.  9.  A  wolf  runs  out  of  the  forest 
into  the  field ;  the  boys  fear  the  wolf,  and  flee.  10.  Do 
you  see  the  slave  with  his  master  in  the  garden  ?  No. 
12.  The  farmer  alone  ploughs  the  field.  13.  The  brothers 
love  each  other.  14.  Some  insist  (flagitat)  on  one  thing, 
some  on  another.  15.  Some  praise  one  thing,  some 
another. 


LESSON    XVIII. 

FOURTH  DECLENSIOX.    §12. 

.IMPERFECT  INDICATIVE.     §31-34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ad  casum  Eomanormn  conclamavit  gandio  exercitus 
2.  AlUT  Fessum  vulnere, fessum  cursu  tralH>!' 


LESSON    XVIII.         «  23 

corpus.  3.  Arma  magnifica  habebant.  4.  Sapientes  luc- 
tum  et  mcerorem  deponunt.  5.  Helvetii  Caesaris  ad- 
ventuin  exspectabant.  6.  Caesar  magnum  Germanorum 
exercitum  trans  Ehenum  transducebat.  T.  Agricola  tau- 
rum  cornibus  tenebat.  8.  Pater  domus  quattuor  sedificat. 
9.  Parvi  sunt  pueri,  sed  non  timent  magistrum.  10.  Mox 
erimus  in  portu,  ubi  multas  naves  videmus.  11.  Dominus 
veniebat  sub  soils  occasum  ad  oppidum1  cum  servis. 

1  SYN.  —  Oppidum  is  a  fortified  town,  a  fortress ;  urbs,  a  city 
(with  reference  to  its  buildings) ;  civitas,  a  state,  a  community  liv- 
ing under  the  same  laws. 

Exo.  —  Final  us  is  long  in  the  genitive  sing.,  and  in  the  plural  of 
the  fourth  declension. 


Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Csesar  was  coming  to  (his)  army.  2.  The  soldiers 
were  fighting  with  great  fury.  3.  The  boys  were  playing 
in  the  broad  field.  4.  We  see  many  new  buildings  in  the 
small  town.  5.  The  boy  was  coming  across  the  field  into 
the  farmer's  garden.  6.  A  farmer  cultivates  (his)  field 
outside  the  walls  of  the  city,  and  carries  (his)  produce 
(frages)  in  a  boat  across  the  river  into  the  town.  T.  The 
farmer  was  leading  (his)  daughter  home  (domum)  from 
the  city.  8.  The  wind  was  rolling  great  waves  to  the 
shore.  9.  There  were  many  large  ships  in  the  harbor. 
10.  We  swim  from  the  small  island  in  the  deep  water  to 
the  shore.1 

1  SYN.  —  Ripa,  a  bank,  as  of  a  river ;  litus,  oris,  the  shore  of  the 
sea  (the  line  which  separates  the  land  from  the  sea),  the  strand; 
ora,  the  coast  (of  the  land).- 


-       LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XIX. 

FIFTH  DECLENSION.  §  13. 

FUTURE  INDICATIVE.     §  31  -  34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Spes  victor-ire  milites  delectat.  2.  Exercitus1  in 
magnam  planitiem  veniet.  3.  Sub  terra  est  magna  rerum 
utilium  multitudo.  4.  In  prinia  acie  2  volitabat.  5.  Im- 
perator  fortis  exercitum  educet  et  aciem  instruet.  6. 
Circiter  meridiem  pugnabunt.  7.  Eomanos  spes  tota 
deserebat.  8.  Laboris  ultra  fidem  patiens3  fuit.  9.  Intra 
quintum  ab  adventu  diem,  uno  prcelio  hostes  profligat. 
10.  Septimo  die4  Belgae  copias  oinnes  ex  castris  educe- 
bant. 

1  SYN.  —  Exercitus  (exerceo,  to  exercise},  is  the  (billed  army; 
acies,  the  army  drawn  up  in  battle  array ;  and  agmen  (ago,  to  go), 
the  army  on  the  line  of  march. 

2  In  the  Jirst  rank  or  line,  i.  e.  the  van. 

3  Capable  of  enduring,  followed  by  the  genitive. 

4  The  time  of  an  action  is  denoted  by  the  ablative. 

Exc.  —  Final  e  in  the  fifth  declension  is  long ;  also  e  in  the  gen. 
and  dat.  sing,  is  long  before  i,  except  in  res,  spes,  and  fides :  e  is 
short  in  the  future  ending  in  beris  and  bere. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  cavalry  will  come  into  the  plain.  2.  On  the 
fifth  day1  Caesar  will  come  with  a  large  army  and  imme- 
diately assault  the  town.  3.  The  lieutenant  was  hasten- 
ing from  the  town  and  came  with2  all  (his)  forces  to 
Caesar's  camp.  4.  The  next  day  Csesar  will  move  his 
camp.  5.  About  midday  the  messengers  will  come.  6. 
Will  Caesar  renew  the  battle  ?  No.  t.  The  consul  about 
midday  will  lead  out  the  army  and  renew  the  fierce 


LESSONS   XIX.,    XX.  25 

battle.     8.  The  soldiers* will  kill  all  the  prisoners  with2 
the  sword. 

1  Use  the  ablative. 

2  Does  with  denote  accompaniment  or  instrument  ? 


LESSON    XX. 

NUMERALS.     §  18. 
PERFECT  INDICATIVE.     §  31  -  34. 
Translate  Into  English. 

1.  Proca,  rex  Albanorum,  duos  filios,  Numitorem  et 
Amulium,  habuit.  2.  Unum  Horatium  tres  Curiatii  cir- 
cumsteterunt.  3.  In  legione  Eomana  erant  cohortes 
decem,  manipuli  triginta,  centurise  sexaginta.  4.  Ab 
castris  oppidum  Eemorum  Bibrax  aberat  milia1  passuum 
octo.  5.  Eomulus  septem  et  triginta  annos  regnavit. 
6.  Viginti  talenta  piratee  postulaverant.  T.  Septem  erant 
reges  Eomani ;  primus  erat  Eomulus,  secundus  Numa 
Pompilius,  tertius  Tullus  Hostilius,  quartus  Ancus  Mar- 
tius,  quintus  Tarquinius  Priscus,  sextus  Servius  Tullius, 
septimus  Tarquinius  Superbus.  8.  Pater  pueris  binos 
libros2  dabit.  9.  Quota  hora  est  ?  Tertia.  10.  Puella 
reginse  litteras  dedit. 

1  See  §  18,  1  (d).  *  Two  looks  apiece. 

SYN.  —  Littera,  a  letter  of  Hie  alphabet;  epistola  or  litteras 
(plur.),  a  letter,  an  epistle;  litteree  also  signifies  letters,  i.  e.  litera- 
ture ;  humanitas,  refinement,  culture. 

Exc.  —  E  is  short  before  r  in  the  tenses  in  ram,  rim,  and  ro. 


20  LATIX    LESSONS. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Caesar  will  come  with  ten  vessels.  2.  The  consul 
had  sixty  vessels.  3.  Caesar  led  out  five  legions  from 
Italy.  4.  A  Eoman  legion  had  five  thousand  foot-sol- 
diers,1 three  hundred  horsemen.  5.  The  commander 
assaulted  the  town  with  an  army  of  ten  thousand  men. 
6.  The  town  is  six  miles  distant.  7.  Csesar  enrolled  two 
legions  in  Italy.  8.  They  demanded  six  hundred  talents. 
9.  The  master  gave  the  boys  three  books  apiece.  10. 
What  (quota)  o'clock  (hour)  is  it?  The  fifth.  11.  In  a 
Roman  legion  there  were  ten  cohorts,  thirty  maniples, 
sixty  centuries. 

1  The  number  of  soldiers  in  a  legion  varied  at  different  periods. 


LESSON    XXI. 

PERSONAL  FEOXOUNS.     §19. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Nos  sumns  potentes,  sed  vos  estis  potentiores.  2. 
Tu  es  tristis.  3.  Romulus  vi1  se  defendit.  4.  Yenit 
secum.2  5.  Omnes  homines  se  amant.  6.  Populi  favorem 
sibi  conciliavit.  7.  In  me  et  in  te  et  in  nobis  omnibus 
est  animus  immortalis.  8.  Fratres3  inter  se  amant.  9. 
Fratres  inter  se  loquuntur.4  10.  Tu  laudas  me,  sed  ego  te 
culpo.  11 .  Trabes  inter  se  distant  binos  pedes.5  12. 
Pueri  in  horto  nobiscum  ambulabunt.  13.  Ego  et  frater 
ambularnus.6  14.  Dum  ego  scribebam,  tu  legebas,  et 
frater  pingebat.  15.  Tu  multos  exercitus  duxisti,  multns- 
que  urbes  expugnavisti.  16.  Nulla  unquam  respublica 
nee  major,  nee  sanctior,  nee  bonis  exemplis  ditior  fiiit. 


LESSONS   XXL,    XXII.  27 

1  See  §11,  3,1. 

2  See  §  19,  3  (e). 

8  The  brothers  love  each  other. 

4  Translate,  talk  together. 

5  The  beams  are  two  feet  distant  (apart)  from  each  other. 

6  If  there  are  two  subjects  connected  by  and,  the  verb  is  gen- 
erally plural ;  if  the  subjects  are  of  different  persons,  the  verb  takes 
the  first  person  rather  than  the  second,  the  second  rather  than  the 
third. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  You  are  powerful,  but  we  are  more  powerful.  2.  He 
came  in  company  with  you.  3.  He  comes  in  company 
with  us.  4.  I  gave  (to)  you  this  book.  5.  I  will  praise 
you.  f  6.  You  have  praised  me.  7.  The  boys  have  loved 
each  other.  8.  We  all  love  you.  9.  The  boy  was  walk- 
ing with  me  in  the  garden  yesterday.  10.  I  and  (my) 
brother  were  walking  in  the  king's  garden  in  the  even- 
ing. 11.  Caesar  has  led  a  large  army  into  Italy.  12.  You 
are  reading,  but  I  am  writing. 


LESSON    XXII. 

DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUNS.    §20. 

Translate  into  English. 

-  1.  Vastae  turn  in  iis  locis  solitudines  erant.  2.  Eos 
aqua  in  sicco  reliquit.  3.  UK  acriter  pugnaverunt.  4. 
Hie  septern  et  triginta  annos  regnavit.  5.  Is  orabat  pop- 
ulum.  6.  Palus  erat  non  magna  inter  nostrum  atque 
hostium  exercitum.  7.  Ad  earn  sententiarn  cum  reliquis 
causis  hsec  quoque  ratio  eos  deduxit.  8.  Hie  unus  me 
laudabat.  9.  Eratres  inter  se  amabant,  alter  alterum.1 
10.  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in  iisdem  locis  condi- 


28  LATIN    LESSONS. 

derimt.  11.  Ipse  tu  laudabas  me.  12.  Ego  ipse  te  lau- 
dabarn.  13.  Ipse  magister  me  laudavit.  14.  Ille  puer 
nimium  se  amat.  15.  Laudabo  illius2  filium.  16.  Est 
idem,  qui  semper  fuit.  17.  Eadem  dictitat.  18.  Pater 
filiam  suain  et  filiam  ejus  ad  se  vocavit.  19.  Hrec  sen- 
tentia  milii  placet,  ilia  displicet. 

1  The  brothers  loved  one  another. 

2  For  his  or  her  (not  referring  to  the  subject),  ejus  should  be  used 
when  not  emphatic ;  illius,  if  the  word  is  emphatic ;  istius,  if  very 
•emphatic  or  at  all  sarcastic. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  I1  gave  you  this  book,  and  you  gave  me  that.  2. 
The  boy  is  in  that  place.  3.  The  soldiers  are  in  that2 
town,  and  the  enemy  in  this.  4.  There  was  a  bridge  over 
(in)  that  river.  5.  He  hastened  across  this  river  into 
that  cottage.  6.  These  mountains  are  lofty.  7.  You 
yourself,  gave  me  this  book.  8.  In  the  same  places 
(there)  are  many  new  buildings.  9.  Those  mountains 
are  lofty ;  these  are  rugged.  10.  Cresar  hastened  with  all 
his  forces  into  the  same  place.  11.  Eomulus  himself 
pretended  flight.  12.  On  this  side  of  these  mountains 
(there)  are  many  large  rivers.  13.  I  myself  will  praise 
you.  14.  AVe3  are  the  same  that  we  have  always  been. 
15.  We  say  the  same  things.  16.  The  Helvetians  have 
contended  with  the  Germans,  and  have  kept  them  off 
from  their  boundaries.4 

1  Ego  must  be  expressed,  because  contrast  is  denoted. 

2  Hie  refers  to  what  is  remote ;  hie,  to  what  is  near.     See  §  20, 
2  (a  and  &). 

3  Translate,  iidem  sumus,  qui,  etc. 

4  Suis  finibus,  ablative :  suis  is  used  because  it  refers  to  the 
subject. 


LESSON    XXIIL  29 

LESSON    XXIII. 
RELATIVE  PRONOUNS.     §  21. 

PLUPERFECT  INDICATIVE.     §31-34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Dat  negotium  Senonibus  reliquisque  Gallis,  qui  fini- 
timi  Belgis1  erant.  2.  Hoc  ex  itinere  magno  impetu2 
Belgse  oppugnaverant.  3.  Puer/qui  studet,  discit.  4. 
Caesar  tres  legiones,  quae  in  provincia  hiemabant,  ex 
hibernis  educit.  5.  Nostri3  parati  in  armis  erant.  6. 
Felix  est  rex,  quern  omnes  cives  amant.  7.  Gallise  sunt 
partes  tres,  quarum  unam  Belgse  incolunt.  8.  Numitori, 
qui  natu2  major  erat,  regnum  reliquit.  9.  Multi  homines 
aedificant  domos,  in  quibus  non  habitabunt.  10.  Is  erit 
fortissimus,  qui  ipse  suarum  cupiditatum  victor  fuerit. 
11.  Nonne  tu  me  laudas  ? 

1  See  Rule  15.  3  Our  men. 

8  See  Rule  26. 

SYN.  —  Oppugno  is  to  assault ;  obsideo,  to  besiege. 
Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  That  (is)  king  is  fortunate  whom  all  the  citizens 
praise.  2.  The  soldiers  who  assaulted  the  town  were 
bravely  repulsed.^  3.  The  boy  whom  you  blamed  was  my 
brother.  4.  The  deserter  hastened  across  the  mountains 
whicli  are  in  Farther  Gaul,  and  came  at  evening  to  Cse- 
sar's  camp.  5.  Many  men  have  built  houses  in  which 
they  have  not  lived.  6.  I  have  had  boys  in  my  school 
who  have  studied  diligently  and  learned  rapidly^ 


30  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XXIV. 

INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUNS.     §  21. 

FUTURE  PERFECT.     §  31  -  34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Quis  tibi  hunc  librum  dedit  ?  2.  Quis  eos  discipulos 
puniet  qui  nou  panierunt  ?  3.  Iccius  Remus  qui  oppido1 
praeerat,  nuntios  ad  eum  mittet.  4.  Tune  Faustulus 
indicavit  Eomulo  quis  esset2  ejus  avus.  5.  Quis  naves 
longas  sedificavit,  et  nautas  gubernatoresque  comparavit  ? 
6.  Cum  hostes3  agios3  qui  sunt  citra  flunien  urbem  op- 
pugnabunt.3  7.  Mare  planum  est,  ex  quo  etiam  aequor 
illud  poetee  vocant.  8.  Cum  epistolam  scripsero,  ad  te 
veniam. 

1  For  the  dative,  see  Rule  18.  8  Give  the  synonymes. 

1  Was,  see  Rule  45. 

STX.  —  Mare  is  the  sea  (from  root  mar.  to  wear  away)  as  a  des- 
olate waste,  in  opposition  to  the  land ;  pelagus  (pelazo,  to  glisten}, 
sequor  (aequus,  ZereZ),  the  expanse  of  the  sea  when  calm;  pontus 
(root  po,  to  go),  the  deep  sea  as  the  highway  of  nations. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Who  gave  the  business  to  you  ?  Caesar.  2.  Who  is 
the  leader  of  the  army  which  the  enemy  have  sent  to 
Italy  ?  3.  Who  gave  you  that  book  ?  \  4.  Who  built  that 
house  in  which  you  are  living  ?  5.  Whose  book  is  this 
which  I  have  found  in  my  garden  ?  6.  Whose  boys  are 
those  whom  you  are  teaching  in  your  school  ?  T.  Who  of 
you  have  studied  diligently  ?  8.  Who  is  walking  towards 
the  city?  9.  For1  all  the  arts  which  belong  to2  culture 
have  a  certain  common  bond. 

1  Use  etenim.  «  Use  ad. 


LESSON   XXV.  31 

LESSON    XXV. 

INDEFINITE   PRONOUNS.     §21. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Sibi  quisque  primum  itineris  locum  petit.  2.  Nar- 
ravit  quidam  coram  me  istam  fabulam.  3.  Narrabit  ali- 
quis  coram  me  illam  fabulam.  4.  Quamlibet  (or  quamvis) 
fabulam  mihi  narrate.  5.  Pro  sua  quisque  patria  dimicat. 
6.  Quidam  ex  militibus  decimas  legionis  veniebat.  Y. 
Faber  est  quisque  fortunse  suae.  8.  Unusquisque  nostrum 
habet  animum  immortalem.  9.  Justitia  nunquam  nocet 
cuiquam,  qui  earn  habet.  10.  Sibi  quisque1  maxime  con- 
sulit.  11.  Unicuique  nostrum  est  animus  immortalis. 
12.  Ecquis2  in  horto  est  ?  13.  Numquis  in  horto  est  ? 
14.  Quisnam  domi  est  ?  15.  Quid  fecit  ?  Quod  f acinus 
commisit  ?  16.  Uterque  tenuit  aliquod  telum  (or,  aliquid 
telorum). 

1  Each  one  (everybody) ;  sibi  consulit,  consults  his  own  interest. 

2  Ecquis  simply  asks  a  question ;  numquis  asks  a  question,  but 
expects  the  answer  no. 

SYN.  —  Quisque,  each  ;  uterque,  each  (of  two) ;  unusquisque, 
each  one;  quivis  and  quilibet,  any  one  you  choose;  aliquis  and 
quispiam,  some  one  (it  matters  not  who),  neut.  something,  adj.  any ; 
quidam  (plur.  some),  a  certain,  i.  e.  some  definite  person ;  quis- 
quam,  any,  when  it  is  denied  that  there  are  any;  quis  (after  si, 
ne,  num,  ec-),  any. 

NOTE.  —  Observe  that  when  the  neuter  is  used  as  a  noun,  it  takes 
the  form  quid ;  but  when  used  as  an  adjective,  quod. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Some1  soldiers  are  brave.  2.  Caesar  sent  a  certain 
soldier  to  the  town  which  he  was  going  to  assault  on  the 
morrow.2  3.  Each  one  shall  fight  for  his  country  with 
the  sword,  y  4.  Some  one  will  tell  this  story.  5.  Is  any 


32  LATIN    LESSONS. 

one  at  home8  to-day?  6.  A4  man  was  walking  in  my 
garden.  7.  The  boys  are  present  whom  you  praised 
yesterday.  8.  I  will  give  the  book  to  any  of  the  scholars 
(you  wish).  9.  Is  not  a4  man  the  maker  of  his  own 
fortune  ?  10.  A  man  was  walking  in  my  garden. 

1  Use  aliquis. 

8  Postero  die,  or  postridie.  *  At  home,  domi. 

*  When  a  means  a  certain  or  some,  it  is  to  be  translated  by 
aliquis  or  quispiam. 

,  NOTE.  —  Any  is  to  be  translated  by  aliquis  or  quispiam  when 
it  means  some  ;  in  negative  sentences,  by  quisquam  or  ullus ;  and 
when  it  means  any  you  please,  any  you  wish,  by  quilibet  or  quivis. 


LESSON    XXVI. 

CORRELATIVES.     §  22. 

IMPERATIVE  MOOD.     §  31  -  34  ;  57,  7. 

Translate  into  English* 

1.  Quales  duces,  tales  erant  milites.  2.  Quot  homines, 
tot  sententiaB.  3.  Vires  semper  exercete,  pueri/  in  optiniis 
rebus^  4.  Vos,  viri  fortissinii,  urbem  templacjue  Deoruin 
defendite.  5.  Ita  sine  ullo  periculo  tantam  eorum  mul- 
titudinem  nostri2  interfecerunt,  quantum  fuit  diei.3  spa- 
tiurn.  6.  Judex  prsemia  ne  dato  neve  capito.  7.  Pii- 
mum  omnium,  de  his  rebus  bonum  habetote  aniinuni, 
cives.  8.  Ab  his  rebus  animum  tuum  avoca.  9.  Desi- 
lite,  commilitones,  nisi  vultis4  aquilam  hostibus  prodere. 
10.  Conservate  fortunas  vestras.  11.  Clipeos  hastis  per- 
cutite.  12.  Xe  quid  feceris,  quod  maluni  esse  videatur. 

1  See  §  10.  *  Our  men.  *  See  §  13, 2,  N. 

*  You  ivish  to  betray,  etc. 


LESSONS   XXVI.,    XXVII.  33 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  As  (are)  the  masters,  so  are  the  slaves.  2.  As  (is) 
the  teacher,  so  are  the  scholars.  3.  Do  not  admire  all 
things  which  have  the  show  of  glory.  4.  Do  not  destroy 1 
the  city,  soldiers !  5.  Carefully  train  your  children ; 
praise  the  good  ;  punish  the  bad.  6.  Let  the  master  teach 
the  boys  the  Latin  language. 

1  Nolite  perdere. 


LESSON    XXVII. 
INFINITIVES  AND  PARTICIPLES.   §§23,25,31-34. 

Translate  into  English. 

\i 

1.  Csesar  in  Gallia  hiemare  constituit.  2.  Milites  ur- 
bem  custodire  debent.  3.  Me  id  dicentem1  audivistine? 
4.  Magister  puerum  vidit  in  horto  sedentem.  5.  Caesar 
cupientibus2  signum  dat.  6.  Scipio  in  Africam  trajecit, 
Carthaginem  oppugnaturus.3  7.  Dic^tur  eos  circum  se 
habuisse.  8.  Imperator  dixit  se  cum  sola  decima  legione 
venturum  esse.  9.  Difficile  est  urbem  munire.  10.  Se 
celeriter  venturum  nuntiat.  11.  Quos  laborantes  con- 
spexerat,  his  subsidia  submittebat.  12.  Helvetii  cum 
proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et  arnicitiam  confirmare  con- 
stituerunt.  13.  Salutem  insperantibus  reddit. 

1  When  I  said  that,  lit.  saying  that. 

2  To  (men)  desiring  it. 

8  To  attack,  for  the  purpose  of  attacking. 

3 


34  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XXVIII. 

PRESENT  SUBJUNCTIVE.     §  24,  31-34. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Fidem  servemus.1  2.  In  hortum  eamus.  3.  Sint 
tibi  omnia  bona.  4.  Quid  faciamus  ?  Quibus  pareamus  ? 
5.  Sit  pauper,  sit  miser ;  at  est  frater  rneus.  6.  Quis 
eum  diligat  quern  metuit?  7.  Dux  imperat  ut  milites 
stationes  suas  servent.2  8.  Veniet  ut  me  videat.3  9.  Oro 
ut  Dii  secundent  incepta  nostra.  10.  Divitiacus  Caesarem 
obsecrat,  ne  quid4  gravius  in  fratrem  statuat.  11.  Im- 
perator  tanta  vi  oppiduni  oppugnat,  ut  desperatio  animos 
oppidanorum  occupet.  12.  Auxilium  rogant  ut  hostium 
impetum  sustineant. 

1  See  Examples  on  p.  51  of  the  Grammar. 

8  Translate,  that  the  soldiers  keep  their  stations.  Notice  that  pri- 
mary tenses  are  followed  in  the  subordinate  clause  by  primary 
tenses;  secondary  by  secondary. 

8  Translate,  in  order  that  he  may  see  me,  i.  e.  to  see  me. 

*  Indefinite  pronoun :  lest  he  should  (i.  e.  that  he  should  not) 
determine  anything  too  severe  against  his  brother. 


LESSON    XXIX. 

IMPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE.  §§  26,  27,  31-34. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Hannibal  magnum  exercituin  in  Italiam  duxit,  ut 
cum  Romanis  pugnaret.1  2.  Ariovistus,  ut  prseter  se  bi- 
nes2 ad  colloquium  adducerent,  postidavit.  3.  Deos  con- 
testatus  est  ut  ea  res  feliciter  eveniret.  4.  Imperator  ex 


LESSONS   XXIX.,    XXX.  35 

castris  exercitum  duxit  ut  urbem  expugnaret.  5.  Tantus 
timor  omnem  exercitum  occupavit,  ut  omnium  animos 
perturbaret.  6.  Cum  hostibus  erat  pugnandum,3  cum  illi 
audacter  tela  conjicerent,  et  equos  insuefactos  incitarent. 
T.  Placuit  Csesari4  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legates  mitteret,5  qui6 
ab  eo  postularent,  ut  aliquem  locum  colloquio7  diceret.8 
8.  Csesar  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit,  ut  duas 
ibi  legiones  conscriberet. 

1  Translate,  in  order  that  he  might  fight,  etc.,  i.  e.  to  fight;  duxit 
is  a  secondary  tense,  and  is  followed  by  the  imperfect  subjunctive. 
Two  on  each  side. 
They  must  fight  with  the  enemy. 
See  §  51,  2  (a). 
Should,  send,  i.  e.  to  send. 

Lit.,  ivho  should  demand,  etc.,  i.  e.  to  demand.     See  Rule  44. 
For  a  conference. 
Should  appoint. 


LESSON    XXX. 

PERFECT  AND  PLUPERFECT  SUBJUNCTIVE.     §31-34. 
Translate  into  English. 


1.  Non  dubito  quin1  Csesar  hostes  superaverit.  2. 
dubitabam  quin2  Caesar  hostes  superavisset.  3.  Nemo 
dubitabat  quin  milites  fortissime  pugnavissent.  4.  Ex 
captivis  cognovit  quo  in  loco  hostium  copice  consedissent. 
5.  Eo  cum  venisset,  majores  in  eum  locum  copies  hostium 
convenerant.  6.  Hostes  acriter  conflixerunt,  ita  tamen  ut 
nostri  omnibus  partibus  superiores  fuerint,  atque  eos  in 
silvas  collesque  compulerint.  Y.  Cum  aliquamdiu  Caesar 
naves  frustra  exspectasset,3  ne  anni  tempore  a  navigatione 


36  LATIN    LESSONS. 

excluderetur,4  secunda  cum  solvisset5  vigilia,  prirna  luce 
terrain  attigit. 

1  Translate,  (but)  that  Ccesar  will,  etc. 
8  Translate,  (but)  that  C&sar  would,  etc. 
8  For  exspectavisset,  see  §  30,  6  (a). 
*  Should  be  prevented. 

5  Had  cast  loose,  i.  e.  the  cables  which  fastened  the  vessels  to  the 
shore :  we  should  say,  had  weighed  anchor. 


LESSON    XXXI. 

PRESENT  AND  IMPERFECT  INDICATIVE  :    PASSIVE  VOICE. 

§31-34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Unus  miles  lapide  vulneratur.  2.  Helvetii  conti- 
nentur  una  ex  parte  flumine 1  Eheno ;  alt  era  ex  parte 
monte  Jura;  tertia  ex  parte  lacu2  Lernanno  et  flumine 
PJiodano.  3.  Beat!  sunt  ii,  quorum  vita  virtute  regitur. 
4.  Quinto  die  tragula  a  quoclam  milite  conjicitur.  5. 
Yulnera  gravia  a3  militibus  accipiuntur.  6.  Pueri  a 
magistro  docentur.  7.  Epistola  a  regina  scribitur.  8. 
Castellum  a  Labieno  munitur.  9.  Copire  ad  urbem  revo- 
cantur.  10.  Yir4  fortis  etiam  ab  inimicis  honoratur.  11. 
Multi  milites  in  proelio  vulnerabantur.  12.  Dum  urbs  ab 
hostibus  oppugnatur,  a  civibus  defendebatur.  13.  Bellum 
a  Cresare  finiebatur. 

1  By  the  river,  etc.  8  See  Lesson  YI.  Note  1. 

8  See  §  12,  3  (</). 

4  SYN.  —  Homo,  inis,  a  man,  a  human  being,  includes  both  sexes; 
vir,  a  man,  a  distinguished  man,  a  husband. 


LESSONS   XXXII.,    XXXIII.  37 

LESSON    XXXII. 

( FUTURE    AND    PERFECT    INDICATIVE  :    PASSIVE    VOICE. 

§  31-34.  , 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Auxilium  a  legato  rogabitur.  2.  Nuntii  ad  Caesarem 
mittentur.  3.  Fcedus  a  Caesare  violabitur,  et  praeda  sociis1 
dabitur.  4.  Oppida  ab  hostibus  munientur.  5.  Pueri 
a  magistro  docebuntur.  6.  Nuntius  ab  imperatore  ad 
urbem  mittetur.  7.  Vix  acies  a  Csesare  instructa  est,  cum 
hostes  in  unum  locum  confugerunt.  8.  Milites  nostri  in 
prcelio  vulnerati  sunt.  9.  Ainatus  est  ille  puer  a  me,  a 
te,  et  ab  omnibus  amicis.  10.  In  castris  Helvetiorum 
tabulae  repertse  sunt,  literis  Graecis  confectae.2 

1  To  the  allies.     See  Rule  14.  2  Made  out. 


LESSON  XXXIII. 
(PLUPERFECT  AND  FUTURE  PERFECT  INDICATIVE  :  PASSIVE 

VOICE.     §31-34. 
Translate  into  English* 

1.  Cum  Caesar  in  urbem  intravit,  omnium  civium 
clomus1  floribus  ornatae  sunt.  2.  In  castris  Helvetiorum 
tabulae  repertae  sunt,  literis  Graecis  confectae,  quibus  in 
tabulis  nominatim  ratio  confecta  erat.  3.  Exercitus  Cas- 
sii  ab  Helvetiis  pulsus  erat,  et  sub  jugum  missus.  4. 
Pater  Castici  regnum  in  Sequanis  multos  annos  obtinu- 
erat  et  a  senatu  populi  Eomani  amicus  erat  appellatus.  5. 
Puer  a  magistro  punitus  erat.  6.  Duces  exercitus2  nostri  in 
proalio  vulnerati  erant.  t.  Pueri  a  magistro  moniti  erant. 

1  See  §  12,  2.  2  Genitive,  see  §  12. 

SYN.  —  Imperium  (impero),  the  supreme  power  (the  full  im- 
perium  was  the  union  of  the  military  and  civil  authority),  an 
empire;  regnum,  the  royal  power,  a  kingdom;  principatum,  the 
chief  authority. 


^O  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XXXIV. 

IMPERATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE  MOODS  AND  PARTICIPLES  : 
PASSIVE  VOICE.     §  31  -  34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Mi  fill,1  verere  parentes.  2.  Milites  bene  exercean- 
tur.  3.  Puer  probe  excolitor.  4.  Agri  vastari  non  debent. 
5.  Helve tii  cum  proximis  civitatibus  pacem  et  amicitiam 
confirinare  constituerunt.  6.  Dicit  puer  se2  laudatuin 
esse.  7.  Credo  illos  pueros  laudatum  iri.  8.  Divitiacus 
flens  a  Caesare  haec3  petebat.  9.  Hostes,  adventu4  Koma- 
norum  permoti,  legates  ad  Caesarem  de  deditione  mittunt. 
10.  Ariovistus  dixit  omnes  Gallorum  copias  uno  a  se 
prcelio5  fusas  ac  superatas  esse.  11.  Laudandus  est  ille 
puer  et  mihi6  et  tibi. 

1  For  the  voc.  see  §  10,  4  (c).     *  See  Rule  26. 

2  That  lie  was  praised.  5  In  one  battle. 

8  These  things.  8  By  me  and  by  thee,  see  §  51,  4  (a). 


LESSON    XXXV. 

SUBJUNCTIVE  MOOD:    PASSIVE  VOICE.    §31-31. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Milites,  cum1  imbribus  tardarentur,  tamen  omnia 
superaverunt.  2.  Magister  curat  ut  nos  bene  educemur.'4 
3.  ]\lilites  nostri  pugnant  ut  urbs  servetur.  4.  Magister 
curat  ut  discipuli  diligenter  erudiantur.  5.  Magister 
curabat  ut  discipulus  bene  educaretur,  strenue  exercere- 
tur,  probe  excoleretur,  diligeuter  erudiretur.  6.  Flebat 
puer,  quod  librum  amisisset,3  7.  Xou  erat  dubiuin  quin 


LESSONS   XXXV.,    XXXVI.  39 

milites  subito  periculo  territi  essent.4  8.  Non  est  dubium 
quin  discipulus  a  me  bene  monitus  sit.  9.  Non  est  du- 
bium  quin  urbs  a  militibus  expugnata  sit. 

1  Although.  8  Had  lost.     See  §  63,  2. 

8  Should  he,  etc.  *  Had  been  terrified.     See  §  65,  1  (&). 

SYN.  —  Doceo,  to  teach ;  edoceo,  to  make  one  learn ;  perdoceo, 
to  teach  thoroughly ;  erudio  (e  and  rudis,  rough)  to  instruct,  lit.  to 
bring  from  a  rough  condition ;  educo,  to  educate,  whether  in  a 
physical  or  moral  sense. 


LESSON    XXXVI. 

FIRST  CONJUGATION.     §  31. 
DEPONENT  VERBS.     §  35. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Csedes  manifesta  expiatur.  2.  Multi  milites  in  prce- 
lio  vulnerabantur.  3.  Eomulus  et  Eemus  in  iisdem  locis 
educati  fuerant.  4.  In  Gallia  a  pqteritioribus  vulgo  regna1 , 
occupabantur.  5.  Eemus  a  fratre  liberatus  est.  6.  Agios 
populabantur.  T.  lis 2  insidiati  sunt  latrones.  8.  Datur 
signum.  9.  Tres  Albani  vulnerati  sunt.  10.  T.  Labienus 
ex  loco  superiore  hostes  conspicatus  est.  11.  Caesar  suos 
coliortatus  est.  12.  Hoc  in  bello  multa  Csesaris  facta 
egregia  narrantur.  13.  Urbs  a  Eomulo  Eoma  vocatur. 
14.  Alii3  me  laudabant,  alii4  culpabant.  15.  Est  idem 
qui  semper  fuit.5  16.  liclem  erimus  eras,  qui  sumus 
hodie. 

1  Give  the  synonymes.  3  Some. 

2  See  Rule  18.  *  Others. 
6  Lit.  He  is  the  same  (person)  that  he  has  always  been. 

SYN.  —  Vulnero,  to  wound  by  a  cut  or  thrust;  saucio,  to  wound 

in  any  way. 


40  LATIX    LESSONS. 


Translate  into  Latin* 

1.  The  soldiers  were  wounded.  2.  The  soldiers  have 
been  wounded  by  the  enemy.  3.  The  city  was  called 
Rome.  4.  The  city  was  called  Borne  by  Romulus.  5. 
The  soldiers  give  the  signal.  6.  The  signal  is  given  by 
the  soldiers.  T  Romulus  liberates  Remus.  8.  Remus  is 
liberated  by  Romulus.  9.  The  brothers  were  educated  in 
those  places.  10.  He  gives  the  business  to  his  brother. 
11.  Do  you  see  the  road  which  has  been  cut  through  the 
forest  by  the  enemy  ?  12.  From  that  place  the  enemy 
has  been  seen.  13.  Caesar  hastens  across  the  river.  14. 
The  enemy1  hasten  into  Gaul  and  laid  waste  the  fields. 
15.  You  praise  me.  16.  Others  praise  you.  17.  One 
says  one  thing,  another  another.  18.  He  is  the  same  to- 
day that  he  will  be  to-morrow.  19.  He  is  the  same  boy 
that  runs  from  the  thick  wood  across  the  wide  field  and 
swims  in  the  deep  water  to  the  shores  of  the  island. 

1  Plural 


LESSON    XXXVII. 
\  SECOND  CONJUGATION.     §32. 
Translate  Into  English. 

1.  Proca,  rex1  Albanorum,  duos  filios,  Numitorem  et 
Amulium  habuit,  2.  Ea  res  animum  JSTumitoris  anxium 
tenebat.  3.  Remus  prior  sex  vultures  vidit.  4  Horatii 
soror  hostem  lugebat.  5.  Commeatu2  nostros  prohibu- 
erunt.  6.  Intra  eas  silvas  hostes  sese  continebant.  7. 
Hostes  in  urbe  manserunt.  8.  Galli  celeritate  Romano- 
rum  permoti  sunt.  9.  Atrox  3  id  visum  est  facinus  patri- 
bus  plebique.  10.  Caesar  in  Gallia  detinebatur.  11.  Ei 


LESSONS   XXXVII. ,    XXXVIII.  41 

Caesaris  consilia  non  placebant.    12.  Movit  ferocis  juvenis 
animum  comploratio  sororis  in  tan  to  publico  gaudio. 


1  See  Rule  1. 

2  See  Rule  28. 


3  Atrox  agrees  with  facinus,  which  stands  in  the  predicate ;  id 
is  the  subject. 

V  Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  king  has  two  sons.  2.  Caesar  has  five  legions. 
3.  They  see  the  city  which  the  enemy  are  assaulting.  4. 
The  enemy  remained  within  the  walls.1  5.  Caesar  ad- 
monished the  tribunes.  6.  Did  the  enemy  detain  Cae- 
sar in  Gaul?  T.  She  mourned  her  brother.  8.  Caesar 
was  detained  by  the  Gauls.  9.  Six  vultures  were  seen 
by  Eemus.  10.  The  enemy  were  moved  by  the  swiftness 
of  Caesar.  11.  Caesar  has  been  detained  in  Gaul.  12. 
The  tribunes  have  been  admonished  by  Caesar.  13.  The 
soldiers  remain  around  the  city.  14.  The  enemy  re- 
mained on  this  side  of  the  river.  15.  Eemain  in  the 
city.  16.  I  see  the  forces  of  the  enemy  in  the  dense 
forest. 

1  Walls  of  a  city ;  see  synonymes. 


LESSON    XXXVIII. 

THIRD  CONJUGATION.     §  33. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Vix  Caesar  acieni  instruxerat,  cum  hostes  in  unum 
locum  convolaverunt.  2.  Numitori,  qui  natu1  major  erat, 
regnum  reliquit.  3.  Ille  urbem  muris  cinxit.  4.  Lupa 
ad  vagitum  accurrit.  5.  Lupa  matrem2  se  gessit.  6. 


42  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Faustulus,  pastor  regius,3  rem  animadvertit.  T. 
tenrpori4  expositionis  congruebat.  8.  Respublica  Romana 
a  cousulibus  gerebatur.  9.  Urbs  muro  cincta  erat.  10. 
Lupa,  ut  fama  traditum  est,  ad  vagitum  accurrit.  11. 
Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in  iisdem  locis,  ubi 
expositi  educatique  fuerant,  condiderunt.  12.  Inde  duas 
legiones,  quae  proxiinae  conscriptas  erant,  totum  agmen 
claudebant. 

1  See  Rule  26.  8  Regius  =  regis. 

8  In  apposition  with  se:  as  a  mother.  *  See  Rule  18. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Romulus  has  encompassed  the  city  with  a  wall.  2. 
The  consuls  rule  the  republic.  3.  Caesar  drew  up  his 
army  in  the  city.  4.  A  wolf  ran  from  the  forest  across 
the  field.  5.  He  enrolled  the  legion  in  GauL  6.  The 
republic  was  ruled  by  the  consuls.  7.  The  city  was 
founded  by  Romulus.  8.  They  were  educated  in  these 
places.  9.  The  city  has  been  encompassed  by  a  wall. 

10.  Two  legions  were  enrolled  in  Farther  Gaul  by  Caesar. 

11.  The  legions  which  Cassar  enrolled  in  Hither  Gaul 
assaulted  the  city.      12.    Are  the  boys  playing  in  the 
field  ?     No ;  they  are  running  towards  (ad)  the  woods. 


LESSON    XXXIX. 

FOURTH  CONJUGATION.     §34. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Romulus  urbem  moenibus  munivit.  2.  Remus 
moenia  transilivit.  3.  Multitudine1  operum,  quas  neque 
viderant  ante  Galli,  neque  audiverant,  et  celeritate  Roma- 


LESSONS   XXXIX.,    XL.  43 

norum  permoti,  legates  ad  Csesarem  de  deditione  mittunt. 
4.  Ab  eo  loco  in  fines2  Ambianorum  pervenit.  5.  Caesar 
bellum  finivit.  6.  Csesar  castra  munire  jubet.  7.  Illi 
oculis  eum  custodiebant.  8.  Solus  potitus  est  imperio3 
Eomulus.  9.  Bellum  a  Csesare  finitum  est.  10.  Orta  est 
inter  eos  contentio.  11.  Sepibus  densissimis,  ut  demon- 
stravimus,  prospectus  impeditur. 

1  Moved  by  the  number  of  the  works,  which  ....  and  by  the  quick- 
ness, etc. ;  quse  is  in  the  ace.  plur. 

2  See  Rule  37.  3  See  Rule  31. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  have  fortified  the  city.  2.  Csesar  came  to  the 
city.  3.  He  has  come  from  the  city.  4.  Has  Csesar 
finished  the  war  in  Gaul  ?  5.  The  soldiers  surround  the 
enemy.  6.  All  hope  deserted  the  Eomans.  7.  Csesar  led 
his  army  into  their  territories.1  8.  The  city  has  been 
fortified  by  Csesar.  9.  The  war  was  finished  by  Csesar. 

10.  The  enemy  have  been  surrounded  by  the  soldiers. 

11.  They  hastened  to  cross  the  river  with  all  their  forces, 
and  advanced  towards  Csesar's  camp.      12.  Come  with 
me.2     13.  Ca3sar  surrounded  the  city  with  a  wall.      14. 
Csesar  hastened  into  Gaul  with  all  the  soldiers,  whom  he 
had  enrolled  in  the  city. 

1  Use  the  plural  of  finis.  8  See  §  19,  3  (e). 


LESSON    XL. 
VERBS  IN   -io,   THIRD  CONJUGATION.     §  33,  2. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Trigemini  arma  capiunt,  et  in  medium  inter  duas 
acies  procedunt.     2.  Eomulus  eum  interfecit.     3.  Ainu- 


44  LATIN    LESSONS. 

lius  ipsam  in  vincula  conjecit.  4.  Parvulos,  alveo  im- 
positos,1  abjecit  in  Tiberim.2  5.  Ainulius  Eheam  Silviain, 
ejus  h'liani,  Vestas  sacerdotem  fecit.  6.  Quare  iis3  insidiati 
sunt  latrones,  a  quibus  Eenius  captus  est.  f.  Ipsa  palu- 
danientum  confecerat.  8.  Lapides  ac  tela  conjiciebant. 
9.  Sub  occasum  solis  destiterunt,  seque  in  castra  recepe- 
runt.  10.  In  deditionem  eos  accepit.  11.  Per  eorum 
fines  triduuni  iter  fecit.  12.  Milites  in  suinmo4  colle  ab 
liostibus  conspiciebantur. 

1  Impositos  agrees  with  parvulos ;  in  English  we  should  say, 
"He  placed  them  in  a  trough  and  threw  them,"  etc. 
8  See  §  11,  i.  3  (1).  »  See  Rule  18. 

4  Highest  part  of. 

STN.  —  Vinculum  (vincio,  bind),  anything  that  binds;  catena, 
an  iron  chain ;  laqueus,  a  halter. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  take  the  city.  2.  Konmlus  has  killed  his 
brother.  3.  Ptenms  has  been  taken  by  them.  4.  They 
threw  their  weapons  among  the  enemy.  5.  They  will 
throw  their  weapons  within  the  walls.  6.  The  soldiers 
have  been  seen  by  the  enemy.  7.  They  will  be  received 
in  surrender.  8.  The  boys  were  cast  into  the  Tiber.1  9. 
Did  they  bravely  sustain  the  attack  of  our  soldiers  ?  10. 
They  sent  legates  to  Caesar.  11.  They  had  sent  legates 
to  Caesar  concerning  the  surrender.  12.  He  recognized 
his  sons.  13.  He  is  delivered  by  the  king  to2  Xumitor. 
14.  They  have  been  delivered  by  the  king  to  Numitor  for 
punishment. 

1  Ace.  Tiberim.     See  above. 

*  Does  to  denote  motion  to  a  person,  or  is  it  the  sign  of  the 
dative  ? 


LESSON    XL.  45 

ADDITIONAL  EXERCISES. 
Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  I  and  my  brother  were  walking1  in  the  garden;  \ve 
saw  our  teacher  and  spoke  to  him.  2.  He  teaches  me  the 
Latin  language ;  he  is  kind  and  I  shall  always  praise 
him.  3.  I  often  walk  in  the  fields  that  I  may  refresh2 
my  mind.  4.  This  pupil  studies  well  and  learns  rapidly  ; 
he  has  a  tenacious  memory  and  a  good  understanding. 

5.  He  is  often  praised  by  his  teacher  for3  his  diligence. 

6.  Have  you  been  at  school  to-day  ?  No,  I  shall  come  to- 
morrow.     7.    The  boys  had  been  playing  on  the  broad 
plain ;  their  teacher  called  them ;  they  immediately  ran 
to4  school.     8.  It  is  easy5  to  write,  but  it  is  not  easy  to 
write  well.     9.  The  river  flows  through  a  lake ;  it  is  a 
large  and  beautiful  lake,  and  is  surrounded  by6  dense 
woods.      10.    The  boy  is  carefully  trained  by  his  teacher. 
11.  My  pupil  wrote  a  letter  to  his  friend ;  but  he  did  not 
tell  what7  he  had  written.8     12.  We  shall  dwell  in  the 
city  in  the  summer,9  but   in   the  winter  we  shall  all 
depart  into  the  country.10 

1  See  Lesson  XXI.  Note  6. 

2  Present  subjunctive. 

3  Propter. 

*  Into ;  use  in. 

6  Use  facile,  neuter  gender.     See  §  57,  8  (a). 

6  Use  the  ablative  without  a  preposition.     See  Kule  26. 

1  Use  quae. 

8  Use  the  pluperfect  subjunctive. 

9  The  time  when  is  denoted  by  the  ablative. 
10  Use  ager  or  rus. 


4:6  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XLI. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS.     §  29  (6) ;  §  37. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Till  minus  facile  earn  rem  in  imperio  nostro  conse- 
qui  poterant.  2.  Agros  Eemorum  depopulati  sunt,  quos 
adire1  poterant.  3.  Vix  Csesar  milites  e  castris  educere 
potuerat,  cum  hostes  impetum  fecerunt.  4.  Alterum 
deinde,  priusquam  tertius  posset  consequi,  interfecit.  5. 
Yolumus  scire.  6.  Idem  velle  et  idem  nolle,  ea  demum 
firma  amicitia  est.  ^  Noluerant  Germanos2  diutius  in 
Gallia  versari.  8.  Anibo  rempublicam,  quam  tueri  potu- 
issent,  impie  perturbare  malueriint.  9.  Non  id  potuit 
efficere.  10.  Xon  minus  commode  ipsi  sibi  pnescribere, 
quani  ab  aliis  doceri  poterant. 

1  "  To  approach  " ;  quos  is  governed  by  ad  in  composition.  See 
§  52,  1  (<f). 

1  Germanos  is  in  the  accusative,  the  subject  of  versari :  trans- 
late, that  the  Germans  should  remain  any  longer  in  Gaul. 

SYX.  —  Possum,  /  am  able,  because  I  have  sufficient  power ; 
queo,  /  a??i  able,  because  circumstances  allow  me  to  do  it. 

Translate  into  T.ntin. 

1.  I  am  able  to  read,  but  not  to  write.  2.  Csesar  was 
not  able  to  defend  the  city.  3.  You  will  not  be  able  to 
read  the  book  easily.  4.  He  has  not  been  able  to  restrain 
his  temper.  5.  Do  you  wish  to  walk  in  the  fields  with 
me  i1  Xo  ;  I  prefer  to  remain  at  home.2  6.  We  shall  be 
able  to  lead  the  soldiers  from  the  camp.  7.  They  were 
unwilling  to  depart  from  the  city.  8.  They  are  unwilling 
(that)3  the  soldiers  should  remain  in  the  city.  9.  Do  the 


LESSONS   XLI.,    XLII.  47 

boys  wish  to  play  on  the  plain  ?  No ;  they  preier  to 
study.  10.  Do  you  prefer  to  read  or  to  write  ?  I  do  not 
know  (how)  to  write,  but  I  wish  to  learn. 

1  Mecum.     See  §  19,  3  (a). 

2  Use  domi. 

8  That  is  omitted  in  rendering  the  sentence  into  Latin ;  soldiers 
is  translated  by  milites,  the  accusative,  and  should  remain,  by  ver- 
sari,  the  infinitive.  See  §  70,  2. 


LESSON    XLII. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS   (continued).     §37. 
Translate  into  English. 

^  1.  Non  tulit  populus1  patris  lacrimas.  2.  Non  omnis 
ager,  qui  seritur,  fert  fruges.  3.  Eos  tulit  in  casam.  4. 
Edimus  ut  vivamus;2  non  vivimus  ut  edamus.  5.  Hel- 
vetii  de  finibus  suis  exeunt.  6.  In  eum  magno  impetu 
redit,  et,  dum  Albanus  exercitus  inclamat  Curiatiis,  ut 
opem  ferant3  fratri,  jam  Horatius  eum  occiderat.  t. 
Princeps4  ibat  Horatius.  \£.  Milites  e  castris  redeuntes 
occisi  sunt.  9.  Ipsi  transire  flumen  non  dubitaverunt. 

10.  Inita5  a3state,6  in  interiorem  Galliam  Q.  Pedium  misit. 

11.  I,  lictor,  deliga  ad  palum.     12.  Jussit  ut  abirem.7 

1  Give  the  synonymes. 
3  May  eat.     See  §  G4. 

3  Should  bear.     See  §  70,  3  (a). 

4  An  adjective  used  for  an  adverb,  first,  or  at  the  head. 

5  See  ineo. 

6  See  Rule  35. 

7  Translate,  /  should,  etc. 


48  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XLIII. 

IRREGULAR  VERBS   (continued).     §  37. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Illud  turn  facile  fiebat.  2.  Onus,  quod  bene  fertur, 
leve  fit.  3. .  His  rebus  fit  ut  Helvetia  minus  facile  fini- 
timis1  bellum  inferre  possint.  4.  Cum  esset2  Caesar  in 
citeriore  Gallia  in  hibernis,  ita  uti  supra  demonstravimus, 
crebri  ad  eum  runiores  afferebantur,  literisque  item  La- 
bieni  certior  fiebat,3  omnes  Belgas,  quam  tertiam  esse 
Gallise  partem  dixeramus,  contra  populum  Eomauum 
conjurare,4  obsidesque  inter  se  dare.4/  5.  Omnia  ab  his 
diligenter  ad  diem  facta  sunt.  /*6.  Maxime  gavisi  sunt 
cives  quod  urbs  servata  erat.  T  Csesar  fisu&ISt  rebus5 
suis.  8.  Numitoris  greges  infestare  solitus  est.  9.  Peri- 
clitabatur  quod  nostri6  auderent. 

1  To  their  neighbors.     See  Rule  18. 

2  Was.     See  §  62,  2  (6). 

8  Was  informed;  certior  is  an  adjective  agreeing  "with  the  sub- 
ject of  fiebat. 

4  Belgas  is  the  subject,  that  all  the  Belgians  had  conspired, .... 
were  giving,  etc. 

5  Rule  16.  e  Our  (men). 

Translate  into  I,  a  tin. 

1.  The  soldiers  bore  aid  to  their  commander.  2.  They 
will  bear  the  wearied  soldiers  into  the  cottage.  3.  The 
fields  bear  fruit.  4.  Aid  is  borne  to  the  enemy.  5.  The 
soldiers  have  endured1  many  hardships.  6.  The  hard- 
ships have  been  endured  patiently  by  the  soldiers.  7. 
Many  brave  soldiers  perished  in  the  battle.  8.  The  king 
went  to  the  town.  9.  The  soldiers  perished  by  hunger. 

10.  A  great  part  of  the  soldiers  have  perished  by  hunger. 

11.  Caesar  became  consul.     12.  They  became"  unfriendly. 


LESSONS   XLIIL,    XLIV.  49 

13.  The  burden  will  become  light.  14.  Endure  these 
things,  soldiers.  15.  At  the  beginning  of  winter,2  they 
returned  to  the  camp.  16.  The  enemy  are  not  able  to 
cross  the  river.  It.  They  differ  in  many  things.  18. 
He  was  unwilling  to  depart  from  them.  19.  They  passed 
by  the  camp.  20.  The  general  wished  to  cross  the  river 
with  all  his  forces  on3  a  bridge. 

1  Use  perfero. 

2  Hiems  should  be  in  the  ablative,  and  the  participle  of  ineo 
agrees  with  it. 

3  In  with  the  accusative. 


LESSON    XLIV. 

IMPERSONAL  VERBS  :   PERIPHRASTIC  FORMS.    §§  39,  40. 
Translate  into  English. 

r 
1.  Militibus1  non  licebit  (e)  castris  exire.^    2.  Placuit2 

Caesari,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legates  mitteret.3  3.  Curritur. 
4.  Tibi  licet  id  facere.  5.  Decet  te  esse  diligentem.  6. 
Mihi  ire  licuit.  4*7.  Amandus  est  ille  puer  et  mihi4  et 
tibi.  8.  Caesar  de  quarta  vigilia  castra  moturus  est.  9. 
fTmperator  cum  sola  decima  legione  profecturus  erat.  10. 
Militibus5  simul  et  de  navibus  (erat)  desiliendum,  et  cum 
hostibus  erat  pugnanduin.  11.  Prse  omnibus  rebus  adhi- 
benda  est  prudentia. 

1  To  the  soldiers.     See  §  51,  2  (&). 

2  It  pleased  Ccesar,  i.  e.  Caesar  determined.     See  §  51,  2  (a). 
8  Should  send.     See  §  70,  4  (a). 

*  'By  me  and  by  you. 

5  The  soldiers  ....  must  leap,  etc.     See  §  51,  4  (a). 


50  LATIN    LESSONS. 

SYN.  — Proficiscor,  to  set  out  on  a  journey  ;  iter  facere,  to  travel, 
either  at  home  or  abroad;  peregrinari,  to  travel  abroad. 

Prudentia  (provideo,  foresee), foresight, practical judgment,  Jcnoicl- 
edge  of  the  law ;  sapientia  (sapio,  taste),  good  taste,  discernment, 
knowledge  of  the  world;  scieutia  (scio,  know),  knowledge,  implying 
skill  in  or  acquaintance  with  a  subject 


^         LESSON    XLV. 
APPOSITION.     §  46. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Proca,  rex  Albanorum,  duos  filios,  Numitorem  et 
Amulium,  habuit.  2.  Eheam  Silviam,  ejus  filiaru  Vestse 
sacerdotem  fecit.  3.  Cum  lupa  srepius1  ad  parvulos, 
veluti  ad  catulos,  reverteretur,  Faustulus,  pastor  regius,2 
rem  anirnadvertit.  4.  Interea  Bemum  latrones  ad  Amu- 
lium regem  perduxerunt.  5.  Eomulus  rex  creatus  est.  6. 
Eomulum  regein  populus  creavit.  f.  Consul  veni  ad  te. 
8.  ISTeque  ego  neque  tu  haec  fecimus.3  9.  Placuit4  Ca3- 
sari,  ut  ad  euni  legatus  mitteret.  10.  Cum  iis  agunt  reges, 
ut5  pro  sua  quisque  patria  dimiceut  ferro. 

1  See  §  17,  5  (a). 

8  The  king's  shepherd;  §  50,  1  (a). 

3  See  §  49,  1. 

4  What  is  the  subject  of  placuit  ? 

6  That  they  should  fght  with  the  sword,  each  for  his  country ;  quis- 
que is  in  apposition  with  the  subject  of  dimicent. 

SYN.  —  Placet,  it  pleases,  j.  e.  it  is  one's  will  or  determination ; 
libet,  it  pleases,  i.  e.  it  agrees  with  one's  inclination. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Cresar,  the  consul,  came  to  the  town.  2.  He  left  the 
kingdom  to  his  son  Numitor.  3.  The  boys  were  led  to 


LESSONS   XLV.,    XLVI.  51 

Eomulus  the  king.  4.  Caesar,  (when)  consul,  subdued 
Gaul.  5.  He  will  be  elected  consul.  6.  The  boy  was 
called  Romulus.  Y.  Csesar  was  the  conqueror  of  the 
Gauls.  8.  The  commander,  a  brave  man,  led  the  army 
against  the  enemy ;  he  fought  a  great  battle  on-this-side- 
of  the  river. 


LESSON    XLVI. 

AGREEMENT  OF  ADJECTIVES.    §  47. 

^ 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Vastte  turn  in  iis  locis1  solitudines2  erant.  2.  Romu- 
lus nomen  novse3  urbi  dat.  3.  Reges  sunt  potentes.  4. 
Naves  hostium  sunt  celeres.  5.  Ita  solus  potitus  est  im- 
perio4  Romulus.  6.  Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem 
in  iisdein  locis,  ubi  expositi  educatique  fuerant,  condide- 
runt.  T.  Csesar,  certior  factus5  ab  Titurio,  ad  eos  con- 
tendit.  8.  Hi,  novissimos6  adorti,  et  multa  milia7  passuum 
prosecuti,'  magnam  multitudinem  eorum  fugientium  con- 
ciderunt.  9.  Hostes  impeditos  nostri  in  flumine  aggressi, 
magnum  eorum  numerum  occiderunt.  10.  Iniquum  est 
de  stipendio  recusare. 

1  See  §  14,  2  (c).  5  Lit.  having  been  informed. 

2  See  §  11,  iv  (b).  «  See  §  17,  3  (c)  2. 

3  See  §  17,  3  (c)  2.  '  See  §  18,  1  (d). 
*  See  Kulc  31. 

Translate  into  L,atin. 

1.  Powerful  kings  have  large  fields.  2.  The  new  city 
has  high  walls.  3.  Remus  founded  a  city  in  the  same 
place  where  he  had  been  educated.  4.  We  are  strong, 
but  you  are  stronger.  5.  You  and  I  are  powerful.  6. 


52  LATIN    LESSONS. 

You  and  I  were  informed  by  Caesar.  7.  They  were  edu- 
cated in  those  places.  8.  The  journey  is  short.  9.  The 
soldiers  are  brave.  10.  We  are  in  the  power  of  the  cruel 
enemy.  11.  The  soldiers  killed  a  large  number  of  the 
fugitives  (those  fleeing). 


LESSON    XLVII. 

SYNTAX   OF  RELATIVES.     §  48. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Aniulius  parvulos  abjecit  in  Tiberim,  qui  tune  forte 
super  ripas  erat  effusus.  2.  Cui1  obvia  fuit  soror,  qiue 
desponsa  fuerat  uui  ex  Curiatiis.  3.  Soror  vidit  super 
humeros  fratris  paludanientum,  quod  ipsa  confecerat.  4. 
Xumitori,  qui  natu  major  erat,  regnum  reliquit,  5.  Qui, 
adulti  inter  pastores,  primo  ludicris  certaminibus  vires2 
auxere.  6.  Quod3  Eemus  irridens  transilivit.  7.  Caesar 
liberatus  confestirn  Miletum,  qua3  urbs  proxime  aberat, 
properavit.  8.  Flumen  Axonam,  quod  est  in  extremis 
Eeniorum  finibus,  exercitum  transducere  maturavit.  9. 
Loci  natura  erat  ha?c  quern  locum  nostri  castris  delege- 
rant.  10.  Multae  civitates  ab  eo  defecerunt;  quae  res 
multorum  bellorum  causa  fuit. 

1  Hi*  sister  met  him  :  cui  is  in  the  dative  after  obvia.     See  §  51, 

2  •('/)•  ]^'m-  -• 

8  See  §  11,  m.  4  (d).     8  This;  governed  by  trans  in  composition. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  soldier  whom  you  killed  was  my  brother.  2. 
The  men  are  absent  whom  you  blame.  3.  The  boys  are 
here  to  whom  we  gave  the  books.  4.  Cajsar  immediately 
hastened  from  the  city  and  came  to  his  army,  which  was 


LESSONS    XLVIL,    XLVIII.  53 

already  in  Farther  Gaul.  5.  She  saw  on  the  shoulders  of 
her  brother  the  cloak  which  she  had  made.  6.  The  army 
hastened  across  the  river  which  was  nearest,  t.  The  sol- 
diers crossed  the  river  which  is  in  the  extreme  part  of 
the  territories  of  the  enemy,  and  immediately  assaulted 
the  town. 


LESSON    XLVIII. 

GENITIVE.     §  50. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Proca,  rex  Albanorum,  duos  filios,  Numitoreni  et 
Amulium,  habuit.-^  2.  Interea  Eemum  latrones  ad  Amu- 
lium  regem  perduxerunt,  eum  accusantes,  quasi  Numi- 
toris  greges  infestare  solitus  esset.1  3.  Princeps  ibat 
Horatius,  trium  fratrum  spolia  prse  se  gerens.  4.  Militis2 
est  duci3  parere.  5.  Nemo  militum  fugit.  6.  Jam  ali- 
quantum  spatii  ex  eo  loco4  ubi  pugnatum5  est  aufugerat, 
cum  respiciens  videt  unum  Curiatium  haud  procul  ab  se 
abesse.  T.  Tune  summse  audaciae  f acinus  Coesar  edidit. 
8.  Amor  gloriae  nos  impulit.-  9.  Timor  hostium6  crescit. 
10.  Id  negotii  habeo.  '11.  Quid  mihi  consilii  datis  ?  12. 
Armorum  et  equitandi  peritissimus  erat.  13.  Inde  de- 
cretum  est  a  senatu,  ut  videret  consul  Opiinius,  ne  quid, 
detrimenti  respublica  caperet.  •  14.  Unus  ex  his  nuntios 
ad  eum  mittit.  15.  Non  de  summa  belli  suuni  judicium/ 
sed  imperatoris  esse  existimaverunt. 

1  See  §  61,  1.  2  Translate,  It  is  (the  duty)  of  a  soldier. 

3  See  Rule  16.  4  See  Lesson  VIII.         5  See  §  39. 

0  Translate  this  as  subjective  and  as  objective  genitive. 
T  Translate,  The  decision  concerning  the  conduct  of  the  war  was 
theirs,  etc. 


54  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    XLIX. 

GENITIVE  (continued).    §  50. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laboris  ultra  fidem  patiens  erat.  2.  Plena  errorum 
sunt  omiiia.  3.  Ille  prudens  rei  militaris  erat.  4.  Roman! 
appetentes  glorise  atque1  avidi  laudis  fuerunt.  5.  Eemi- 
niscere  pristine  virtutis  Helvetiorum.  6.  Obliviscere 
csedis  atque  incendiorum.  T.  Animus  meminit  prseteri- 
torum.  8.  C.  Gracchum  capitis  damnaverunt.  -^  9.  Ille 
gratiam  Csesaris  magni  existiinat.  10.  Virtus  maximi 
sestimatur.  11.  Te  fortunse  tuice  posnitet.  12.  Fratris 
mei  me  miseret.  13.  Controversiarum  et  dissensionum 
oblivisciurini.  14.  Ca3sar  dicere  solebat,  non  tarn  sua 
quani  reipublica3  interesse.  15.  Magni  reipublica?  interest 
omnes  copias  con  venire.  16.  Illud  mea  magni  interest. 
17.  Postridie  ejus  diei  in  fines  Suessionurn  exercitum 
duxit.  18.  Interest  urbis.  19.  Interest  exercitui.  20. 
Inter  ortum  et  occasum  solis  interest  spatium  unius  diei. 

21.  Quid  interest  inter  divitem  et  pauperem  ?     Multum. 

22.  Abi2  hinc  cum  immaturo  amore  ad  sponsum,  oblita 
fratruni,  oblita  patria3.     23.  Pieus  est  capitis.3    24.  Absol- 
vunt  te  judices  injuriarum.     25.  Cujusnam  criminis  erat 
ille  reus  ? 

Translate,  and  also.  s  See  §  50,  4  (I). 

2  See  abeo. 

SYX. — Animus,  the  mind,  the  soul;  mens,  thought,  or  intellectual 
faculty ;  anima,  the  life,  the  vital  principle. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  fields  of  the  king  are  beyond  the  river.  2.  The 
soldiers  of  the  general  are  on-this-side-of  the  river.  3. 


LESSONS   XLIX.,    L.  55 

He  seeks  no l  reward.  4.  None  of  the  enemy  have  fled. 
5.  Caesar  had  a  fleet  of  sixty  vessels.  6.  The  soldiers  are 
eager  for  glory.  T.  Many  men  are  desirous  of  contention. 
8.  He  was  skilled  in  war.  9.  They  fled  some  distance 
from  that  place.  10.  Who  of  us  is  wise  ?  11.  One  of  the 
tribunes  fled.  12.  Hatred  towards  the  king  actuated  the 
people.  13.  He  is  desirous  of  pleasure.  14.  It  is  (the 
duty)  of  a  good  orator  to  speak  candidly.  15.  It  is  (the 
part)  of  a  judge  to  hear  patiently.  16.  He  remembers 
his  plan.  IT.  He  will  forget  his  promise.  18.  I  am 
ashamed  of  my  fault.  19.  I  am  vexed  and  wearied  at 
the  folly  of  these  men.  20.  I  repent  of  my  folly.  21.  I 
am  weary  of  my  life.  22.  It  is  of  great  advantage.  23. 
It  is  of  great  advantage  to  me.  24.  It  is  for  the  ad- 
vantage of  all.  25.  The  soldiers  have  forgotten  their 
dissensions.  26,  They  condemned  him  to  death.  2T. 
They  accused  him  of  treachery.  28.  Csesar  acquitted  the 
soldier  of  the  crime.  29.  He  is  reminded  of  his  duty. 

1  Lit.  nothing  of  reward. 


LESSON    L. 

DATIVE.    §51. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Nam  Eenms  oris  lineamentis  erat  matri  simillimus,1 
aetasque  tempori  expositionis  congruebat.  2.  Numitori, 
qui  natu2  major  erat,  regnum  reliquit.  3.  Eos  tulit  in 
casam,  et  Accae  Larentiae  conjugi  dedit.  4.  lis  insidiati 
sunt  latrones.  5.  Is  quamvis  integer,  quia  tribus  impar 
erat,  fugam  simulavit.  6.  Placuit3  Caesari,  ut  ad  eum 
legates  mitteret.  f.  Milites  noil  mulieribus,  non  infanti- 


56  LATIX    LESSONS. 

bus  pepercerunt.  8.  Opem  ferunt  fratri.  9.  Turn  bellum 
Ptolernaeo,  Pompeii  interfectori,  intulit.  10.  Finem  labori 
nox  attnlit.  11.  Hibernis  Labienum  proeposuit.  12.  Sex 
nobis  filii  sunt.  13.  Caesari  erant  multae  legiones  et 
fideles  amici.  14.  Caesar  legiones  duas  castris  praesidio 
relinquit.  15.  Inde  duse  legiones  quae  proxime  con- 
scripts eraut,  totum  agmen  claudebant,  praesidioque  im- 
pedimentis  erant.  16.  Urbs  hostibus  erepta  est.  17. 
Caesari  omnia  uno  tempore4  erant  agenda.  18.  Huuc 
librum  magister  niihi  praemio  dedit. 

1  See  §  17,  1  (6). 

8  See  Rule  26. 

8  Subject? 

*  The  ablative  of  time,  at  one  time. 

SYN.  —  Infans  (in.  not,  fari,  to  speak},  an  infant:  puer,  a  &oy, 
from  about  seven  to  sixteen;  adolescens  (adolesco,  to  grow),  a 
youth,  from  about  sixteen  to  twenty-four;  juvenis,  a  young  man  or 
woman,  from  about  twenty-four  to  forty-five. 


LESSON    LI. 

DATIVE   (continued).     §  51. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Cui  obvia  fuit1  soror,  quae  desponsa  fuerat  uni  ex 
Curiatiis.  2.  His  difficultatibus  duae  res  erant  subsidio. 
3.  Legatus  equitatum  auxilio  Caesari  miserat.  4.  Plii- 
losophia  animo  medetur.  5.  Populo  Eomano  bellum 
inclixisti.  6.  Filius  patri  est  similis.  Y.  Novis  imperi- 
ls2 studebant.  8.  Dat  negotium  Senonibus  reliquisque 
Gall  is,  qni  finitimi  Belgis  erant.  9.  Remi,  qui  proximi 
Galliae  ex  Belgis  sunt,  ad  eum  legates  miserunt.  10. 


LESSON    LI.  57 

Movit  feroci  juveni  animum  comploratio  sororis  in  tanto 
gauclio  publico.  11.  Atrox  id  visum  e§t  facinus  patribus 
plebique.  12.  Pax  petenda  est  mihi.  ,  13.  Circumdat 
murum  urbi,  or,  Circumdat  urbem  muro.  14.  Hoc  mihi 
est  curse.  15.  Sunt  mihi  multi  libri.  16.  Sanavit  filium 
meum,3  or,  Sanavit  mihi  filium.4  IT.  In  omnibus  rebus 
te  cousulam.  18.  In  omni  re  consulam  tibi.5  19.  Seditio6 
urbi  excidio  fuit.  20.  Mihi  scribendum  est.7  21.  Caesar 
Italiam  Antonio  devastandum  reliquit. 

1  Translate  cui  obvia  fuit,  met  him ;  obvia  is  an  adjective  in  the 
predicate,  and  agrees  with  soror,  the  subject  of  fuit. 

Innovations  (or  changes  in  the  state  of  affairs),  a  revolution. 

He  cured  my  son  (not  caring  whose  son). 

He  cured  my  son  (out  of  kindness  to  me). 

For  you,  i.  e.  your  interests. 

Translate,  Sedition  proved,  etc. 

See  §  51,  4  (a). 

SYN.  —  Medeor,  to  heal,  relates  to  the  skill  of  the  physician ; 
sano,  to  heal,  relates  to  the  efficacy  of  the  medicine. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  boy  was  like  his  father.  2.  He  pretended 
flight,  because  he  was  unequal  to  three.  3.  I  will  give 
the  book  to  you.  4.  Caesar  made  war  upon  the  Gauls. 
5.  I  have  six  books.  6.  Caesar  had  many  faithful  friends. 
7.  Caesar  sent  the  third  line  for  a  protection  to  the  bag- 
gage. 8.  The  soldiers  spared  the  fugitives.  9.  He  left 
the  kingdom  to  Numitor.  10.  He  gave  the  business  to 
me.  11.  The  Gauls  desire  a  revolution.  12.  He  placed 
a  wall  around  the  city.  13.  They  are  nearest  to  the  Bel- 
gians. 14.  You  have  declared  war  against  me.  15.  These 
things  must  be  done  by  me.  16.  This  seemed  a  bold  deed 
to  the  people.  17.  He  will  consult  my  interests.  18.  It1 
is  wise  to  prefer  virtue  to  all  things.  19.  The  soldiers 
will  obey  their  commander.  20.  This  is  my2  care.  21. 


58  LATIN    LESSONS. 

They  are  unfriendly  to  me.  22.  Do  not  trust  fortune. 
23.  The  lieutenant  has  sent  the  cavalry  as  an  aid  to 
Ceesar. 

1  Use  the  gen.  sapientis  est,  etc.         *  Lit.  for  a  care  to  me. 


LESSON    LII. 

ACCUSATIVE  AND  VOCATIVE.     §  52,  53. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Interea  Eemum  latrones  ad  Amulium  regem  per- 
duxerunt.  2.  Muta  istam  mentem.  3.  Milites  sanguineni 
sitiebant.  4.  Agros  Eemoruni  depopulati  sunt  quos  adire 
peterant.  5.  Unuin  Horatium  tres  Curiatii  circumstete- 
runt.  6.  Hoc  te  rogamus  omnes.  7.  Consul  Csesarem 
sententiam  rogabat.  ;.  8.  Caesar  omnia  consilia  ^Eduos 
celat.  9.  Pacem  ab  Eomanis  petierunt.  10.  Ipsi  transire 
flumen  non  dubitaverunt.  11.  "En  haec,"  inquit,  "rnea 
ornamenta."  12.  "  Nolim  quidem,  Gracche,"  inquit,  "  mea 
bona  tibi  viritim  dividere  liceat."1  13.  Dixit,  "  Tu  quo- 
que,  fill  mi ! "  14.  Eheam  Silviam,  ejus  filiam,  Vestse 
sacerdotem  fecit.  15.  Eomulus  urbem  Eoniam  vocavit. 
16.  Agros  plebi  dividebat.  IT.  Quare  convocati  patres 
deliberabant  quidnam  faciendum  esset.2  18.  Yir  ille 
gi^ammaticam  nos  docebat.  19.  Grammaticam  a  viro  illo 
docebar.  20.  Me  miserum !  omnes  me  rident  homines. 
21.  Eeminiscere,  mi  amice,  veteris  tuse  famae. 

1  /  should  not  wish  it  to  be  in  your  power.     See  §  57,  4  (c). 

8  See  §  67,  2. 

SYN.  —  Peto,  to  leg,  rogo,  to  ask,  are  general  terms  for  either  a 
request  or  demand ;  postulo,  to  demand  as  a  right ;  flagito,  to  de- 
mand with  earnestness ;  posco,  to  ask  as  a  right,  as  a  price  of  salary. 


LESSONS   LII.,    LIII.  59 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  lead  Eomulus  to  the  king.  2.  He  shows  the 
way  to  the  boy.  3.  Will  you  give  me  a  book  ?  4.  Who 
gave  you  that  book?  5.  They  accused  the  soldier  of 
treason.1  6.  I  will  conceal  my  plans  from  you.  1.  The 
guide  shows  the  way  to  the  soldier.  8.  Csesar  demanded 
corn  of  the  JEdui.  9.  They  ask  Csesar  his  opinion.  10. 
Csesar  is  asked  his  opinion.  11.  Csesar  concealed  all  his 
plans  from  the  enemy.  12.  They  were  not  able  to  cross 
the  river.  13.  Eemus  leaped  over  the  wall  which  Eomu- 
lus had  made.  14.  The  soldiers  have  laid  waste  the  fields 
which  they  were  able  to  approach.  15.  The  soldiers  thirst 
for  honors.  16.  Who  taught  you  music?  IT.  Will  the 
soldiers  cross  the  river  ?2 

1  See  §50,  4(5).  2  See  §  52,  1  (</). 


LESSON    LIII. 

ABLATIVE.     §54. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Pro  sua  quisque  patria  dimicat  ferro.  2.  Fcedus 
ictum  est  ea  lege.  3.  Datur  signum,  infestisque1  armis 
terni  juvenes,  magnorum  exercituum  animos  gerentes, 
concurrunt.  4.  Stricto  itaque2  gladio  transfigit  puellam, 
simul  earn  verbis  increpans :  "  Abi  hinc  cum  immaturo 
amore  ad  sponsum,  oblita  fratrum,  oblita  patrise."  5. 
Csesar,  honoris  Divitiaci  atque  JEduorum  causa,  sese  eos 
in  fidem  recepturum  et  conservaturum 3  dixit.  6.  JSTostri 
equites,  cum  funditoribus  sagittariisque  flumen4  trans- 
gressi,  cum  hostium  equitatu  prcelium  commiserunt. 


f 


60  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Ita  solus  potitus  est  imperio  Eomulus.  8.  Numitori,  qui 
natu  major  erat,  regnum  reliquit.  9.  Julius  Caesar,  func- 
tus  consulatu,  Galliam  provinciam  sorte  obtiuuit.  10. 
Culpa  dignus  est.  11.  Aqua  est  gravior  ae're.5  12.  Sol 
major  est  quam  terra.  13.  Erat  Caesar  excelsa  statura, 
nigris  vegetisque  oculis,  capite  calvo.  14.  Et  T.  Labie- 
nus,  castris  hostium  potitus,  et  ex  loco  superiore,  quaa  res 
in  nostris  castris  gererentur,6  conspicatus  decimam  legi- 
onem  subsidio  nostris  misit.  15.  Multitudine  hostiuni 
castra  nostra  complentur.  16.  Pater  Horatii  orabat  popu- 
lum,  ne  se  orbuin  liberis  faceret. 

1  Translate,  with  presented  arms,  etc.  *  Give  the  synonymes. 

2  Itaque,  and  so ;  itaque,  therefore.  6  See  Rule  32. 
8  That  he  icould  receive  them,  etc.   See  §  67, 1.  6  See  §  67,  2. 


LESSON    LIV. 

ABLATIVE   (continued).     §  54. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Mums  defensoribus  nudatus  est.  2.  Eo  de1  media 
nocte  Caesar,  iisdem  ducibus  usus,  qui  nuntii  ab  Iccio 
venerant,  Numidas  et  Gretas  sagittarios  et  funditores 
Baleares  subsidio  oppidanis  mittit.  3.  Hostibus  spes  po- 
tiundi2  oppidi  discessit.  4.  Ad  castra  Caesaris  omnibus 
copiis  contenderunt.  5.  Opus  est  mini  duce.  6.  Auctori- 
tate  tua  nobis  opus  est.  Y.  Amulius,  pulso  fratre,  reg- 
navit ;  et,  ut  eum  subole  privaret,  Rheam  Silviam,  ejus 
filiam,  Vestae  sacerdotem  fecit.  8.  Caius  Julius  Caesar, 
nobilissima  genitus  familia,  annum  agens  sextum  et  deci- 
mum,  patrem  amisit.  9.  ^Ere  alieno  oppressus,  ipse  dice- 


LESSON    LIV.  61 

bat  sibi  opus  esse  milies  sestertium.  10.  Provincias  novis 
coloniis  replebat.  vll.  Abstinent  pugna.  \  12.  Ille  inili- 
Ims  passuuui  sex  a  Caesaris  castris  consedit.  13.  Elo- 
quentia  C.  Gracchus  nullum  babebat  parem.  v  14.  Magno 
metu  me  liberabis.  15.  Caesar,  exposito  exercitu,  ad 
hostes  contendit.  16.  Magni8  reipublicae  interest  omnes 
copias  convenire.  It.  Ob  earn  causam  Caesar  bonis  spo- 
liatus  est.  18.  Multo  sanguine  victoria  stetit.  19.  Ee- 
labente  numine,  eos  aqua  in  sicco  reliquit. 

1  Just  at,  etc.         2  See  §  73,  3  (a).         3  See  §  54,  8  (a). 

SYN.  —  Sanguis,  blood  while  circulating  in  the  body;  cruor, 
blood  when  shed,  gore. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  soldiers  fight  bravely  with  the  sword.  2.  Cae- 
sar  preserves  them  for  the  sake  of  Divitiacus.  3.  The 
enemy,  having  made  an  attack  (lit.  an  attack  having  been 
made),  put  our  soldiers  into  disorder.  4.  Caesar  crosses 
the  river  with  all  his  cavalry.  5.  When  the  sun  had  risen,1 
the  Eomans  saw  the  enemy.  6.  Having  heard  these  things, 
he  led  his  army  to  the  banks  of  the  river.  t.  The  earth 
is  greater  than  the  moon.  8.  Caesar  was  more  powerful 
than  all  (the  rest  of)  the  citizens.  9.  The  sun  is  larger 
and  brighter  than  the  moon.  10.  Caesar  was  a  man  of 
great  eloquence.  11.  Our  camp  is  filled  with  soldiers. 
12.  Just  at  midnight  Caesar,  using  the  same  guides,  set 
out  from  the  town.  13.  They  have  need  of  a  guide.  14. 
Caesar  was  oppressed  by  debt,  and  said  that  he  needed 
ten  thousand  sesterces.  15.  When  these  things  were  done, 
Caesar  ordered  his  soldiers  to  embark.  16.  He  will  liber- 
ate you  from  great  fear.  It.  The  king  sold  his  country 
for  gold.  18.  The  soldier  values  money  highly.2  19. 
He  reigned  sixty  years.  20.  Is  he  worthy  of  praise  ? 


62  LATIN    LESSONS. 

21.  The  boy  is  unworthy  of  his  father.     22.  He  returned 
from  the  city  to  the  country. 

1  The  sentences  in  italics  are  to  be  given  in  the  Ablative  Absolute. 

2  Magni. 


LESSON    LV. 

TIME  AND  PLACE.     §  55. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ut1  primo  concursu  increpuere  arma,  horror  ingens 
spectantes  perstrinxit.  2.  Inita  aestate,  Q.  Pedium  lega- 
tum  misit.  3.  Secunda  vigilia,  magno  cum  strepitu  ac 
tumultu,  castris  egressi  sunt.  4.  Castra  amplius  milia2 
passuum  octo  in  latitudinem  patebant.  5.  Ille  tria  pas- 
suum  milia  ab  ipsa  urbe  castra  posuit.  6.  Turris  pedes 
ducentos  alta  est.  7.  Aggerem  latum  pedes  trecentos, 
altum  quinquaginta,  exstruxemnt.  8.  Consul  Roma  Athe- 
nas  profectus  est.  9.  Caesar  Roinarn  profectus  est.  10. 
Caesar  liberatus  confestim  Miletum,  quas  urbs  proxime 
aberat,  properavit.  11.  Dixit  Caesar,  "malle  se  ibi  pri- 
mum  esse,  quam  Eomae  secunduni."  12.  Decessit  Corin- 
tho.  13.  Puer  ibat  domum.  14.  Puer  redierat  rus.  15. 
Ultima  horn  venit  nuntius.  16.  Multos  aimos  domi  nos- 
tr83  vixit.  17.  Miles  humi  jacebat.  18.  Julius  CcTsar, 
quaestor  factus,  in  Hispaniam  profectus  est.  19.  A  Brun- 
disio  Dyrrachium  inter  oppositas  classes  gravissima  hieme 
transmisit.  20.  Hanno  Carthagini  vixit.  21.  Alexander 
Babyloni  mortuus  est.  22.  Atticus,  Ciceronis  amicus, 
multos  annos  Athenis  vixit.  23.  Delphis  Apollinis  ora- 
culum  erat. 
1  When.  *  See  §  54,  5  (c). 

SYN.  —  Rus,  the  country,  opposed  to  the  town ;  patria,  one's  na- 
tive countrt/ ;  regie,  a  large  region,  including  fields  and  cities. 


LESSON    LV.  63 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  towers  were  two  hundred  feet  high.  2.  The  sol- 
diers built  a  wall  forty  feet  high,  and  six  feet  thick.1  3. 
Caesar  lived  fifty-eight  years.  4.  In  the  summer  my  friends 
and  I2  shall  depart  from  Eome ;  I  shall  go  to  Miletus, 
they  will  go  to  Athens.  5.  In  the  first  watch  the  soldiers 
departed  from  the  camp  with  a  great  tumult.  6.  Caesar 
set  out  for  Rome.  Y.  Caesar  set  out  from  Eome.  8. 
Caesar  wished  to  be  first  at  Eome.  9.  My  friends  and  I2 
shall  go  into  the  country  at  the  beginning  of  summer. 
10.  My  friend  lived  many  years  at  Athens.  11.  Your 
friend  lived  many  years  at  my  house.  12.  Many  apples 
lay  on  the  ground.  13.  I  had-rather3  dwell  at  Athens 
than  at  Eome.  14.  Many  great  generals  were  born  at 
Eome.  15.  Some  men  live  more4  than  one  hundred 
years.  16.  The  consuls  set  out  from  Eome  to  Athens. 
It.  He  lived  at  Eome.  18.  He  lived  at  Carthage.  19. 
He  lived  at  Athens.  20.  He  died  at  Corinth.  21.  The 
soldiers  lie  on  the  ground  in  summer.  22.  Caesar  placed 
his  camp  ten  miles  from  the  city.  23.  The  legate  set  out 
from  Carthage  for  Eome.  24.  Caesar,  (when  he  was) 
made  quaestor,  hastened  from  Italy  to  Spain.  25.  He 
conies  into  Italy.  26.  He  returns  from  the  country.  27. 
They  were  with  me  both  in  peace  and  in  war.  28.  He 
returned  from  the  city  to  the  country.  29.  I  have  lived 
at  Athens,  at  Eome,  and  at  Carthage ;  in  the  city  and 
in  the  country;  I  have  studied  literature  at  home  and 
abroad,  but  now  I  shall  return  to  my  villa  in  Italy. 

1  Latus,  a,  um. 

2  In  Latin,  the  pronoun  of  the  first  person  is  written  before  those 
of  the  second  or  third. 

8  Malim. 

4  Amplius.     See  §  54,  5  (c). 


64  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    LVI. 

USE   OF   TENSES.     §58. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ego  primus  hanc  orationem  legi.  2.  Hanc  orationem 
primum  legi,  deinde  transcripsi.  3.  Hanc  orationem 
primo  libenter  legi,  postea  magis1  magisque  milii  jejuna 
visa  est.  4.  Venit  ut  nos  videat.  5.  Scripsit  ut  nos 
moneret.  6.  Scripsit  ut  nos  moneat.  7.  Dissimulat2 
metum  atque  spem  vultu  simulat.  8.  Legibus8  servimus 
ut  liberi4  esse  possimus.  9.  Audiam  quid  acturus  sis. 
10.  Tune  Faustulus,  necessitate  compulsus,  indicavit  Eo- 
mulo  quis  esset  ejus  avus,  quae  mater.  11.  Orta  est  inter 
eos  contentio,  uter  nomen  iiovse  urbi  daret,  eamque  rege- 
ret.  12.  Praemisit  equites,  qui  viam5  explorarent.6  13. 
Cognoscere  non  potuit  quantse  essent  liostium  copise.  14. 
Ariovistus  a  Csesare  petivit,  uti  colloquio  diem  consti- 
tueret.  15.  Quid  ad  me  venistis  ?  16.  Ariovistus  con- 
clamavit,  quid  ad  se  venissent.  IT.  Caasari  cum  id  nun- 
tiatum  esset,  maturat7  ab  urbe  proficisci.  18.  Inde  decre- 
tuin  est  a  senatu,  ut  videret8  consul  Opiniius,  ne  quid9 
detrimenti 10  respublica  caperet.  19.  Vulpes  vidit  leonem 
retibus  captam,  et  stans  prope,  ludificavit  earn  insolenter. 
20.  Leo  autem  dixit,  "Non  tu  me  ludificas,  sed  maluni 
quod  in  me  incidit,"  21.  Homines  misit  ut  agrum  ararent, 

1  Translate,  drier  and  drier,  etc. 

8  SYN.  —  Simulo,  pretend  what  does  not  exist ;  dissimulo,  conceal 
what  does  exist. 

3  Why  dative  ?  *  Free. 

6  SYN.  —  Via  is  the  path  or  road  on  which,  one  goes ;  iter  (the 
going)  is  the  journey  in  an  abstract  sense,  or  the  way  that  leads 
directly  to  a  place;  callis,  a  mountain-path;  semita,  afoot-path  or 
ly-way. 


LESSONS   LVL,    LVII.  G5 

6  To  explore  the  way  (lit.  who  should*  etc.).     See  §  64,  1. 

7  See  §  58,  2  (d). 

8  See  §  64,  1. 

9  Indefinite  pronoun.     See  §  21,  2  (J). 

10  See  §  50,  2  (c). 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  I  come  to  see  you.  2.  I  came  to  see  you.  3.  Did 
Eomulus  give  a  name  to  the  new  city  ?  Yes.  4.  He 
asked  whether1  Romulus  gave2  a  name  to  the  new  city. 
5.  He  inquired  whether  you  are  going  to  Rome.  6.  I 
will  send  the  men  to  plough  the  field.3  Y.  I  have  sent 
the  men  to  plough  the  field.  8.  He  came  to  warn  us. 
9.  He  has  come  to  warn  us.  10.  What  did  you  say? 
11.  He  asked  what  you  said.  12.  He  promised  to  send 
me  a  letter.  13.  He  promises  to  send  me  a  letter.  14. 
He  has  promised  to  send  me  a  letter. 

1  Use  num.  8  See  §  64,  2. 

8  Use  the  subjunctive.     See  §  67,  2. 


LESSON    LVII. 

CONDITIONAL  SENTENCES.     §59. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Si  hoc  facit,  bene  est.  2.  Si  hoc  faciat,  bene  sit.  3. 
Si  hoc  fecisset,  bene  fuisset.  4.  Si  hoc  faceret,  bene 
esset.  5.  Si  id  credis,  erras.  6.  Si  me  laudabis,  ego  te 
laudabo.  7.  Si  quid  habet,  dat.  8.  Si  quid  habeat,  det. 
9.  Si  quid  habuisset,  dedisset.  10.  Si  veteris  contumeliae 
oblivisci  volo,  num  recentium  injuriarum  memoriam 
cleponere  possum  ?  11.  Nam  si  violandum1  est  jus,  reg- 
nandi  gratia  violandum  est.  12.  Si  te  in  Capitolium 


66  LATIN    LESSONS. 

faces2  ferre  vellet,  obsecuturusne  voluntati  illius  fuisses 
propter  istam,  quam  jactas,  farniliaritatem  ?  13.  Si  hoc 
dicas,  erres.  14.  Si3  quis  a  domino  prehenderetur,  con- 
cursu  militum  eripiebatur.  15.  Si  id  faciemus,  peccabi- 
mus.  16.  Si  paceni  populus  Roinanus  cum  Helvetiis 
faceret,  in  earn  partem  ituros4  ubi  Caesar  eos  esse  volu- 
isset;  sin  bello  persequi  perseveraret,  reminisceretur5 
veteris  incommodi  populi  Komani.  IT.  Si  Allobrogibus 6 
satisfaciant,  sese  cum  iis  pacem  facturum.  18.  Lupus 
videns  pastores  in  tabernaculo  ovem  edentes,  "  Quantus," 
inquit,  "  tumultus  esset,7  si  ego  hoc  fecissem."8  19.  Musca 
sedebat9  in  cornu  bo  vis  et  stridebat ;  et  dixit  bovi,  "  Si 
pondus  meum  tuam  collem  opprimit,  abibo."10  20.  At 
ille,  "Neque,"  inquit,  "sensi  cum  venisti,  nee  si  manes 
mea11  refert."  21.  Si  tibi  satisfacerem,  niihi  ipsi  satis- 
facereni.  22.  Si  quid  venale  habeo,  id,  quanti 12  aestimo, 
tantidem  vendo.  23.  Convincam,  si  negas. 

See  §  40  (a  and  &). 

See  fax ;  in  this  sentence  te  is  the  subject  of  ferre. 
Translate,  If  any  one  was  seized  by  his  master,  he  was  (always) 
rescued,  etc. 
See  eo. 

Translate,  let  him  remember,  etc. 
See  §  51,  2  (6). 
See  Rule  47. 

What  is  the  apodosis?  u  See  §  50,  4  (W). 

See  §  58,  3  (a).  M  See  §  54,  8  (a). 

10  See  abeo. 

SYX.  —  Erro,  go  astray  from  ignorance ;  vagor,  roam  about ; 
palor,  straggle. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  If  he  should  do  this,  it  would  be  well.  2.  If  he 
shall  do  this,  it  will  be  well.  3.  If  I  should  have  any 
money,  I  would  give  it  to  you.  4.  If  I  had  done  this, 


LESSONS    LVII.,    LVIII.  67 

it  would  have  been  well.  5.  If  one  gives  me  money,  I 
(always)  give  it  to  the  poor.  6.  If  you  were  studying, 
I  should  rejoice,  t.  If  he  says  this,  he  is-mistaken.  8. 
If  you  were  here,  you  would  think  differently.  9.  The 
mind  grows  weak,  unless  you  exercise  it.  10.  If  you 
would  read  this  book,  I  would  give  it  to  you.  11.  If  this 
were  so,  I  should  be  glad.  12.  If  you  shall  remain  with 
me,  I  will  give  the  money  to  you.  13.  If  any  one  at- 
tempted to  cross  the  river,  the  soldiers  prevented  them. 
14.  If  he  had  spoken  the  truth,  he  would  have  been 
praised.  15.  If  they  should  give  up  their  vessels,  the 
enemy  promised  them  peace.  16.  If  this  had  been  so,  I 
should  have  been  glad.  17.  If  Caesar  shall  assault  the 
town,  the  enemy  will  flee.  18.  If  this  is  so,  I  am  glad. 


LESSON    LVIII. 

COMPARATIVE  AND  CONCESSIVE  CLAUSES.     §61. 
Translate  into  English* 

1.  Caesar,  etsi  prope  exacta1  jam  aestas  erat,  tamen  eo2 
exercitum  adduxit.  2.  Quanquam  omnis  virtus  nos  ad 
se3  allicit,  tamen  justitia  id  maxime  efficit.  3.  Ut  semen- 
tern  feceris,  ita  metes.  4.  Cum  ea  ita  sint,  tamen,  si 
obsides  ab  iis  sibi  dentur,  uti  ea,  quse  polliceantur,  fac- 
turos  intelligat,  sese  cum  iis  pacem  esse  facturum.  5. 
Quamvis  molestus  dolor  sit,  malum  non  est.  6.  Vita 
brevis  est,  licet  supra  mille  annos  exeat.  7.  Ut  desint 
vires,  tamen  est  laudanda  voluntas.  8.  Multi  omnia 
recta  negligunt,  dummodo  potentiam  consequantur.  9. 
Patres  metus  cepit,  velut  si  jam.  ad  portas4  hostis4  esset. 
10.  Adero,  dummodo  sis  domi.  11.  Adero  ego,  licet  absit 
ainicus.  12.  Dummodo  tu  adsis,  adero  ego.  13.  Quamvis 


68  LATIN  LESSONS. 

tu  adesses,  non  adessem  ego.  14.  Is,  cum  multa  contra 
legern  frumentariam  dixisset,  lege  tamen  lata,5  ad  fru- 
mentum  cum  ceteris  accipiendum,  venit.  15.  Hoc  facis, 
cum  scias  te  punitum  in.  16.  Omnia  postposui,  dum- 
modo  praeceptis  patris  parerem.  17.  In  omnibus  nego- 
tiis,  priusquam  aggrediare,6  adhibenda7  est  prosparatio 
diligens.  18.  Non  ante  finitum  est  prcelium,  quam  tri- 
bunus  militum  interfectus  est.  19.  Decessit  post  annum 
quartum  quam  expulsus  est.  20.  Interfuit  pugnae8  iiavali 
apud  Salamina,  quae  facta  est9  priusquam  pcena10  libera- 
retur.  21.  Magno  me  inetu  liberabis,  dummodo  inter 
me  atque  te  murus  intersit. 

1  See  exigo.  6  Before  you  attempt  (anything). 

8  Thither.  T  Freely,  you  must  make  careful  preparation. 

8  See  §19,  3.  8  Why  dative? 

*  Give  the  synonymes.  9   Which  was  fought. 

6  See  fero.  10  From  his  penalty. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Although  the  summer  was  passed,  Caesar  led  his 
army  there.  2.  Although  I  was  present,  you  said  that. 
3.  Provided  I  am  present,  you  will  be  present.  4.  Al- 
though you  should  kill  me,  yet  I  would  say  that.  5.  I 
will  be  present,  provided  your  father  is  at  home.  6.  I 
was  present,  although  you  were  absent,  t.  We  will  do 
this,  although  we  know  that  we  shall  be  punished.  8. 
Although  you  have  laid  waste  our  fields,  yet  if  you  will 
give  hostages  we  will  make  peace  with  you.  9.  Although 
the  enemy  fought  bravely,  yet  they  were  driven  from  the 
town.  10.  Caesar  promises  to  give  corn  until  they  reach1 
the  river.  11.  On  the  following  day,  Caesar,  before  the 
enemy  could  recover  from  their  alarm,  led  his  army  into 
the  territories  of  the  Suessiones. 

1  Use  dum  veniatur. 


LESSON    LIX.  69 

LESSON    LIX. 

TEMPORAL  CLAUSES.     §62. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Cum  lupa  ssepius  ad  parvulos,  veluti  ad  catulos, 
reverteretur,  Faustulus,  pastor  regius,  rem  animadvertit. 
2.  Tiberius  Gracchus,  cum  esset  tribunus  plebis,  a  senatu 
descivit.1  3.  Ob  earn  causam,  Caesar  bonis2  spoliatus, 
cum  etiam  ad  mortem  quaereretur,  mutata  veste,3  noctu 
elapsus  est  ex  urbe ;  et,  quanquam  tune  quartanae  morbo 
laboraret,  prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commutare 
cogebatur.  4.  Dum  haec  geruntur,  hostium  copise  con- 
veiiiunt.  5.  Zenonem,  cum  Athenis  essent,  audiebant. 
6.  Cum  ad  has  suspiciones  certissimse  res  accederent,  satis 
esse  causse  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut  ipse  auimad- 
verteret,4  aut  civitatem  animadvertere  juberet.  T  Itaque, 
priusquam  quidquam  conaretur,  Divitiacum  ad  se  vocari 
jubet.  8.  Postquam  id  animum  advertit,5  copias  suas 
Csesar  in  proximum  collem  subducit.  9.  Tempestas  mi- 
natur  antequam  surgat.  10.  Ducentis  amiis  antequam 
Komam  caperent,  in  Italiam  Galli  descenderunt.  11. 
Dum  reliqua3  naves  convenirent,  ad  horam  nonam  ex- 
spectavit.  12.  Caesar,  cum  Pompeium  apud  Pharsalum 
vicisset,  in  Asiam  trajecit.  13.  Csesar  ad  Pompeii  castra 
pervenit,  priusquam  Pompeius  sentiret.  14.  Ea  continebis 
({uoad  te  videam. ,  15.  Ehenus  servat  violentiam  cursus, 
donee  Oceano  misceatur.  16.  Priusquam  incipias,  con- 
sulto  opus  est.  It.  Donee  te  videram,  valde,  sollicitus 
eram.  18.  Donee  te  vidisset,  noluit  abire  puer.6  19. 
Donee  te  viderat,  noluit  abire  puer.  20.  Vulpes,  videns 
uvas  maturas  alte  pendentes,  edere  conata  est.  Sed  mul- 
tum  laborans,  cum  attingere  non  posset,  dissimulavit 
dolorem  suum,  dixitque,  "  At  sunt  virides,  et  acerbse." 


70  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Translate,  abandoned  the  party  of  the  Senate. 

See  Rule  28. 

What  does  this  ablative  absolute  express  ? 

See  §  63,  2.     Why  is  this  subjunctive  ?     See  §  66. 

The  phrase  animum  advertit  is  to  be  translated  as  a  single 
word :  observed  (lit.  turned  his  mind  to  it). 

6  The  subjunctive  in  this  sentence  implies  that  the  boy  did  go 
away  without  seeing  you ;  while  the  next  sentence  implies  that  he 
did  not  go  until  he  accomplished  his  object. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  When  I  am  at  Athens,  I  shall  hear  Zeno.  2.  When 
I  was  at  Athens,  I  heard  Zeno.  3.  When  Caesar  was 
sought  for  to  be  put  to  death,1  he  escaped  from  the  city 
by  night.  4.  While  these  things  were  going  on  at  Eome, 
the  forces  of  the  enemy  assembled.  5.  Before  you  begin, 
there  is  need  of  deliberation.  6.  After  Caesar  perceived 
that,  he  led  his  forces  to  the  nearest  hill.  7.  He  waited 
until  the  rest  of  the  ships  assembled.  8.  When  Csesar 
had  conquered  Pompey,  he  crossed  into  Asia.  9.  Before 
they  heard  of  my  approach,  I  entered  the  city.  10.  These 
things  took  place  after  he  had  entered  the  city.  11.  I 
waited  until  he  came.  12.  The  forces  of  the  enemy  as- 
sembled before  these  things  took  place.2  13.  These  things 
did  not  take  place  until  he  had  entered  the  city.  14. 
While  the  senate  was  preparing  war  against  Caesar,  he 
made  himself  dictator.  5.  They  were  present  before  it 
was  light.  16.  When  a  certain  old  man3  at  Athens  had 
come  into  the  theatre,  a  place  was  nowhere  given  to  him 
by  his  fellow-citizens ;  but  when  he  came  to  the  Lacede- 
monians, who,  since  they  were  ambassadors,  were  seated4 
in  a  certain  place,  they  all  rose  together. 

1   To  seek  for  to  put  to  death,  quaerere  ad  mortem. 

8  Use  facta  sunt. 

8  Use  quidam  grandis  natu. 

*  Use  pluperfect  of  consideo. 


LESSON    LX.  71 


LESSON    LX. 

CAUSAL   CLAUSES.     §  63. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudo  te,  quia  tu  me  laudas.  2.  Laudabat  me,  quod 
filium  meum  culparem.  3.  Quoniam  jam  nox  est,  in 
vestra  tecta  discedite.  4.  Quse  cum  ita  sint,  perge.  5. 
Is  quamvis  integer,  quia  tribus  impar  erat,  fugam  simu- 
lavit.  6.  Alterum  deinde,  priusquam  tertius  posset  con- 
sequi,  interfecit.  1.  Cui  legi  cum  senatus  repugnaret, 
Csesar  rem  ad  populum  detulit.  8.  Eo  frumento,  quod 
flumine  Arari  navibus  subvexerat,  minus  uti  poterat, 
quod  iter  ab  Arari  Helvetii  averterant,  a  quibus  discedere 
nolebat.  9.  Succenseo  tibi,  quia  lucrum  amicitiee  ante- 
posuisti.  10.  Postridie  ejus  diei,1  quod  omnino  biduum 
supererat,  cum  exercitui  frumentum  metiri  oporteret,  et 
quod  a  Bibracte,  oppido  .ZEduorum  longe  maximo  et  copi- 
osissimo,  non  amplius  milibus  passuum  duodeviginti  abe- 
rat,  rei 2  frumentarise  prospiciendum  existimavit :  iter  ab 
Helvetiis  avertit,  ac  Bibracte  ire  contendit.  11.  Hac  ora- 
tione  habita,  mirum  in  modum  converses  sunt  omnium 
mentes ;  summaque  alacritas  et  cupiditas  belli  gerendi  in- 
nata  est,  princepsque3  decima  legio  per4  tribunes  militum 
ei  gratias  egit,  quod  de  se  optimum  judicium  fecisset. 

1  See  §  50,  4  Rem. 

2  Translate,  he  thought  he  must  look  about  for  corn.  3  First. 
4  See  §  54,  4  (6). 

SYN.  —  Succenseo,  to  be  displeased  with;  irascor,  to  be  angry, 
but  not  necessarily  to  show  it  by  outward  emotions ;  stomachor, 
to  show  anger. 

Primus,  first,  so  far  as  one  appears  first;  princeps,  first,  so  far 
as  one  acts  first. 

Quia,  because,  regularly  introduces  a  fact ;  quod,  either  a  fact  or 
statement;  quoniam,  since,  has  reference  to  motives. 


71'  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  You  have  praised  me  because  I  praised  you.  2. 
Since  it  is  now  night,  we  will  depart.  3.  When  it  is 
night,  we  will  depart,  4.  I  will  praise  the  boy  because 
he  studies  well.  5.  Since  these  things  are  so,  there  is 
need  of  deliberation.  6.  He  accuses  them  severely  be- 
cause he  is  not  assisted  by  them.  7.  I  am  angry  with 
you,  that  you  should  prefer  gain  to  friendship.  8.  I  am 
angry  with  you  because  you  (actually)  did  prefer  gain  to 
friendship.  9.  They  rejoiced  because  they  were  going  to 
assault  the  city. 


LESSON    LXI. 

FIXAL   CLAUSES.     §64. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudas  me,  ut  a  me  invicem  lauderis.  2.  Laudabat 
me,  ut  a  me  invicem  laudaretur.  3.  Coutendit  Caesar 
maximis  itineribus  in  fines  Xerviorum,  ut  consilia  eorum 
praeveniret.  4.  Venit  ut  portas  claudat.  5.  Yenit  ut 
portas  clauderet.  6.  Milites  cohortatus  est,  ut  fortiter 
castra  defenderent.  7.  Milites  cohortatus  est,  quo  mor- 
tem fortius  obirent.  8.  Homines  misit  ut  agrum  ararent. 
9.  Imperavit  mill!  ut  abirem.  10.  Jussit  ut  abirem.  11. 
Inde  decretum  est  a  seiiatu,  ut  videret  consul  Opimius, 
ne  quid  detrimenti  respublica  caperet.  12.  Ca?sar,  cum 
aclhuc  in  Gallia  detineretur,  ne  imperfecto  bello  disee- 
deret,  postulavit  ut  sibi  liceret,  quanivis  absent!,1  secun- 
dum  consulatum  petere.  13.  Equitatum,  qui  sustineret 
hostium  impetum,  misit.  14.  Quamobrem  placuit  ei,  ut 
ad  Ariovistum  legates  mitteret,  qui  ab  eo  postularent,  uti 


LESSON   LXI.  73 

aliquem  locum  medium  colloquio  diceret.  15.  Constituit 
Caesar  pontem  in  flumine  Eheno  facere  quo  copias  suas 
transduceret.  16.  Venit  ut  videat.  17.  Venit  ut  nos 
videret.  18.  Eomulus  edixit  ne  quis  vallum  transiliret. 
19.  Amulius,  pulso  fratre,  regnavit,  et,  ut  eum  subole 
privaret,  Kheam  Silviam,  ejus  filiam,  Vestas  sacerdotera 
fecit.  20.  Vulpes  quasdam  cassibus  capta  erat,  sed  postea, 
amissa  cauda,  effugit.  Convocavit  igitur  omnes  vulpes,  et 
suasit  eis,  ut  ipsa?  quoque  abscinderent  caudas,  quippe 
quas  non  modo  indecoraa  essent,  sed  merum  inutile  pon- 
dus.  Sed  una  ex  iis,  "  At  tu,"  inquit,  "  non  ita  moneres, 
nisi  ista  calamitas  ipsi  tibi  accidisset."  21.  Quamobrem 
placuit  ei,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legatos  mitteret,  qui  ab  ep 
postularent,  uti  aliquem2  locum  medium  utriusque  collo- 
quio diceret. 

1  Although  absent. 

2  Some  place  midway  between  both. 

SYN.  —  Licet  and  concessum  est,  it  is  allowed,  refers  to  what 
is  allowed  by  human  law ;  fas  est,  it  is  allowed  by  Divine  law. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  came  to  close1  the  door.  2.  He  has  come  to 
close  the  door.  3.  He  will  come  to  close  the  door.  4. 
He  has  come  to  see  me.  5.  The  Helvetians  determined 
to  depart  from  their  own  territories,  in  order  that  they 
might  obtain  possession  of  all  Gaul.  6.  He  encouraged 
the  soldiers  in  order  that2  they  might  meet  death  more 
bravely.  7.  He  has  encouraged  the  soldiers  in  order  that 
they  may  meet  death  bravely.  8.  I  gave  you  orders  to 
depart.  9.  I  have  given  you  orders  to  depart.  10.  He 
sent  legates  to  ask  for  peace.  11.  We  have  praised  you, 
in  order  that  we  may  be  praised  by  you  in  turn.  12.  I 
will  strive  that  I  may  be  serviceable  to  you.  13.  I  have 


74  LATIN    LESSONS. 

striven  to  be  serviceable  to  you.  14.  He  sent  the  cavalry 
to  sustain  the  attack  of  the  enemy.  15.  I  ask  you  to  do 
this.  16.  I  asked  you  to  do  this.  17.  I  will  encourage 
him  to  learn.  18.  I  have  encouraged  him  to  learn.  19. 
I  will  strive  to  conquer.  20.  It  happened  that  I  was  not 
at  home.  21.  I  am  going  to  look  at  the  games.  22.  I 
went  to  look  at  the  games. 

1  Observe  that  the  English  infinitive  expressing  a  purpose  (when 
it  is  equivalent  to  that,  in  order  that)  is  to  be  translated  by  ut  with 
the  subjunctive,  or  some  other  of  the  forms  on  page  183. 

2  Quo  is  used  in  preference  to  ut  when  there  is  a  comparative  in 
the  clause  which  it  introduces. 


LESSON    LXII. 

CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSES.     §  65. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Eum  deterruerunt,  quominus  domo  exiret.  2.  Faciam 
ut  mei  sis  memor.  3.  Feci  ut  mei  esses  memor.  4.  Nil 
faciara,  quominus  tu  id  facias.  5.  Vereor  ne  venias.  6. 
Vereor  ut  venias.  7.  Vereor  ne  non  venias.  8.  Vereor 
ut  venerit.  9.  Accidit,  ut  illo  tempore  in  urbe  essem. 
10.  Sol  efficit  ut  omnia  floreant.  11.  Cura  ut  valeas.  12. 
Fac  ut  sciam.  13.  Mea1  refert  ut  venias.  14.  Quid  ob- 
stat  quominus  moenia  statim  oppugnemus  ?  15.  Tantum 
segtotabam,  ut  apud  ilium  non  possem  ccenare.  16.  Nemo 
est,  qui  id  mihi  persuadeat.  17.  Flumen2  est  Arar,  quod 
per  fines  ^Eduorum  et  Sequanorum  in  Ehodanum  influit, 
incredibili  lenitate,  ita  ut  oculis  in  utrarn  pattern  fluat 
judicari  non  possit.  18.  Caesar  non  exspectandum  sibi3 
statuit,  dum  in  Santones  Helvetii  pervenirent.  19.  Le- 


LESSON    LXII.  75 

gatos  miserunt  qui  dicerent.  20.  Non  dubito  quin  sapien- 
tissimus  sis.  21.  Dignus  est  qui  audiatur.  22.  Eufum 
Csesar  idoneum  judicaverat  quern  mitteret.  23.  Majus 
gaudium  fuit,  quam4  quod  universum  homines  caperent. 
24.  Dignus  est  qui  laudetur.  25.  Tanta  vis  probitati  est, 
ut  earn  vel  in  hoste  diligamus.  26.  Nemo  tain  potens 
est,  ut  omnia  quse  velit  efficere  possit.  2*7.  At  Numitor, 
considerate  adolescentis  vultu,  hand  procul  erat  quin 
nepotem  agnosceret.  28.  Nemo  erat,  qui  cuperet  me  ex 
civitate  pellere. 

1  See  §  50,  4  (d).        2  Give  the  synonymes.        3  Why  dative? 
4  Translate,  than  (what)  men  could  take  in  all  at  once;  §  65,  2  (e). 

SYN. —  Timeo,fear,  the  fear  that  arises  for  the  body,  from  timid- 
ity ;  metuo,  fear,  is  the  fear  of  the  mind  arising  from  a  consider- 
ation of  circumstances ;  vereor,  reverence,  expresses  a  reverential  or 
humble  fear,  or  doubt  about  the  happening  of  some  event ;  formido, 
dread,  of  a  great  and  lasting  fear. 

Translate  into  Latin* 

1.  I  will  deter  him  from  going  from  home.  2.  I  de- 
terred him  from  going  from  home.  3.  The  soldiers  pro- 
hibited me  from  going  to  the  city.  4.  The  soldiers  have 
prohibited  me  from  going  to  the  city.  5.  There  was  no 
one  who  did  not  rejoice.  6.  I  feared  you  would  not 
come.  7.  I  fear  he  has  not  come.  8.  I  fear  you  will 
come.  9.  I  fear  he  has  come.  10.  What  prevents  us 
from  seeing  the  games?  11.  "What  prevented  us  from 
seeing  the  games  ?  12.  The  river  was  so  broad  that  he 
did  not  cross  it.  13.  The  fear  of  the  soldiers  was  so 
great  that  he  did  not  lead  them  from  the  camp.  14. 
He  deserves  to  be  heard.  15.  He  does  not  deserve  to 
be  heard.  16.  He  deserved  to  be  heard.  17.  He  did 
not  deserve  to  be  heard.  18.  He  is  a  suitable  person 
to  send.1  19.  He  was  a  suitable  person  to  send.  20. 


76  LATIN    LESSONS. 

There  were  some  who  departed  from  the  city.  21. 
There  are  some  who  do  not  fear.  22.  There  are  some 
who  wish  to  see  the  games.  23.  He  gave  orders  to  lead 
the  soldiers  out  of  the  camp.  24.  What  hinders  him  from 
leading  the  soldiers  out  of  the  camp  ?  25.  He  is  not  a 
suitable  person  to  lead  the  soldiers  out  of  the  camp.  26. 
There  were  some  who  led  the  soldiers  out  of  the  camp. 
21.  The  enemy  were  so  terrified  that  they  fled.  28.  The 
Romans  fought  so  bravely  that  they  defeated  the  enemy. 
29.  We  cannot  object2  (to  it)  that  others  should  differ 
from  us.3 

1  Translate  quam  mittamus,  or,  qui  mittatur. 

1  Lit.  We  are  not  able  to  object.  3  From  us,  a  nobis. 


LESSON    LXIII. 

INTERMEDIATE  CLAUSES.     §  66. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Id  quod  habeo  tibi  dabo.  2.  Id  quod  habebat  tibi 
dabat.  3.  Dixit  puer  se  tibi  quodcumque  haberet  datu- 
rum  esse.  4.  Jussit  ut  qua3  yenissent  naves  Euboeain 
peterent.  5.  Cui  obvia  fuit  soror,  qua  desponsa  fuerat 
uni  ex  Curiatiis ;  visoque  super  humeros  fratris  paluda- 
mento  sponsi,  quod  ipsa  confecerat,  flere  et  crines  solvere 
coepit.  6.  Cum  tridui  viam1  processisset,  nuntiatum  est 
ei,  Ariovistum2  cum  suis  omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum 
Vesontionem  (quod  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum) 
eontendere,  triduique3  viam  a  suis  finibus  profecisse.  1. 
Interim  quotidie  Casar  ^Eduos  frumentum,  quod  essent 
publice4  polliciti,5  flagitare.6  8.  Postridie  ejus  diei  prater 
castra  Csesaris  suas  copias  transduxit,  et  milibus  passuum 


LESSONS   LXIIL,    LXIV.  77 

duobus  ultra  eum  castra  fecit,7  eo  consilio,8  uti  frumento 
commeatuque,  qui  ex  Sequanis  et  ^Eduis  supportaretur,9 
Csesarem  intercluderet.  9.  Ubi  eum10  castris  se  tenere 
Caesar  intellexit,  ne  diutius  commeatu  prohiberetur,  ultra 
eum  locum,  quo  in  loco  Germani  consederant,  circiter 
passus  sexcentos  ab  his  castris  idoneum  locum  delegit, 
acieque  triplici  instructa,  ad  eum  locum  venit. 

Journey  of  three  days. 

That  Ariovistus  was  hastening,  etc. 

And  had  completed  a  journey  of  three  days,  etc. 

In  the  name  of  the  state. 

The  subjunctive  refers  to  the  promise  as  made  by  the  -<Edui. 

Kept  demanding.     See  Rule  40. 

Pitched  his  camp. 

8  With  this  design. 

9  Supportaretur :  was  coming  in  ;  lit.  was  (being)  brought. 
10  That  he  held  himself  in  camp. 


LESSON    LXIV. 

INDIRECT  DISCOURSE.     §67. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Dicit,  "Kex  urbem  oppugnat."  2.  Dicit  regem 
urbem  oppugnare.  3.  Dicit,  "  Cupio  discere."  4.  Dicit  se 
cupere  discere.  5.  Ad  hsec  Caesar  respondit ;  Se  id  quod 
in  Nerviis  fecisset,1  facturum.  6.  Dicit  se,  si  quid  habe- 
ret,  daturum  esse.  1.  Censeo,  si  hoc  dicas,  te  errare.  8. 
Censebat,  si  hoc  diceres,  te  errare.  9.  Censebat,  si  hoc 
diceres,  te  erraturum  esse.  10.  Dicit,  si  quid  habuisset, 
se  daturum  fuisse.  11.  Is  ita  cum  Caesare  agit ;  Si  pacem 
populus  Eomanus  cum  Helvetiis  faciet,  in  earn  partem 
ibunt  Helve tii,  ubi  eos  esse  Caesar  voluerit.  12.  Is  ita 


78  LATIN    LESSONS. 

cum  Caesare  agit ;  Si  pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Hel- 
vetiis  faceret,  in  earn  partem  ituros,  ubi  Caesar  eos  esse 
voluisset.  13.  Censebam  me,  cum  adessem,  id  dicere. 
14.  Dicit  se,  quia  tu  se  laudes,  te  laudare.  15.  Dixit  se, 
eo  frumento,  quod  flumine  Arari  navibus  subvexisset, 
minus  uti  potuisse,  quod  iter  ab  Arari  Helvetii  avertis- 
sent,  a  quibus  discedere  nollet.  16.  Dixit  se  intelligere 
quid  ageret  hostis.  It.  Dixit  se  intelligere  quid  egisset 
hostis.  18.  Dixit  se  intellexisse  quid  egisset  hostis.  19. 
Si  quid  niihi  a  Caesare  opus  esset,  ad  euni  venissem.  20. 
Ei  legation!  Ariovistus  respondit ;  Si  quid  ipsi  a  Caesare 
opus  esset,  sese  ad  eum  venturum  esse.  21.  Dicebat  se, 
si  posset,  venturum  esse.  22.  Si  quid  habet,  dat.  23. 
Dicit,  si  quid  habeat,  se  dare.  24.  Si  quid  habeat,  det. 
25.  Dicit,  si  quid  habeat,  se  daturum  esse.  26.  Dixit,  si 
quid  habuisset,  se  daturum  fuisse.  27.  Ad  haec  Ariovistus 
respondit ;  Jus  esse  belli,  ut  qui  vicissent  his  quos  vicis- 
sent,  quemadmoduni  vellent,  imperarent.  28.  Eodem  die 
ab  exploratoribus  certior1  factus,  hostes  sub  monte  conse- 
disse  milia  passuum  ab  ipsius  castris  octo,  qualis  esset 
natura  mentis  et  qualis  in2  circuitu  adscensus,  qui  cog- 
noscerent,  misit. 

1  He  was  informed. 

1  Lit.  the  ascent  in  a  circuit. 

SYN.  —  Aveo,  Jong  for;  desidero,  desire  what  one  has  had,  but 
now  feels  the  loss  of  (hence,  regret);  volo,  u-ish ;  opto,  prefer; 
cupio,  desire  (general  term);  gestio,  desire,  and  manifest  it  by 
gestures. 

Dico,  say  (transitive  form  of  loqui) ;  loqui,  speak  or  talk  (op- 
posed to  tacere,  keep  silent)  ;  fari,  talk,  use  articulate  speech ; 
dicere  is  to  speak  for  the  information  of  the  hearers ;  aio  expresses 
the  assertion  of  the  speaker  (opposed  to  nego) ;  inquam  is  used 
to  introduce  the  very  words  of  the  speaker,  and  always  comes  after 
one  or  more  words  of  the  quotation. 


LESSON    LXIV.  79 


Translate  into  Latin. 

I.I  am  going  to  Eome.  2.  The  boy  says,  "  I  am  going 
to  Eome."  3.  Caesar  has  assaulted  the  city.  4.  The 
messenger  said,  "  Caesar  has  assaulted  the  city."  5.  The 
messenger  said  that  Caesar  had  assaulted  the  city  with 
all  his  forces.  6.  He  thinks  that  you  are  mistaken  if  you 
say  this.  7.  He  thinks  you  would  be  mistaken  if  you 
should  say  this.  8.  He  thinks  you  would  have  been  mis- 
taken if  you  had  said  this.  9.  He  thinks  you  would  be 
mistaken  if  you  had  said  this.  10.  He  says  that  he  un- 
derstands what  the  enemy  are  doing.  11.  He  said  that 
he  understood  what  the  enemy  had  been  doing.  12.  He 
said  that  he  praised  you  because  you  had  praised  him. 
13.  The  messenger  said  that  the  forces  of  the  enemy  as- 
sembled while  these  things  were  going  on.  14.  He  said 
that  he  feared  you  would  not  come.  15.  Caesar  said  that 
he  had  sent  his  lieutenants  to  do  this.  16.  The  legate  said 
that  he  was  present  before  it  was  light.  11.  Caesar  said 
that  the  Helvetians  had  departed  from  their  territories  in 
order  that  they  might  obtain  possession  of  all  Gaul.  18. 
He  says  that  he  has  come  to  see  you.  19.  He  said  that 
he  had  come  to  see  you.  20.  Caesar  said  that  he  had  sent 
the  cavalry  to  sustain  the  attack  of  the  enemy.  21. 
Caesar  said  that  he  feared  that  the  general  would  not  lead 
his  forces  out  of  the  camp.  22.  It  is  related  that  when 
Caesar  had  conquered  Pompey,  he  crossed  into  Asia.  23. 
Ariovistus  said  that  he  would  not  wage1  war  upon  the 
^Eduans,2  if  they  paid  the  tribute  yearly.3 

1  Use  illaturum  esse.  8  Use  quotannis. 

a  Use  the  dative. 


80  LATIN    LESSONS. 

LESSON    LXV. 

THE  INFINITIVE   IN   INDIRECT  DISCOURSE.     §  58,  11 ;  57,  8, 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Putas  me  scribere.1  2.  Putabo  me  scribere.  3. 
Putas  me  scripsisse.  4.  Putabis  me  scripsisse.  5.  Puto 
te  scripturum  esse.  6.  Cum  pugnaretur,2  Imini  jacebat. 
7.  Memini  eum  cum  pugnaretur  humi  jacere.  8.  Dicit 
me  cum  pugnaretur  humi  jacuisse.  9.  Dicit  puer  se  lau- 
datum  esse  (or,  fuisse).  10.  Putat  puer  se  laudatum  iri. 
11.  Sciebam  te,  si  posses,  venturum  esse.  12.  Sciebam 
te,  si  potuisses,  venturum  fuisse.  13.  Putabat  puer  se 
laudatum3  iri  (or,  futurum3  esse  ut  laudaretur).  14.  Pu- 
tabit  puer  se  laudatum  iri  (or,  fore  ut  laudetur).  15. 
Putaverat  puer  se  laudatum  iri.  16.  Nuntius  dicit,  equi- 
tes tela  conjicere.  17.  Nuntius  dixit  equites  tela  con- 
jicere.  18.  Nuntius  dixit  equites  tela  conjecisse.  19. 
Xuntius  dicit  equites  tela  conjecisse.  20.  Yolui  consulem 
eum  esse.4  21.  Caesar  intellegit  bellum  parari.  22.  Cae- 
sar intelleget  bellum  paratum  esse.  23.  Ca3sar  intellexit 
bellurn  paratmn  iri.  24.  A  primo  tempore  aestatis  juri  te 
studere  memini.  25.  Csesar  reperiebat  initium  fugaB  a 
Dumnorige  factum  esse.  26.  Dixit  se  regem  vidisse. 
27.  Lycurgi  temporibus  Homer  us  fuisse  dicitur.  28.  Im- 
perare  sibi  maximum  est  imperium.  29.  Yincere  scis, 
Hannibal,  victoria5  uti  nescis.  30.  iNunquam  putavi 
fore,6  ut  supplex  ad  te  venirem.  31.  Locutus  est  pro  his 
Divitiacus  ;7  Galliae  totius  factiones  esse  duas ;  hanim 
alterius  principatum  tenere  ^Eduos,  alterius  Arvernos.  32. 
Hi  cum  de  potentate.8  inter  se  multos  aDiios  contenderent, 
factum  esse,9  uti  ab  Arvernis  Sequanisque  Germani  mer- 
cede 10  arcesserentur.  33.  Honim11  primo  circiter  millia 


LESSON    LXV.  81 

quindecini  Khenum  transisse ;  posteaquam  agros,  cultum 
et  copias  Gallorum  homines  barbari  adamavissent,  tra- 
ductos  esse  plures.  34.  Petierunt,  uti  sibi  concilium 
totius  Gallise  in  diem  certam  indicere  idque  Caesaris 
voluntate  facere  liceret;  sese13  habere  quasdam  res,  quas 
ex  communi  consensu14  ab  eo  petere  vellent. 

1  For  the  time  denoted  by  the  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse,  see 
§  58,  11  and  b;  thus:  putas  me  scribere,  you  think  I  am  writing: 
putas  me  scripsisse,  you  think  that  I  ivas  writing,  wrote,  have  writ- 
ten, or  had  written :  putas  me  scripturum  esse,  you  think  that  I 
will  write :  when  the  principal  verb  is  in  a  past  tense,  the  transla- 
tion of  the  infinitive  is  changed,  though  the  relation  of  time  is  the 
same,  thus :    putavisti  me  scribere,  you  thought  I  was  writing  ; 
putavisti  me  scripsisse,  you  thought  I  had  written. 

The  pupil  will  notice  that  the  imperfect  tense,  as  well  as  the 
perfect  and  pluperfect,  is  represented  in  indirect  discourse  by  the 
perfect  infinitive.  But  after  memini,  the  present  infinitive  regularly 
stands  for  the  imperfect.  The  same  construction  occurs  exception- 
ally after  other  verbs,  but  had  better  be  avoided  by  beginners. 

2  Observe  the  imperfect:  while  the  fight  was  going  on. 

8  Observe  that  the  future  infinitive  is  made  up  of  the  supine  and 
iri ;  when  the  verbs  have  no  supine,  fore  or  futurum  esse  must 
be  used. 

*  See  §  58,  11  Rem.  i 6  See  Rule  31. 

8  See  §  58,  11  (/). 

7  Principatum  tenere,  stood  at  the  head. 

8  Superiority. 

9  It  came  to  pass. 

10  Were  invited  by  (promises  of)  reward. 

11  Of  the  falter. 

12  After  that  these  barbarous  men  had  grown  fond  of  the  lands  .... 
more  crossed  over. 

13  (Saying)  that  they  had,  etc. 

14  In  accordance  with  the  general  consent. 

SYN.  —  Potestas,  power,  lawful  authority,  as   of  a   magistrate ; 
potentia,  unconstitutional  power,  predominance ;  potentatus,  the 
power  of  a  ruler,  which  is  acknowledged  by  those  subject  to  him  ; 
ditio,  power,  jurisdiction. 
Q 


82  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  says,  "I  am  writing."  2.  He  says  that  he  is 
writing.  3.  He  says,  "  I  have  written."  4.  He  says  that 
he  has  written.  5.  He  says,  "  I  wrote."  6.  He  says  that 
he  has  written.  1.  He  says,  "  While  you  were  absent  I 
was  writing."  8.  He  says  that  while  you  were  absent  he 
was  writing.1  9.  He  says,  "  I  will  write."  10.  He  says 
that  he  will  write.  11.  He  says,  "I  had  written."  12. 
He  says  that  he  'had  written.  13.  He  said  that  he  had 
written  before  you  came  from  the  country.  14.  He  said, 
"I  know."  15.  He  said  that  he  knows.  16.  He  said, 
"I  will  come."  IT.  He  said  that  he  woidd  come.  18.  He 
says,  "I  will  come."  19.  He  says  that  he  will  come  if 
he  can.  20.  You  ought  to  have  done  this.  21.  I  remem- 
ber that  you  said  this.  22.  You2  may  go  to  the  city  if 
you  wish.  23.  It  is  difficult  to  do  this.  24.  They  wish 
to  cross  the  river.  25.  He3  said  that  the  town  would  be 
taken. 

1  Use  the  perfect  infinitive. 

1  Lit.  It  is  permitted  to  you,  etc.;  see  Note  Gr.  p.  51. 

8  Render  this  both  ways.    See  §  58,  11  (/). 


LESSON    LXVI. 

WISHES  AND  COMMANDS.    §  68. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Laudernus  nomen  Dei.  2.  Confer1  longissimam 
retatem  cum  seternitate.  3.  Secernant  se  a  bonis.  4. 
"Xolim2  quidem,  Gracche,"  inquit,  "mea  bona  tibi  viri- 
tim  dividere  liceat;  sed  si  facies,  partem  petam."  5. 
Utinam  eas  res  efficere  possim.  6.  Utinam  vera  inve- 


LESSON    LXVI.  83 

nire  possim.  T.  Si  quid  acciderit  novi,3  facies  ut  sciam. 
8.  ]STe  transieris  Ehodanum.  9.  Ineamus  in  urbem. 
10.  Eum  iratus  Eomulus  interfecit,  his  increpans  verbis : 
"  Sic  posthac  malo  adficietur,  quicumque  transiliet  moenia 
mea."  11.  Stricto  itaque  gladio,  transfigit  puellam,  simiil 
earn  verbis  increpans :  "  Abi  hinc  cum  immature  amore 
ad  sponsum,  oblita  fratrum,  oblita  patriaB."  12.  Sic  eat 
qusecumque  Komana  lugebit  hostem.  13.  Valetudinem 
tuam  cura  diligenter.  14.  Gives  mei  sint  beati.  15.  Equi- 
dem  vellem,4  ut  domi  esses.  16.  Tune  Scipio  Nasica,  cum 
esset  consobrinus  Tiberii  Gracchi,  patriam  cognationi 
prsetulit,  sublataque  dextera  proclamavit :  "  Qui  rempub- 
licam  salvam  esse  volunt,  me  sequantur." 

1  See  §  30,  6  (c). 

2  /  should  be  unwilling  (in  some  future  case). 
8  See  §  50,  2  (c). 

.  *  /  should  (now)  wish  (on  some  condition  not  fulfilled). 

Translate  Into  Latin. 

1.  Let  us  go  to  the  city.  2.  Let  us  love  our  country. 
3.  Cross  not  the  river.  4.  Would  that  I  could1  accom- 
plish this.  5.  Do  not  forget  your  country.  6.  Would 
that  you  had  been  here.  T.  Let  all  who  wish  to  accom- 
plish this  follow  me.  8.  May  you  be  happy.  9.  No 
good2  (man)  can  doubt  concerning  the  providence  of  God. 
10.  My  friends,  I  hope  you  are  well.3  11.  I  hope  my 
father  is  alive.4  12.  I  wish  my  father  were  alive.5  13.  I 
wish  my  father  had  lived.  14.  Let  us  imitate  our  ances- 
tors. 15.  Would  that  he  had  led  forth  with  him  all  his 
forces. 

1  In  some  future  case.  *  Would  that  my  father  may  be  alive. 

2  Nemo  bonus.  6  Would  that  my  father  ivas  alive. 
8  May  you  be  safe. 


84  LATIN   LESSONS. 

LESSON    LXVII. 

SUBSTANTIVE  CLAUSES.     §  70. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Accidit,  ut  illo  tempore  in  urbe  essem.  2.  Quamo- 
brem  placuit  ei,  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legates  mitteret,  qui  ab 
eo  postularent,  uti  aliquem  locum  medium  colloquio  dice- 
ret.  3.  Sol  efficit,  ut  onmia  floreant.  4.  Nunquam  putavi 
fore1  ut  supplex  ad  te  venirem.  5.  Eornulus  edixit  ne 
quis  vallum  transiliret.  6.  Eo  fit,  ut  milites  animos 
demittant.  7.  Ubi  de  ejus  adventu  Helvetii  certiores 
facti  sunt,  legates  ad  eum  mittunt,2  qui  dicerent,3  sibi  esse 
in  animo,  sine  ullo  maleficio  iter  per  provinciam  facere. 
8.  Aliud  est  docere  ;  aliud,  discere.  9.  Quibus  rebus  cog- 
nitis,  cum  ad  has  suspiciones  certissimse  res4  accederent, 
quod  per  fines  Sequanorum  Helvetios  transduxisset,  quod 
obsides  inter  eos  dandos5  curasset,  quod  ea  omnia  non6 
niodo  injussu  suo  et  civitatis  sed  etiarn  inscientibus  ipsis 
fecisset,  quod  a  magistratu  ^Eduorurn  accusaretur,  satis 
esse  causce7  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut  ipse  aniniad- 
verteret,8  aut  civitatem  aiiimadvertere  juberet.  10.  Cum 
ab  liis  qusereret,  quae  civitates  quantasque  in  armis  essent, 
et  quid9  in  bello  possent,  sic  reperiebat.  11.  Nolim10 
puer  veniat  12.  Legem11  brevem  esse  oportet,  quo 
facilius  ab  imperitis  teneatur.12  13.  Tliales  Milesius 
aquam  dixit  esse  initium13  rerum. 

1  That  it  would  happen.  2  See  §  58,  2  (</). 

3  See  Rule  44 ;  for  the  tense,  see  §  58,  10  (d). 
*  The  most  positive  facts. 

6  See  §  73.  5  (c)  ;  how  would  it  affect  the  sense  if  this  verb  was 
in  the  indicative? 

6  Translate,  not  only  without  his  command,  and  that  of  the  state,  etc. 
1  Why  genitive  ? 


LESSONS    LXVII.,    LXVIII.  85 

8  See  §  67,  2.  ll  Translate,  A  law  ought  to  be  short. 

9  What  they  could  (do)  in  war.    12  May  be  comprehended 

10  See  §  70,  3  (/),  Rem.  13  The  frst  principle  of  (all)  things. 


LESSON    LXVIII. 

QUESTIONS.     §  71. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Quaerit  num  Caesar  in  urbe  sit.  2.  Num.  ita  audes 
dicere  ?  3.  "  Nonne,"  inquit,  "  idonea  dolendi  causa  est, 
quod  nihilduin  raemorabile  gesserim,  eain  setatem  adep- 
tus,  qua  Alexander  jam  terrarum  orbem1  subegerat?"2  4. 
Utrum  Bomae  an  in  agris  hibernis  mensibus  manere 
mavis  ?  5.  Utrum  Cato  an  Caesar  tibi  prsestantior  et 
clarior  vir  esse  videtur  ?  6.  Jussit  eos  speculari  num 
hostes  ex  castris  exirent.  7.  Quseritur  Dii  utrum  sint, 
iiecne.  8.  Isne  est  quern  quaere,  annon  ?  9.  Num  dubium 
est  casune  an  consilio  factus  sit  mundus  ?  10.  Cujus  hie 
liber  est  ?  tuusne?  non,  sed  fratris.  11.  Utrum  ea  vestra 
an  nostra  culpa  est  ?  12.  Is,  se3  prsesente  de  se  ter  sorti- 
bus  consultum4  dicebat,  utrum  igni  statim  necaretur,  an 
in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur. 

1  Orbis  terrarum,  rather  than  terra,  when  there  is  decided  ref- 
erence to  other  lands. 

2  See  subigo.  3  See  Rule  35. 

4  Translate,  that  it  had  been  consulted  by  the  lots  about  him  three 
times;  sc.  esse,  what  is  the  subject  of  consultum? 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  Has  Caesar  set  out  for  Eome?  2.  He  inquired  wheth- 
er Cresar  had  set  out  for  Eome.  3.  Is  the  city  strongly 
fortified  ?  4.  He  asked  whether  the  city  was  strongly 


86  LATIN    LESSONS. 

fortified.  5.  Does  he  deserve  praise  ?  6.  It  is  doubtful 
whether  he  deserves  praise  or  not  7.  Will  you  perform 
these  things  or  not  ?  8.  Are  the  soldiers  obedient  to  their 
commander  ?  9.  Do  you  or  I  deserve  praise  ?  10.  Is  he 
a  good  man  ?  11.  It  is  uncertain  whether  he  is  a  good 
man  or  not.  12.  Did  you  inquire  how  great  the  forces 
of  the  enemy  were  ?  13.  Is  the  victory  due  to  the  sol- 
diers or  to  the  commander?  14.  He  inquired  whether 
the  victory  was  due  to  the  soldiers  or  the  commander. 
15.  Is  this  book  yours  or  not  ?  16.  He  inquired  whether 
this  book  was  yours  or  not.  17.  Is  that  the  man  they 
seek  or  not  ?  18.  He  inquired  whether  that  was  the  man 
they  sought  or  not. 


LESSON    LXIX. 

PARTICIPLES.    §72. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Quo  cognito,1  Amulius  ipsam  in  vincula  conjecit, 
parvulos  alveo  impositos  abjecit  in  Tiberim,  qui  tune 
forte  super  ripas  erat  effusus ;  sed,  relabente  flumine,  eos 
aqua  in  sicco  reliquit.  2.  Eos  tulit  in  casam,  et  Accae 
Larentias  conjugi  dedit  educandos.2  3.  Tune  Faustulus, 
necessitate  compulsus,  indicavit  Eomulo  quis  esset  ejus 
avus  quse  mater.  4.  Is  quamvis  integer,  quia"  tribus 
impar  erat,  fugam  simulavit,  ut  singulos  per  intervalla 
secuturos  separatim  aggrederetur.  5.  Terra  mutata  noil 
niutat  mores.  6.  Milites,  pilis  conjectis,3  phalangem 
hostium  perfregerunt.  7.  Yereor  ut  certus  sis  eundi. 
8.  Sole  oriente,  fugiunt  tenebra?.  9.  Caesar,  urbe  capta,4 
discessit.  10.  Eediit,  belli  casum  de  integro  tentatunis. 


LESSON    LXIX.  87 

11.  Datur  signum,  infestisque  armis  terni  juvenes,  mag- 
norum  exercituum  animos  gerentes,  concurrunt.  12.  Quis 
est,  qui  me  unquam  viderit  legentem  ?  13.  Tiberius  in 
Capitolium  venit,  manum  ad  caput  referens.  14.  Grac- 
chuin  fugientern  persecutus  in  eum  irruit,  suaque  manu 
eum  interficit.  15.  Ea  re  commotus,  in  Italiam  rediit, 
armis  injuriam  acceptam  vindicaturus ;  plurimisque 
urbibus  occupatis,  Brundisium  contendit,  quo  Pompeius 
consulesque  confugerant.  16.  Ex  amissis  civibus  dolor 
fuit.  It.  Homines  misit  agrum  araturos.  18.  Cum  sola 
decima  legione  profecturus  est.  19.  Nam  priusquam 
incipias,  consulto,5  et  ubi  consulueris,  mature  facto  opus 
est. 

1  Translate,  when  this  was  known,  etc.      Observe  that  the  ablative 
absolute  expresses  various  circumstances  of  the  action,  of  time, 
means,  condition,  manner,  etc.     See  §  54,  10  (b). 

2  The  participle  in  -dus  here  denotes  a  purpose.     See  §  72,  5  (c). 

3  What  circumstance   does   this  denote,  —  time,   condition,   or 
cause? 

*  As  there  is  no  perfect  active  participle,  its  place  is  supplied  by 
the  ablative  absolute,  or  by  a  clause  with  cum:  as,  urbe  capta  = 
cum  urbem  cepisset,  etc. 

6  Lit.  there  is  need  of  consulting,  or  freely,  you  need  advice.  See 
§  72,  3  (a). 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  When  this  was  known,  Caesar  departed.  2.  Caesar, 
when  he  went  to  Britain,  took  three  legions.  3.  He1  seized 
them  and  took  them  to  Rome.  4.  Caesar,  having  subdued* 
the  Gauls,  marched  to  Rome.  5.  He  assists  others  without 
robbing  himself?  6.  He  placed  them  in  a  skiff  and  threw 
them  into  the  Tiber,  t.  Caesar  returned  to  Italy  to  avenge 
his  injuries  by  arms.  8.  He  goes  away  without  your  per- 
ceiving it*  9.  I  come  to  aid  you.  10.  Receiving  his  com- 
mission, he  departed  to  Rome.  11.  Are  you  certain  of 


88  LATIN    LESSONS. 

going  ?      12.   When  I  liad  spoken,  you  went  away.      13. 
Because  the  'king  was  killed  they  threw  their  arms  away. 

14.  The  soldiers  avenged  the  death  of  their  commander.5 

15.  The  soldiers,  by  hurling  their  javelins,  broke  the  pha- 
lanx of  the  enemy.    16.  Having  called  together  their  chiefs, 
he  accuses  them  severely.    It.  There  was  grief  at  the  loss 
of  the  citizens.6     18.  Caesar  was  disturbed  by  this  affair, 
and  returned  to  Italy  to  avenge  his  injuries.      19.   This 
happened  one  hundred  years  before  the  founding  of  the 
city.     20.  Did  you  hear  ine  u'hen  I  said  that  ?     21.  I  saw 
my  friend  sitting  in  the  garden  yesterday.     22.  Caesar  is 
going  to  set  forth  from  the  camp  with  five  legions. 

1  Lit.  He  took  them  seized  to  Rome. 

8  Observe  that  the  ablative  absolute  can  be  used  only  when  the 
subject  of  the  subordinate  clause  is  different  from  that  of  the  prin- 
cipal clause  (except  in  such  phrases  as  se  iuvito,  against  his  will, 
used  in  indirect  discourse,  and  a  few  others  not  to  be  imitated). 

3  Lit.  not  robbing  himself,  se  non  spolians. 

*  Lit.  you  nor  perceiving  it,  te  non  sentiente. 

6  Lit.  tlieir  commander  killed,  csesum  imperatorem. 

6  Lit.  on  account  of  the  citizens  having  been  lost,  ex  amissis 
civibus. 


LESSON    LXX. 

GERUND  AND   GERUNDIVE.     §73. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  In  ambulando  mecum  cogito.  2.  Hie  niihi1  non  dor- 
miendum  est.  3.  Discimus  docendo.  4.  In  libris  tuis 
legendis  hos  tres  dies  cum  multa  voluptate  exegi.  5. 
Cupido  urbis  condendae2  Eomulum  cepit.  6.  Proficis- 
cendum  mihi  erat  illo  ipso  die.  7.  Hostes  in  spem  vene- 


LESSON    LXX.  89 

rant  potiendorum  castrorum.3  8.  Caesar  loquendi  finem 
facit.  9.  Gracchum  idem  furor,  qui  fratrem  Tiberium 
invasit ;  seu  vindicandse  fraternse  necis,  seu  comparand*® 
regies  potentise  causa,  vix  tribunatum  adeptus  est,  cum 
pessima  ccepit4  mire  consilia;  maximas  largitiones  fecit, 
serariurn  effudit,  legem  de  frumento  plebi  dividendo  tulit. 
10.  Julius  Csesar  in  captanda  plebis  gratia,  et  ainbiendis 
honoribus,  patrimonium  effudit.  11.  Longissirnas  vias 
incredibili  celeritate  confecit,  ita  ut  perssepe  nuntios  de 
se  praeveniret,  neque  eum  inorabantur  flumina,  quce  vel 
nando  vel  innixus  inflatis  utribus  trajiciebat.  12.  Ars 
pueros  educandi  difficilis  est.3  13.  Bellum  suscepit  rei- 
publica3  delendae  causa.  14.  Homines  misit  ad  agrum 
arandum  15.  Homines  misit  agri  arandi  causa.  16. 
Oppidum  magnam  ad  ducendum  bellum  dabat  facultatem. 
IT.  Ager  colendus  est,  ut  fruges  ferat.  18.  Csesari  omnia 
uno  tempore  erant  agenda :  vexillum  proponendum  (quod 
erat  insigne,  cum  ad  arma  concurri  oporteret),  signum 
tuba  dandum,  ab  opere  revocandi  milites,  qui  paulo  lon- 
gius  aggeris  petendi  causa5  processerant  arcessendi,  acies 
instruenda,  milites  cohortandi,  signum  dandum.  19.  Op- 
timus  quisque  agendi  quam  loquendi  studiosior  est.  20. 
Militibus  simul  et  de  navibus  (erat)  desiliendum,  et  cum 
hostibus  erat  pugnandum.  21.  Multi  in  equis  parandis^ 
adhibent7  curam,  in  amicis  eligendis  negligentes. 

1  See  §  51,  4  (a). 

2  Or,  urbem  condendi. 

3  What  would  the  construction  be  if  the  gerund  had  been  used  ? 

4  See  §  38  (a). 

5  Translate,  for  the  sake  of  seeking  materials  for  a  mound. 
8  In  {jetting. 

1  Take  pains. 


90  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  The  mind  is  nourished  by  learning  and  thinking.  2. 
While  drinking  we  conversed  about  many  things.  3.  He 
is  desirous  of  hearing.  4  He  is  desirous  of  hearing 
Plato.  5.  They  undertook  the  war  for  the  sake  of  de- 
stroying the  republic.  6.  He  came  here  for  the  sake  of 
seeing  his  friends.  7.  He  crossed  the  river  by  swimming. 
8.  Gracchus  obtained  the  tribuueship  for  the  sake  of 
avenging  his  brother's  death.  9.  I  am  not  fitted  for  ad- 
vising you.  10.  I  must  write  a  letter.  11.  Virtue  must 
be  cultivated.  12.  The  field  must  be  ploughed.  13.  We 
must  set  out  immediately.  14.  What  must  we  do,  friends  ? 
15.  He  was  desirous  of  possessing  the  camp.  16.  Am- 
bassadors came  to  seek  peace.  11.  We  must  not  believe 
all  men.  18.  I  must  write.  19.  We  are  desirous  of 
seeing  and  hearing  many  things.  20.  The  mind  is  nour- 
ished by  reading  books.  21.  We  learn  to  write  by  writ- 
ing, to  speak  by  speaking.  22.  We  must  leap  from  the 
walls  and  fight  with  the  enemy.  23.  You  must  fight  for 
liberty.  24.  Every1  kind  of  elegance  of  speech  is  made 
more  refined2  by  a  knowledge  of  literature.  25.  We3 
must  not  only  get  wisdom,  but  enjoy  it. 

1  Every  kind  of  elegance,  omnis  elegantia.      *  Use  expolitur. 
8  Lit  Wisdom  not  only  must  be  prepared  for  us,  etc. 


LESSON    LXXI. 

SUPINE.     §  74. 
Translate  into  English. 

1.  Ibat  spectatum  ludos.      2.  Id  facile  dictu  est.      3. 
Dignus  est  auditu.     4.  Oratores  Eomam  veniunt  pacem 


LESSONS    LXXL,    LXXII.  91 

petitum.  5.  Legati  totius  fere  Gallise  ad  Csesarem  gratu- 
latum  convenerunt.  6.  Legati  venerunt  injurias  questum. 
7.  Quod  optimum  factu  videbitur,  facies.  8.  Divitiacus 
Eomam  ad  senatum  venit,  auxilium  postulatum.  9.  JMui 
legates  ad  Csesarem  mittunt  rogatum  auxilium.  10.  Quod 
optimum  est  factu,  faciam.  11.  Exclusi  eos,  quos  tu  ad 
me  salutatum  miseras.  12.  Quid  est  tarn  jucundum 
cognitu1  atque  auditu,  quam2  sapientibus  sententiis  gravi- 
busque  verbis  ornata  oratio  ?  13.  Eamus  Jovi  Maximo 
gratulatum. 

1  In  the  learning  or  the  hearing.  2  As. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  They  sent  legates  to  the  city  to  seek  for  peace.  2. 
The  soldiers  advanced  to  forage.  3.  They  sent  to  inquire 
what  they  should  do.  4.  This  is  difficult  to  be  done.  5. 
The  men  came  to  plough  the  field.  6.  Many  things  are 
difficult  to  be  done.  7.  They  set  out  for  the  city  to  see 
the  games.  8.  A  true  friend  is  difficult  to  be  found.  9. 
The  enemy  came  with  a  large  army  to  assault  the  camp. 
10.  It  is  difficult  to  read  this.  11.  When  the  war  with 
the  Helvetii  was  finished,  ambassadors-  from  almost  the 
whole  of  Gaul1  came  to  congratulate  Csesar. 

Use  the  genitive. 


LESSON    LXXII. 

THE  ROMAN  CALENDAR.     §  84. 

Translate  into  English. 

1.  Caesar  Idibus  Martiis  in  senatum  venit.     2.  Natus 
est  ante  diem  tertium  Kalendas  Martias  (or,  Natus  est 


92  LATIN   LESSONS. 

a.  d.  iii.  Kal.  Mart.)  3.  Supplicationes  decretae  sunt  in1 
a.  d.  iv.  et  iii.  et  pridie  Idus  Novembris.2  4.  De  fratre 
nuntii  nobis  venerunt  ex  a.  d.  iii.  Nonas  Januarias.  5. 
Supplicatio  decreta  est  ad  pridie  Nonas  Maias.  6.  Im- 
peravit  inihi  ut  adessem  in  postridie  Calendas  Januarias 
(or,  in  a.  d.  iv.  Non.  Jan.).  7.  Is  dies  erat  a.  d.  v.  Kal. 
Apr.  8.  Spero  te  apud  nos  Grsecis  Kalendis3  cenaturum. 
9.  Natus  est  a.  d.  ix.  Kalendas  Octobris.2  10.  Obiit  Kalen- 
dis Augustis.  11.  Meministine  me  ante  diem  xii.  Ka- 
lendas Novenibris2  dicere  in  senatu,  fore  in  armis  certo 
die,  qui  dies  futurus  esset  ante  diem  vi.  Kalendas  Novem- 
bris,  C.  Manlium  ?  12.  Consul  coniitia  in  a.  d.  iii.  Nonas 
Sextilis2  edixit.  13.  In  ante  dies  viii.  et  vii.  Kalendas 
Octobris2  coniitiis  dicta  dies.  14.  Venire  jussi  sumus 
ad  Nonas  Februarias.  15.  Is  dies  erat  pridie  Idus  Jan. 
16.  Is  dies  erat  a.  d.  xi.  Kal.  Feb. ;  a.  d.  iii.  Idus  Jan. ; 
a.  d.  iii.  Nonas  Mart. ;  pridie  Idus  Mart. ;  a.  d.  xvi.  KaL 
Decembris.2  17.  Spero  me  circa  Idus  Octobris2  Eomae 
futurum  esse.  18.  Dixi  ego  idem  in  senatu,  csedein  te 
optimatium  contulisse  in  ante  diem.  v.  Kalendas  Novem- 
bris2 

1  In  ante,  for. 

a  Observe  that  the  form  in  is  in  these  dates  is  the  accusative 
plural. 

8  The  Greek  Calends,  a  phrase  signifying  never;  this  style  of 
reckoning  not  being  used  by  the  Greeks. 

Translate  into  Latin. 

1.  He  died  on  the  fifth  of  January.  2.  He  was  born 
on  the  fifteenth  of  October.  3.  He  was  born  on  the  six- 
teenth of  March.  4.  He  came  to  Eome  on  the  fifteenth 
of  April.  5.  On  the  first  of  March  he  entered  the  senate. 
6.  The  time  of  the  elections  is  appointed  for  the  twenty- 


LESSON    LXXII.  93 

fifth  of  July.  7.  We  came  to  Rome  by  the  tenth  of 
February.  8.  The  day  was  the  tenth  of  July.  9.  A 
public  thanksgiving  was  ordered  for  the  tenth  of  May. 
10.  Special  religious  services  were  ordered  for  the  ninth, 
tenth,  and  eleventh  of  November.  11.  On  the  second  of 
May  I  will  be  at  Eome.  12.  On  the  first  of  July  I  will 
be  at  Athens.  13.  About  the  beginning  of  June,  in  the 
consulship  of  M.  Tullius  Cicero  and  C.  Antonius,  he  first 
began  to-address-himself-to 2  single  (persons).  14.  We  set 
out  for  Eome  on  the  second  of  November,  and  arrived 
there  on  the  tenth ;  on  the  twelfth  we  laid  our  demands 
before  the  senate ;  on  the  fifteenth  we  left  the  city. 
15.  On  the  first,  second,  or  third  of  October  I  shall  go  to 
Rome. 

1  About  the  beginning  of  June,  circiter  Kalendas  Junias. 
8  Use  appellare  (historical  infinitive). 


ADDITIONAL  EXERCISES. 
Translate  Into  Latin. 

1.  The  waves  on  the  shores  [of  the  sea]  are  high.  2. 
Volsinii,  a  town  of  the  Tuscans  was  consumed1  by  light- 
ning. 3.  Neither  you  nor  I  have  done  this.  4.  You  and 
he  praise  the  streams  of  the  country.  5.  The  man  said 
one  thing2  and  the  boy  another.  6.  Homer  is  called  the 
king  of  poets.  7.  The  Sequani  shuddered  at  the  cruelty 
of  Ariovistus.  8.  Hear  much,3  speak  little.  9.  After  his 
death  the  people  repented  of  their  judgment.  10.  Caesar 
kept  demanding  corn  of  the  ^Edui.  11.  The  elephant  is 
said  to  live  two  hundred  years.  12.  Augustus  died  at 
Nola.  13.  He  wandered  about  the  banks  of  the  river  Po 


94  LATIN    LESSONS. 

and  the  shores  of  the  Adriatic  Sea.  14.  A  good  man  for- 
gets all  injuries.  15.  At  what  price  does  he  give  lessons  ?4 
16.  It  is  not  lawful  for  any  man5  to  lead  an  army  against 
his  country.  17.  Having  learned  these  things,  C«sar 
returns  to  the  fleet.  18.  What  o'clock  is  it  ?  19.  Is  that 
your  fault  or  mine  ?  20.  He  asked  whether  that  was 
your  fault  or  mine.  21.  If  they  (shall)  give  hostages, 
Cresar  will  make  peace  with  them.  22.  Can  anybody  do 
this?  23.  Can  somebody  do  this?  24.  Plato  lived 
eighty-one  years.  25.  Wherefore  it  pleased  him  to  send6 
legates  to  Ariovistus,  to  demand7  from  him  that  he  should 
appoint  some  place  central  with,  respect  to  both  of  them 
for  a  conference,  (saying)  that  he  wished  to  treat  with  him 
concerning  the  republic,  and  the  highest  interests  of  both. 
26.  On  the  10th  of  April  we  set  out  for  the  province.  2T. 
Is  this  said  to  have  been  done  by  night  or  by  day  ?  28. 
The  Germans  have  not  entered  a  house  for  fourteen  years. 
29.  It  is  of  great  consequence8  to  me9  that  I  should  see 
you.  30.  On  the  last  day  of  December  he  set  sail,10  and 
arrived  at  Athens  on  the  10th  of  January.  31.  In  the 
first  of  the  spring  the  consul  came  to  Ephesus,  and,  hav- 
ing received  the  troops  from11  Scipio,  he  held12  a  speech13 
in-presence-of14  his  soldiers  (in  which),  after  extolling 
their  bravery,  he  exhorted  them  to  undertake15  a  new 
war  with16  the  Greeks,  who  had  (as  he  said)  helped  An- 
tiochus  with  auxiliaries. 


Use  concrematum  eat.  9  See  §  50,  4  (d). 

Use  aliud aliud.  10  Use  solvit. 

Use  the  plural.  u  Use  a. 

Lit.  teach.  u  Use  habuit. 

Use  licet  nemiiii.  13  Use  contionem. 

See  §  64,  1.  "  Use  apud. 

7  See  §  64,  2  (2).  15  Use  ad  with  the  ger.  of  accipere. 

8  See  §  50,  1  (t>  K  Use  cum. 


READING    LESSONS 


I.     FABLES. 

NOTE.  —  The  figures  In  the  following  sections  refer  to  the  rules  in  §  75  of  the  Grammar. 

1.    The  Kid  and  the  Wolf. 

Capella,7  stans2  in  tecto  domus,8  lupum21  vidit5  pnetereun- 
tem,  et  ludificavit.  Sed  lupus,  "  Non  tu,"  inquit  "sed  locus 
tuus,  me  ludificat." 

2.    The  Boy  bathing. 

Puer,  balneum  petens  in  fluvio,  aqua  psene  exstinctus 
est.  Et  videns  viatorem  quendam,  clamavit  "  Subveni 
mihi!"16  Sed  hie  exprobravit  puero14  temeritatem.  Puel- 
lulus  autem  dixit,  "Primum  subveni,  deinde  reprehendere88 

licet." 

3.    The  Fox  and  the  Lion. 

Vulpes  vidit  leonem  retibus26  captam,  et  stans  prope,  ludi- 
ficavit eum  insolenter.  Leo  autem,  "Non  tu,"  inquit,  "me 
ludificas,5  sed  malum  quod  in  me  incidit." 

4.    The  Ass  in  the  Lion's  Skin. 

Asinus,  pellem  leonis8  indutus,  circum  currebat,  cetera 
animalia21  terrens.  Et  cum  vulpem  videret,  earn  quoque  ter- 


03  LATIN    LESSONS. 

rere88  conatus  est.  Sed  hsec,  asini  vagitu35  audito,  "Scito," 
inquit,  "me^quoque  territum  futurum  fuisse  iiisi  te  vagien- 
tem  audissem."46 


5.  The  Hound  and  the  Lion. 
\ 

Can?s  venaticus2  leonem  vidit,  et  insecutus  est.  Cum 
autcm  leo  se  verteret,  ac  rugiret,  canis  metuens  retrorsum 
fugit.  Turn  vulpes,  conspicata,  "  0  malum  caput ! "  inquit ; 
"Tene22  leonem  sectari1?  cujus4  ne  vocem  quidem  tolerare 
potuisti." 

6.  The  Wolf  and  the  Lamb. 

Lupus  insecutus  est  agnum.  At  hie  in  templum  confugit. 
Lupo  autem  agnum  invocante,  et  minitante  pontificem  eum 
sacrificaturum,  respondit  agnus,  "Mallem  quidem  deo  sacer 
esse  quam  a  te  trucidari." 


7.    The  Ant. 

Formica  qusD4  mine  est,  olim  homo  erat.  Et  maxime  agri- 
cultune16  studens,  laborious80  suis  contentus  non  erat;  sed 
semper,  bonis16alienis3  invidens,  fruges  proximorum  carpebat. 
Jupiter  autem,  iratus  ejus  avaritise,16  mutavit  earn  in  animal 
quoo  mine  formica1  vocatur.  Sed,  forma35  immutata,  indolem 
non  mutavit;  nam  etiam  mine,  circumiens  ad  acervos  fru- 
menti,  fruges  alienas  colligit,  sibique15  reponit. 


8.    The  Ant  and  the  Dove. 

Formica  qusedam  sitiens  descendit  ad  fontem ;  sed,  flumine25 
coiTepta,  pa3ne  est  submersa.  Columba  autem,  hoc  videns, 
virgulam  decerpsit,  et  in  aquam  injecit;  super  quam4  formica 
ascendens,  sese  servavit.  Turn  forte  auceps,7  arundinibus 


FABLES.  97 

collectis,  proficiscitur  ad  columbam  capiendam.41     Quod21  vi- 
dcns,   formica  pedera  aucupis  momordit.     Et  ille,  punctu26 


dolens,  arundinibus  abjectis,  columbam  liberavit. 

Jx 

9.    Tlie  Cat  and  the  Mice. 

In  quadam  domo  multi  erant  mures.  Quo  cognito,  fclis 
intravit,  et  singulos21  correptos2  comedebat.  Et  mures,  dum 
perpetuo  capiuntur,  in  foraminibus  latuerunt,  nee  felis  eos 
consequi88  potuit.  Cum  igitur  dolo28  opus  esset,  ut  e  latibulis 
allicerentur,44  do  trabe  suspensa,  simulavit  se22  esse  mortuam. 
Scd  quidam  e  muribus,  videns  earn,  "At,"  inquit,  "etiam  si 
saccus  esses,46  non  aggrederemur." 


10.    The  Farmer  and  the  Snake. 

Agricola  senex,  hiemis  tempore,  serpentem  invenit  gelu 
rigentem,  et  miserescens  sub  veste  condidit.  Mox  serpens,  in- 
calescens,  et  indolem  suam  recuperans,  benefactorem  momordit 
interfecitque  ;  qui  moriens  dixit,  "Justa  patior,  qui4  animali15 
improbo  vitam  servaverim." 44 


11.    The  Widow's  Hen. 

Vidua  qusedam  gallinam  habiiit,  quse  singula  ova  quotidie 
peperit.  At  rata,  si  plus  hordei10  gallinse14  dedisset,47  hanc, 
bina  quotidie  ova  parituram,  ita  fecit.  Sed  gallina,  pinguis 
facta,  ne  singula  quidem  postea  parere  valebat.  , 


12.    Stratagem  of  the  Mice. 

Bell  urn  quondam  inter  feles  et  mures  exortum  est.     Et 
mum;,   romper   victi,   cum  una  convenissent,  censuerunt  se 

7 


98  LATIN    LESSONS. 

talia  pati,89  quod  duces  non  haberent.47  Duces  igitur  elege- 
runt ;  qui,  quo83  facilius  cognosci  possent,44  comua  iuduti  sunt. 
Proelio35  delude  facto,  et  muribus  devictis,  ceteri  quideni  facile 
efiugerunt ;  duces  autem,  propter  cornua,  foramina21  intrare 
nequiverunt,  et  ad  uniim  capti  sunt  ac  devorati. 


13.    The  Stag  and  the  Lion. 

Cervus  quondam  sitiens  venit  ad  fontem.  Ubi  inter  biben- 
dum,41  videt  irnaginem  suam  in  aqua ;  et  miratur  quidem 
cornua,  quippe  qua3  longa  essent44  et  pulchra;'sed  crura 
magnopere  contempsit,  ut  macilenta  atque  debilia.  Ita  dum 
secum  cogitat,  leo  subito  apparet,  et  sectatur  cervum ;  hie 
autem,  fugiens,  longe  antecurrit.  Et  currens  per  campos  latos, 
usque  servatur;  cum  autem  in  silvestrem  locum  intrasset, 
cornibus  inter  virgulta  hserentibus,  longius  currere  non  potuit. 
Et  a  leone  captus,  nioriturus  dixit,  U0  me  misernm !  servatus 
enim  per  id  quod  contempsi,  proditus  sum  ab  eis  quibus16 
maxime  confidebarn." 


14.    Union  is  Strength. 

Agricola  senex,1  cum  mortem  sibi18  appropinquare  sentiret, 
filios  convocavit  —  qui,  ut  fieri  solet,  interdum  inter  se  dis- 
cordes  erant  —  et  fascem22  virgularum  afferri  jussit.  Quibus 
allatis,85  filios  hortatur  ut  fascem  frangerent.  Quod  cum 
facere  non  possent,  distribuit  singulas  virgas ;  iisque  celeriter 
fractis,  docuit  juvenes  quam  fii*ma  res  esset45  concordia,  dis- 
cordia  quam  imbecilla. 


15.    The  Lion's  Share. 

Societatem  junxerant6  leo,  juvenca,  capra,  ovis.     Prseda85 
autem,  quam  ceperant,  in  quattuor  partes  divisa,  leo  "  Prima  " 


TALES    FROM   ROMAN    HISTORY.  99 

inquit (i  mea  est ;  debetur  enim  haec  praestantise  meae.  Tollam 
quoque  secundam,  quam  merettir  robur  meum.  Tertiam  vin- 
dicat  mihi14  egregius  labor  meus.  Quartam  qui  sibi  arrogare 
voluerit,  is  sciat43  se  habiturum  me  sibi  inimicum."  Quid 
facerent  imbelles  bestiee  1  aut  quse  sibi  leonem  infestum  habere 
vellet  ] 

16.    King  Log  and  King  Stork. 

Range,  dolentes  propter  turbatam  civitatem,  legates  mise- 
runt,  qui  a  Jove  regem  postularent.44  At  ille,  videns  earum 
simplicitatem,  demisit  trabem  in  paludem  ubi  habitabant. 
Primo  igitur  range,  sonitu  territse,  in  ima  palude  sese  abdide- 
runt.  Mox  autem,  cum  viderent  trabem  imrnotam  innoxiam- 
que,  paullatim  ad  tan  turn  audacise10  pervenere,  ut  insilientes 
in  earn  ibi  subsiderent.  Turn,  dedignautes  se22  talem  habere 
regem,  iterum  ad  Jovem  convenere,  orantes  ut  sibi19  regem 
alterum  daret ;  primum  enim  inertem  esse,80  atque  nequam. 
Sed  Jupiter,  iratus,  immisit  ciconiam,  a  qua27  captse  sunt  ac 
devoratse. 


II.    TALES    FEOM    EOJMAIST    HISTOEY. 


1.    Romulus  and  Remus. 

1.  Proca,7  rex1  Albanorum,8  duos2  filios,21  Numitorem  et 
Amulium,  habuit.6  Numitori,19  qui4  natu26  major  erat,  reg- 
num  reliquit :  sed  Amulius,  pulso35  fratre,  regnavit,  et,  ut  eum 
subole  privaret,  Rbeam  Silviam,  ejus  filiam,  Vestse8  sacerdo- 
tem1  fecit;  qu?e4  tamen  Romulum21  et  Remum  imo  partu26 
edidit,  natos  deo  Marte29  creditos.2  Quo  cognito,34  Amulius 
ipsarn  in  vincula  conjecit,  parvulos  alveo18  impositos  abjecit  in 


100  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Tiberiin,  qui  tune  forte  super  ripas  erat  effusus ;  sed,  relabente 
flumine,  eos  aqua  in  sicco  reliquit.  Vastae  turn  in  iis  locis 
solitudiues  erant.  Lupa,  ut  fama  traditum  est,  ad  vagitum 
accurrit,  infantes  lingua  lambit,  ubera  eorum  ori18  admovit, 
matremque1  se  gessit. 

2.  Curn  lupa  saepius  ad  parvulos,  veluti  ad  catulos,  rever- 
teretur,  Faustulus,  pastor  regius,  reni  animadvertit :  eos  tu- 

4it  in  casarn,  et  Accae19  Larentiae  conjugi27  dedit  educandos. 
Qui,4  adulti  inter  pastores,  primo  ludicris  certaminibus  vires21 
auxere,  deinde  venando26  saltus  peragrare38  co3perunt,  turn 
latrones  a  rapina  pecorum  arcere.  Quare  iis17  insidiati  sunt 
latrones,  a  quibus  Remus  captus  est;  Romulus  autem  vi  so 
defendit.  Tune  Faustulus,  necessitate  compulsus,  indicavit 
Roniulo  quis  esset45  ejus  avus,  quse  mater.  Romulus  statirn, 
arniatis  pastoribus,  Albam86  properavit. 

3.  Interea  Remum  latrones  ad  Amulium  regem  perduxe- 
ruut,  eurn  accusantes,  quasi  Numitoris  greges  infestare38  soli- 
tus  esset;44  Remus  itaque  a  rege27  Numitori  ad  supplicium 
traclitus   est  :    at   Nuniitor,   considerate    adolescentis  Yultu,85 
hand  procul  erat  quin  nepotem   agnosceret.44      Nam  Remus 
oris8  lineamentis26  erat  matri15  simillimus,  83tasque  tempori17 
expositionis    congruebat.      Dum   ea   res    animum  Numitoris 
anxium  teuebat,  repente   Romulus  supervenit,   fratrem  libe- 
ravit,   et,  Amulio   interfecto,   avum   Numitorem   in  regnum 
restituit. 

4.  Deinde  Romulus  et  Remus  urbem  in  iisdeni  locis,  ubi  ex- 
positi  educatique  fuerant,  condiderunt  :6  sed  orta  est  inter  eos 
contentio,   liter  nonieu  novae  urbi   daret,45  eamque  regeret : 
jidhibuere   auspicia.      Remus   prior  sex  vultures,21  Romulus 
postea,41  sed  duodecim,  vidit.     Sic  Romulus,  augurio  victor, 
Romam  vocavit ;    et,   ut  earn  prius  legibus  quam  mcenibus 
muniret,  edixit  ne  quis  vallum  transiliret.44     Quod21  Remus 
irridens    transilivit ;     eum    iratus    Romulus    interfecit,    his 
increpans  verbis :     "  Sic    posthac   malo    afficietur,  quicumque 
transiliet    moeuia    mea."       Ita    solus    potitus    est    imperio81 
Romulus. 


TALES    FROM   ROMAN    HISTORY.  101 

2.    Horatii  and  Curiatii. 

Erant  apud  Romanes  trigemini  Horatii,  trigemini  quoque 
apud  Albanos  Curiatii.  Cum  iis  agunt  reges,  ut  pro  sua  quis- 
que  patria  dimicent44  ferro.  Fcedus  ictum  est  ea  lege,26  ut 
unde  victoria,  ibi  quoque  imperium  esset.  Itaque  trigemini 
arma  capiunt,  et  in  medium  inter  duas2  acies  procedunt.  Con- 
sederant  utrimque  duo  exercitus.  Datur  signum,  infestisque 
armis26  terni  juvenes,  magnorum  exercituum9  animos  gerentes, 
concurrunt. 

Ut  primo  concursu34  increpuere  arma,  horror  ingens  spec- 
tantes21  perstrinxit.  Consertis  deinde  manibus,  statim  duo 
Romani  alius  super  alium  exspirantes  ceciderunt :  tres  Albani 
vulnerati.  Ad  casum  Romanorum  conclamavit  gaudio  exer- 
citus Albanus.  Romanes  jam  spes  tota  deserebat.  Unum 
Horatium  tres  Curiatii  circumsteterunt :  is  quamvis  integer, 
quia  tribus15  impar  erat,  fugam  simulavit,  ut  siugulos21  per 
intervalla  secuturos2  separatim  aggrederetur.45  Jam  aliquan- 
turn23  spatii10  ex  eo  loco  ubi  pugnatum  est  aufugerat,  cum 
respiciens  videt  unum  Curiatium  baud  procul  ab  se  abesse.38 
In  eum  magno  impetu  redit,  et,  dum  Albanus  exercitus  in- 
clamat  Curiatiis,  ut  opem  ferant  fratri,19jam  Horatius  eum 
occiderat.  Alterum  deinde,  priusquam  tertius  posset  conse- 
qui,38  interfecit.  W 

Jam  singuli  supererant,  sed  nee  spe  nee  viribus  pares.  Al- 
terius9  erat  intactum  ferro  corpus,  et  geminata  victoria  ferox 
animus.  Alter  fessum  vulnere  fessum  cursu  trahebat  corpus. 
Nee  illud  proelium  fuit.  Romanus  exsultans  Albanum  male 
sustinentem  arma21  conficit,  jacentemque  spoliat.  Romani 
ovantes  ac  gratulantes  Horatium  accipiunt,  et  domum36  dedu- 
cunt.  Princeps  ibat  Horatius,  trium  fratrum9  spolia  prse  se 
gerens.  Cui18  obvia  fuit  soror,  qua)  desponsa  fuerat  uni 19  ex 
Curiatiis,  visoque  super  humeros  fratris  paludamento85  sponsi, 
quod  ipsa  confeccrat,  flere38  et  crines  solvere  ccopit.  Movit 
fcroci  juvciii14  animum  comploratio  sororis  in  tanto  gaudio 
publico  :  stricto  itaque  gladio35  transfigit  puellam,  simul  earn 


102  LATIN    LESSONS. 

verbis  increpans :  "  Abi  hinc  cum  immature  amore  ad  spon- 
sum,  oblita  fratrum,12  oblita  patriae.  Sic  eat48  qusecunique 
Romana  lugebit  hostem." 

Atrox  id2  visum  est  facinus  patribus14  plebique,  quare  rap- 
tus  est  in  jus  Horatius,  et  apud  judices  condernnatus.  Jam 
accesserat  lictor,  iuj  iciebatque  laqueum.  Turn  Horatius  ad 
populum  provocavit.  Interea  pater  Horatii  senex1  proclania- 
bat  filiam22  suani  jure  caesam  fuisse ;  et  juvenem  amplexus, 
spoliaque  Curiatiorum  ostentans,  orabat  populum,  ne  se  orbuni 
liberis28  faceret.  Non  tulit  populus  patris  lacrimas,  juvenem- 
que  absolvit,  magis  admiratione  virtutis  quani  jure  causse. 
Ut  tamen  csedes  manifesta  expiaretur,  pater,  quibusdam  sacri- 
ficiis  peractis,35  transmisit  per  viam  tigillum,  et  filium,  capite 
adoperto,  velut  sub  jugum  misit :  quod4  tigillum  sororium 
appellatuin  est. 


III.     LIFE    OF    POMPEY. 

1.  Gu.  Pornpeius,  stirpis  senatori£e,  bello84  civili  se21  et 
patrem  consilio  servavit.  Pompeii  pater  suo  exercitui16  ob 
avaritiam  erat  iuvisus.  Itaque  facta2  est  in  eum  conspiratio. 
Tereutius  quidarn,  Gn.  Pompeii  filii  contuberualis,  kimc  occi- 
dendum  susceperat,  dum  alii  tabernaculum  patris  incenderent. 
Quos  res  juveui  Pompeio14  coenanti"2  nuntiata  est.  Ipse,  nihil'24 
periculo  motus,  solito82  hilarius  bibit,  et  cum  Terentio  eadem, 
qua  antea,  comitate81  usus  est.  Deinde  cubiculum  iugressus 
clam  subduxit  se  tentorio,28  et  firmam  patri18  circumposuit 
custodiam.  Terentius  turn  destricto  ense35  ad  lectum  Pompeii 
accessit,  multisque  ictibus26  stragula  percussit.  Orta  mox 
seditione,35  Pompeius  se  in  media  conjecit  agmina,  rnilites- 
que  tumultuantes  precibus  et  lacrimis  placavit,  ac  duci14 
reconciliavit. 


LIFE    OP    POMPEY.  103 

2.  Pouipeius  eodem  bello84  civili,  partes  Sulla;  secutus,  ita 
egit  ut  ab  eo27  maxime  diligeretur.     Annos23  tres  et  viginti 
natus,  ut  Sullee20  auxilio20  veniret,  paterni  exercitus  reliquias 
collegit,  statimque  dux  peritus  exstitit.      Illius  magnus  apud 
militem  amor,  niagna  apud  omnes  admiratio  fuit,  nullus  ei'20 
labor  tsedio,20  nulla  defatigatio  molestise20  erat.     Cibi12  vini- 
que12  temperans,  somni  parcus,  inter  milites  corpus  exercebat. 
Cum   alacribus   saltu,26  cum   velocibus   cursu,26  cum  validis 
lucta26  certabat.    Turn  ad  Sullam  iter  intendit,  et  in  eo  itinere 
tres  hostium  exercitus  aut  fudit  aut  sibi  adjunxit.     Quern22 
ubi  Sulla  ad  se  accedere89  audivit,   egregiamque  sub  signis 
juventutem  aspexit,  desiliit  ex  equo,  Pompeiumque  salutavit 
imperatorem ; l    deinceps   ei18  venienti  solebat  assurgere  de 
sella  et  caput  aperire,  quern  honorem  uemini  nisi  Pompeio 
tribuebat. 

3.  Postea  Pompeius  in  Sicilian!  profectus  est,  ut  earn22  a 
Carbone,  Sullse  inimico,1  occupatam2  reciperet.44     Carbo  com- 
prehensus  et  ad  Pompeium  ductus  est.     Quern22  Pompeius, 
postquam  acerbe  in  eum  invectus  fuisset,  ad  supplicium  duci39 
jussit.    Longe  moderatior  fuit  Pompeius  erga  Sthenium,  Sicu- 
Ise  cujusdam  civitatis  principem.    Cum  enim  in  earn  civitatem 
animadvertere  decrevisset,  quse  sibi15  adversata  fuerat,  excla- 
mavit  Sthenius,  eum22  inique  facturum,89  si  ob  culpam  unius 
omnes  plecteret.     Interroganti  Pompeio,14  quisnam  ille  unus 
esset1?45    "Ego,"  inquit  Sthenius,  "qui  meos  cives  ad  id  in- 
duxi."     Tarn  libera  voce26  delectatus  Pompeius  omnibus16  et 
Sthenio16  ipsi  pepercit. 

4.  Transgressus  inde  in  Africam  Pompeius  Jubam,  Numi- 
dke  regem,1  qui  Marii  partibus16  favebat,  bello  persecute  est. 
Intra  dies  quadraginta  hostem  oppressit,  et  Africam  subegit 
adolescens  quattuor  et  viginti  annorum.      Turn  ei  littera?  a 
Sulla27  redditse  sunt,  quibus  jubebatur  exercitum  dimittere, 
et  cum  una  tantum  legione  successorem  exspectare.     Id  segre 
tulit  Pompeius ;  paruit  tamen,  et  Ilomam86  reversus  est.     Re- 
vertenti    incredibilis  multitude   obviam  ivit.      Sulla  quoque 
Isetus  eum  excepit,  et  Magni  cognomine  appellavit;  nihilo38 


104  LATIX    LESSONS. 

minus  Pompeio16  triumphum  petenti  restitit;  neque  ea  re 
a  proposito  deterritus  est  Pompeius,  aususque  est  dicere, M 
plures  solem  orientem  adorare  quam  occidentem  :  quo  dicto 
iniiuebat  Sullce9  potentiam  miuui,39  suam  vcro  crcsccre.  Ea 
voce35  audita,  Sulla  juvenis  constantiam  admiratus  exclamavit : 
"  jFriumpket,  triumpliet  /" 

5.  Metello14  Jain  seui1  et  helium  in  Hispania  segnius  gerenti 
collega1  datus  est  Pompeius,  ibique  adversus  Sertoriuni  vario 
eventu  dimicavit.     In  quodam  proelio  maximum  subiit  peri- 
culum;  cum  enim  vir  vasta  corporis  magnitudiue26  impetum 
in  eum  fecisset,  Pompeius  manum  hostis  amputavit,  sed  mul- 
tis85  in  eum  concurrentibus,  vulnus  in  femore  accepit,  et  a 
suis  fugientibus  desertus  in  hostium  potestate  erat.    At  prseter 
spem  evasit ;  barbari  enim  equum  ejus  auro  phalerisque  exi- 
miis  instructum  ceperant.     Dum  vero  praedam  inter  se  alter- 
cantes  partiuntur,  Pompeius  illorum  manus  effugit.      Altero 
proelio84  cum  Metellus  Pompeio ^  laboranti  auxilio20  venisset, 
fususque  esset  Sertorii  exercitus,  hie  dixisse  fertur :     "  Nisi 
ista  anus  supervenisset,46  ego  hunc  puerum  verberibus  casti- 
gatum  Romam36  dimisissem."      Metelluna  anum  appellabat, 
quia   is  jam   seuex2  ad    mollem   et    effeminatam   vitam   de- 
flexerat.      Tandem,  Sertorio  iuterfecto,  Pompeius  Hispauiam 
recepit. 

6.  Cum  piratie  maria  omnia  infestarent,  et  quasdarn  etiam 
Italic  urbes  diripuissent,  ad  eos  opprimendos41  cum  imperio 
extraordiuario  missus  est  Pompeius.     Nimise  viri8  potentise18 
obsistebant  quidam  ex  optimatibus,  et  imprimis  Quintus  Catu- 
lus,  qui  cum  in  contione  dixisset,  esse89  quidem  praiclanim 
virum1  Gnseum  Pompeium,22  sed  non  esse  imi14  omnia  tribu- 
enda,39  adjecissetque  :     "  Si  quid   ei  accident,  quern  in  ejus 
locum  substituetis  1 "    Acclamavit  universa  contio  :    *'  Te  i}> 
sum,    Quinte    Catule."       Tarn   honorifico   civiuni   testimonio 
victus,  Catulus  e  contione  discessit.     Pompeius,  disposito  per 
omnes  maris  recessus  navium  preesidio,  brevi  terrarum  orbem 
ilia  peste28  liberavit,  prsedones  multis  locis  victos  fudit ;  eos- 
dem  in  deditionem  acceptos  in  urbibus  et  agris  procul  a  mari 


LIFE   OF    POMPEY.  105 

collocavit.     Nihil  hac  victoria32  celerius;2  nam  intra  quadra- 
gesimum  diem  piratas  toto  mari  expulit. 

7.  Confecto  bello  piratico,  Gn.  Pompeius  contra  Mithridatem 
profectus  est,  et  in  Asiam  magna  celeritate  contendit.     Proe- 
lium  cuni  rege  conserere38  cupiebat,  neque  opportuna  dabatur 
pugnandi  facultas,  quia  Mithridates  interdiu  castris  se  con- 
tinebat,  noctu  vero  baud  tutum2  erat  congredi88  cuni  boste  in 
locis  ignotis.     Quadam  tamen.  nocte34  Mitbridatem  Pompeius 

. aggressus  est.  Luna  magno  fuit  Romania20  adjumento.20 
Quam  cum  Romani  a  tergo  haberent,  umbrae  corporum  longius 
projectse  ad  primos  usque  hostium  ordines  pertinebant ;  unde 
decepti  regii  milites  in  umbras,  tamquani  in  propinquum  hos- 
tem,  tela  mittebant.  Victus  Mithridates  in  Pontuni  profugit. 
Ad  versus  eum  films  Pharnaces  rebellavit,  quia  occisis  a  patre27 
fratribus35  vitse14  suse  ipse  tirnebat.  Mithridates  a  filio  obsessus 
venenum  sumpsit,  quod  cum  tardius  subiret,  quia  adversus 
venena  rnultis  antea  medicaminibus  corpus  firmaverat,  a  milite 
Gallo  volens  interfectus  est. 

8.  Pompeius  deinde  Tigranem,  Armeniee  regem,1  qui  Mith- 
ridatis  partes  secutus  fuerat,  ad  deditionem  compulit ;  quern 
tamen  ad  genua  procumbentem  erexit,  benignis  verbis  recrea- 
vit,  et  in  regnum  restituit;  seque  pulchrum2  esse  judicans  et 
vincere38  reges  et  facere.      Tandem  rebus  Asiae  compositis,  in 
Italiam  rediit.     Ad  urbem  venit  non,  ut  plerique  timuerant, 
armatus,  sed  dimisso  exercitu,35  et  tertium  triumphum  biduo 
duxit.     Insignis  fuit  multis  no  vis  inusitatisque  ornamentis24 
hie  triumphus  :  sed  nihil  illustrius  visum,  quam  quod  tribus 
triumphis  tres  orbis  partes7  devictse  causam  preebuerunt ;  Pom- 
peius enim,  quod  antea  contigerat  nemini,  primum  ex  Africa, 
iterurn  ex  Europa,  tertio  ex  Asia  triumphavit :  felix  opinione26 
hominum  futurus,  si,  quern  glorise,  euridem  vitas  finem  habu- 
isset,  neque  adversam  fortunam  esset  expertus  jam  senex.1 

9.  Inita  erat  inter  Pompeium,   Csesarem,   et  Crassum  so- 
cietas;  postea  vero,  cum  Crassus,  contra  Parthos  profectus, 
proelio  fusus  occisusque  fuisset,  orta  est  inter  Pompeium  et 
Caesarem  gravis  dissensio,  quod  hie  superiorem,  ille  vero  pa- 


106  LATIN   LESSONS. 

rem  ferre  non  poterat :  inde  bellum  civile  exarsit.  Caesar 
cum  infesto  exercitu  in  Italiam  venit.  Poinpeius,  relicta  urbe 
ae  deiude  Italia35  ipsa,  Thessaliam  petiit,  et  cum  eo  consules 
senatusque  omnis  ;  quern  insecutus  Csesar  apud  Pharsalum 
acie  fudit.  Victus  Pompeius  ad  Ptolemaeum  Alexandriae  re- 
gem,  cui  tutor  a  senatu  datus  fuerat,  profugit ;  sed  ille  Pom- 
peium22  interfici89  jussit.  Latus  Pompeii  sub  oculis  uxoris 
mu crone  confossiun  est,  caput  abscissum,  truncus  in  Nilum 
conjectus.  Deiu  caput  velamine  involutum  ad  Caesarein  dela- 
tum  est,  qui  eo85  viso  lacrimas  fudit,  et  pretiosissimis  odoribus 
cremandum  curavit. 

10.  Is  fuit  viri  praestantissimi  post  tres  consulates  et  toti- 
dem  triumphos  vitas  exitus.      Erant  in  Pompeio  multse  ac 
magnae  virtutes,  ac  praecipue  adiniranda  frugalitas.     Cum  ei 
segrotanti  praecepisset  medicus,   ut  turdum   ederet,   negarent 
autem  servi,  earn  avem  usquam  a3Stivo  tempore  posse  reperiri, 
nisi  apud  Lucullum,  qui  turdos  domi  saginaret ;  vetuit  Pom- 
peius turdum  inde  peti,  medicoque  dixit :  "  Ergo  nisi  Lucullus 
perditus  deliciis  esset,46  non  viveret  Pompeius  ] "    Aliam  avem, 
quse  parabilis  esset,  sibi  jussit  apponi. 

11.  Yiros  doctos  magno  in  honore  habebat  Pompeius.     Ex 
Syria  decedens,  confecto  bello  Mithridatico,  cum  Rhodum  veuis- 
set,  nobilissimum  philosophum  Posidonium  cupiit  audire ;  sed 
cum  is  diceretur  tune  graviter  segrotare,  quod  maximis  poda- 
grae  doloribus  cruciaretur,  voluit  saltern  Pompeius  eum  visere. 
Mos  erat  ut,  cum  consul  aedes  alicujus  ingressurus  esset,  lictor 
fores  virga  percuteret,  admonens  consulem  adesse;  at  Pom- 
peius vetuit  fores  Posidonii  percuti,  honoris  causa.      Queni  ut 
vidit  et  salutavit,  moleste  se  ferre  dixit,  quod  eum  nou  posset 
audire.     At  ille  :  "Tu  vero,"  inquit,  "potes;  nee  cornrnittam, 
ut  dolor  corporis  efficiat,  ut  frustra  tautus  vir  ad  me  venerit." 
Itaque  Cubans  gi-aviter  et  copiose  disseruit  de  hoc  ipso  :  nihil 
esse  bonum,  nisi  quod  honestum  esset,  et  nihil  malum  dici 
posse,  quod  turpe  non  esset.     Cum  vero  dolor  interdum  acri- 
ter  eum  pungeret,  soepe  dixit :    "  Xihil  agis,  dolor,  quanivis 
sis  rnolestus;  uunquam  tc  esse  malum  confitebor." 


LIFE   OF   C^SAR.  107 


IV.     LIFE    OF    C^ESAB. 

1.  C.  Julius  Csesar,  nobilissima  genitus  familia,29  annum 
agens  sextum  et  decimum,  patrem  amisit.     Paullo33  post  Cor- 
neliam  duxit  uxorem,  cujus  cum  pater  Sullse15  esset  inimicus, 
voluit  Sulla  Csesarem  compellere88  ut  earn  dimitteret ;  neque 
id  potuit  efficere.     Ob  earn  causam  Caesar  bonis28  spoliatus, 
cum  etiam  ad  mortem  qusereretur,  mutata  veste,  noctu  elapsus 
est  ex  urbe,  et,  quamquam  tune  quartanee  morbo  laborabat, 
prope  per  singulas  noctes  latebras  commutare  cogebatur ;  et 
comprehensus  a  Sullse  liberto,  vix  data  pecunia85  evasit.    Pos- 
tremo  per  propinquos  et  affines  suos  veniam  impetravit,  diu 
repugnante  Sulla,  qui4  cum  deprecantibus  ornatissimis  viris 
denegasset,  atque  illi  pertinaciter  contenderent,   victus  tan- 
dem dixit,  eum,  quern  salvum  tantopere  cuperent,  aliquando 
optimatium  partibus,20  quas  simul  defendissent,  exitio20  futu- 
rum,  multosque  in  eo  puero  inesse39  Marios. 

2.  Csesar,  mortuo  Sulla  et  composita  seditione  civili,  Rho- 
dum  secedere88  statuit,  ut  per  otium  Apollonio,  tune  claris- 
simo  dicendi  magistro,  operam  daret ;  sed  in  itinere  a  piratis 
captus  est,  mansitque  apud  eos  quadraginta  dies.23     Per  omne 
autem  illud  spatium  ita  se  gessit,  ut  piratis20  terrori20  pariter 
ac  venerationi 20  esset.     Interim  comites  servosque  dimiserat 
ad  expedienclas  pecunias,  quibus  redimeretur.     Viginti  talenta 
piratsB  postulaverant ;    ille  vero  quinquaginta  daturum39  se 
spopondit.     Quibus  numeratis,  expositus  est  in  litore.     Csesar 
liberatus  confestim  Miletum,36  quse  urbs  proxime  aberat,  pro- 
peravit ;  ibique  contracta  classe,  starites  adhuc  in  eodem  loco 
prsedones  noctu  adortus,  aliquot  naves,  mersis  aliis,35  cepit, 
piratasque  ad  deditionem  redactos  eo  affecit  supplicio,  quod4 
illis  saepe  per  jocum  minatus  erat,   cum  ab  iis  detineretur ; 
crucibus18  illos  suffigi  jussit. 

3.  Csesar  quaestor1  factus  in  Hispaniarn  profectus  est ;  cum- 
que  Alpes  transiret,  ct  ad  conspectum  pauperis  cujusdam  vici 


108  LATIN    LESSONS. 

comites  ejus  per  jocum  inter  se  disputarent,  an  illic  etiam 
esset  ambitiom17  locus ;  serio  dixit  Cresar,  malle  se  ibi  primum 
esse  quain  Ronue86  secundum.  Ita  animus  domiuationis12 
avidus  a  prima  setate  regnuni  concupiscebat,  semperque  in  ore 
habebat  hos  Euripidis,  Graeci  poetse,  versus  :  Nam  si  violan- 
dum  est  jus,  regnandi  gratia  violandum  est  ;  aliis  rebus  pietatem 
colas.*3  Cum  vero  Gades,36  quod  est  Hispanise  oppidum,  ve- 
nisset,  visa  Alexandri8  magni  imagine  ingemuit,  et  lacrimas 
fudit.  Causam  queerentibus  amicis  :  "  Nonne,"  inquit,  "  ido- 
nea  dolendi  causa  est,  quod  nihildum  memorabile  gesserim, 
earn  SDtatem  adeptus,  qua34  Alexander  jam  terrarum  orbena 
subegerat  1 " 

4.  Caesar  in  captanda41  plebis  gratia  et  ambiendis41  honori- 
bus  patrimonium  effudit;  sere  alieno  oppressus  ipse  dicebat, 
sibi17  opus  esse  millies  sestertium,10  ut  haberet  nihil.      His 
artibus  consulatum  adeptus  est,  collegaque  ei  datus  Marcus 
Bibulus,  cui16  Csesaris  consilia  baud  placebant.     Inito  magis- 
tratu85  Ca3sar  legem  agrariam  tiilit,   hoc  est,   de  dividendo 
egenis  civibus 19  agro  publico ;  cui  Jegi 16  cum  senatus  repug- 
naret,  Casar  rem  ad  populum  detulit.      Bibulus  collega  in 
forum  venit,  ut  legi18  ferendae41  obsisteret ;  sed  tanta  commota 
est  seditio,  ut  in  caput  consulis  cophinus  stercore28  plenus 
effunderetur,    fascesque    frangerentur.       Tandem    Bibulus,    a 
satellitibus  Cacsaris  foro28  expulsus,  domi36  se  continere  per 
reliquum  anni  tempus  coactus  est,   curiaque  abstinere.     In- 
terea  urius  Caesar  oninia  ad  arbitrium  in  republica  adminis- 
travit ;  unde  quidam  homines  faceti,  quse  eo  anno  gesta  sunt, 
non,  ut  mos  erat,   consulibus35  Csesare   et   Bibulo   acta  esse 
dicebant,    sed  Julio   et   Csesare,   unum  consulem   nomine    et 
cognomine  pro  duobus  appellantes. 

5.  Csesar  functus   consnlatu81  Galliam  provinciam  accepit. 
Gessit  autem  novem  annis,34  quibus  in  imperio  fuit,  hasc  fere. 
Gulliam  in  provincial  Romance  formam  redegit  ;    Germanos, 
qui  trans  Rhenum  incolunt,  primus  Ronmnorum10  poute  fabri- 
cate aggressus  maximis  affecit  cladibus.20      Britannos   antca 
ignotos  vicit,  iisque16  pecunias  et  obsides  imperavit ;    quo  in 


LIFE   OF    CJESAR.  109 

bello  raulta  Csesaris  facta  egregia  narrantur.  Inclinante  in 
fugam  exercitu,  rapuit  e  manu  militis  fagientis  scutum,  et  in 
primam  aciem  volitans  pugnam  restituit.  In  alio  proolio  aqui- 
liferum  terga  vertentem  faucibus26  comprehendit,  in  contra- 
riam  partem  retraxit,  dexteramque  ad  hostem  protendens  : 
"  Quorsum  tu,"  inquit,  "abis?  Illic  sunt,  cum  quibus  dimi- 
camus."  Quo  facto  militibus  animos  addidit.19 

6.  Csesar  cum  adhuc  in  Gallia  detineretur,  ne  imperfecto 
bello  discederet,  postulavit  ut  sibi  liceret,   quamvis  absenti, 
iterum  consulatum  petere ; 38  quod  ei  a  senatu  est  negatum. 
Ea  re  commotus  in  Italiam  rediit,  armis  injuriam  acceptam 
vindicaturus ;  plurimisque  urbibus35  occupatis  Brundisiuni  con- 
tendit,  quo  Pompeius  consulesque  confugerant.     Tune  summce 
audacise  facinus  Caesar  edidit :  a  Brundisio  Dyrrachium  in- 
ter oppositas  classes  gravissima  hieme34  transiit ;  cessantibus- 
que  copiis,  quas  subsequi  jusserat,  cum  ad  eas  arcessendas41 
frustra  rnisisset,   morse12  impatiens   castris   noctu   egreditur, 
clam  solus  naviculam  conscendit  obvoluto  capite,  ne  agnosce- 
retur.     Mare,  adverse  vento  vehementer  flante,  intumescebat ; 
in    altum   tamen   protinus   dirigi    navigium  jubet;    cumque 
gubernator  psene  obrutus  fluctibus26  adversse  tempestati  ce- 
deret :    "  Quid  times  1 "    ait ;  "  Caesarem  vehis." 

7.  Deincle  Csesar  in  Thessaliam  profectus  est,  ubi  Pompe- 
ium  Pharsalico  prrelio  fudit,  fugientem  persecutus  est,  eumque22 
in  itinere  cognovit  occisum  fuisse.     Turn  bellum  Ptolemceo,18 
Pompeii  interfectori,1  intulit,  a  quo  sibi  quoque  insidias  parari 
videbat ;  quo  victo,  Csesar  in  Pontum  transiit,  Pharnacemque, 
Mithridatis  filium,  rebellantem  aggressus  intra  quintum  ab 
adventu  diem,  quattuor  vero,  quibus  in  conspectum  venerat, 
horis,  uno  proelio  profligavit.     Quam  victorias  celeritatem  in- 
ter triumphandurn  notavit,  inscripto  inter  pompee  ornamenta 
trium  verborum  titulo,  Veni,  vidi,  vici.     Sua  deinceps  Cassa- 
rem   ubique    comitata   est    fortuna.       Scipionem   et   Jubam, 
Numidise  regem,  reliquias  Pompeianarum  partium  in  Africa 
refoventes,  devicit.      Pompeii  liberos  in  Hispania  superavit. 
Clemeuter   usus  es.t  victoria,81   et  omnibus,16  qui   contra  se 


110  LATIN    LESSONS. 

arma    tulerant,    pepercit.       Regressus    in    urbem,    quinqnics 
triumphavit. 

8.  Bellis  civilibus  confectis,  Csesar,  dictator l  in  perpetuum. 
creatus,  agere   insolentius  coepit.      Senatum  ad  se  venientem 
sedens  excepit,  et  quemdam,  ut  assurgeret  monentcni,  irato 
vultu26  respexit.     Cnni  Antonius,  Cresaris  in  omnibus  expe- 
ditionibus  conies,  et  tune  in  consulatu  collega,  ei18  in  sella 
aurea  sedenti  pro  rostris  diadema,  insigne  regium,  imponeret, 
non  visus  est  eo  facto  ofFendi.88    Quare  conjuratum  est  in  eum 
a  sexaginta  amplius  viris,27  Cassio  et  Bruto  ducibus  conspira- 
tionis.     Cum  igitur  Caesar  Idibus34  Martiis  in  senatum  venis- 
set,  assidentem  specie  officii  circumsteterunt,  illicoque  unus  e 
conjuratis,  quasi  aliquid  rogaturus,  propius  accessit,  renuen- 
tique  togam  ab  utroque  humero  apprehendit.      Deinde  cla- 
mantem,  "  Ista  quidem  vis  est,"  Cassius  vuluerat  paullo  infra 
jugulum.      Csesar  Cascse  brachium  arreptum  graphic  trajecit, 
conatusque  prosilire  aliud  vulnus  accepit.    Cum  Marcum  Bru- 
tuin,  quern  loco  filii  habebat,  in  se  irruentem  vidisset,  dixit : 
"  Tu  quoque,  fili  mi ! "      Dein  ubi  animadvertit  undique  se 
strictis  pugionibus  peti,  toga  caput  obvolvit,  atque  ita  tribus 
et  vigiuti  plagis26  confossus  est. 

9.  Erat  Caesar  excelsa  statura,26  nigris  vegetisque  oculis,26 
capite26  calvo,  quam  calvitii  deformitateni  segre  ferebat,  quod 
srepe  obtrectantiiim  jocis  esset  obnoxia.     Itaque  ex  omnibus 
houoribus  sibi  a  senatu  populoque  decretis  non  aliud  recepit 
ant  usurpavit  libentius,  quani  jus  laureoc  perpetuo  gestanda3. 
Eum  viniu  parcissimum  fuisse  ne  inimici  quidem  negarunt ; 
unde  Cato  dicere  solebat,  unum  ex  omnibus  Csesarem  ad  ever- 
tendam  rempublicam  sobrium  accessisse.     Armorum9  et  equi- 
tandi9    peritissimus    erat ;    laboris    ultra    ndem    patiens ;    in 
agmine  nonnunquam   equo,   ssepius  pedibus  anteibat,   capite 
detecto,  sive  sol,  sive  imber  esset.     Longissimas  vias  incredi- 
bili  celeritate  coufecit,  ita  ut  persa?pe  nuntios  de  se  prsevenerit, 
neque  euni  morabantur  flumina,  qua?  vel  narido26  vel  innixus 
iunatis  utribus18  trajiciebat. 


LIFE    OF    CATO.  Ill 


V.    LIFE    OF    CATO. 

1.  Marcus  Cato,  adhuc  puer,1  invictum  animi  robur  ostendit. 
Cum  in  domo  Drusi  avunculi  sui  educaretur,  Latini  de  civitate 
impetranda41  Romam36  venerunt.     Popedius,  Latinorum  prin- 
ceps,   qui  Drusi  hospes  erat,   Catonem  puerum   rogavit,   ut 
Latinos  apud  avunculum  adjuvaret.      Cato  vultu  constanti 
negavit  id  se  facturum.    Iterum  deinde  ac  ssepius  interpellatus 
in  proposito  perstitit.     Tune  Popedius  puerum,  in  excelsam 
sedium  partem  levatum,  tenuit  et  abjecturum  inde  se  minatus 
est,  nisi  precibus16  obtemperaret ;  neque  hoc  metu26  a  senten- 
tia  eum  potuit  dimovere.    Tune  Popedius  exclamasse38  fertur  : 
"  Gratulemur43  nobis,  Latini,  hunc  esse  tarn  parvum ;  si  enim 
senator  esset,  ne  sperare  quidem  jus  civitatis  nobis  liceret." 

2.  Cato,  cum  salutandi  gratia  ad  Sullam  a  psedagogo  duce- 
retur,  et  in  atrio  cruenta  proscriptorum  capita  vidisset,  Sullse 
crudelitatem  exsecratus  est ;  seque2'2  eodem  esse  animo  signi- 
ficavit,   quo  puer  alius  nomine  Cassius,   qui  tune  publicam 
scholam  cum  Fausto,  Sullse  filio,  frequentabat.      Cum  enim 
Faustus  proscriptionem  paternam  in  schola  laudaret,  diceret- 
que  "  se,  cum  per  setatem  posset,  eandem  rem  esse  facturum," 
ei19  sodalis  gravem  colaphum  impegit. 

3.  Insignia  fuit,  et  ad  imitandum  prseponenda,  Catonis  erga 
fratrem  benevolentia.     Cum  enim  interrogaretur,  "  quern  om- 
nium maxime  diligeret,"45respondit,  "fratrem."    Iterum  inter- 
rogatus,  "quern  secundum  maxime  diligeret,"  iterum,   "fra- 
trem," respondit.      Quserenti19  tertio  idem  responsum  dedit, 
donee  ille  a  percunctando  desisteret.44     Crevit  cum  setate  ille 
Catonis  in  fratrem  amor :  ab  ejus  latere  non  discedebat ;  ei  in 
omnibus  rebus  morem  gerebat.     Anrios23  natus  viginti  nun- 
quam  sine  fratre  coenaverat,  nunquam  in  forum  prodierat,  nun- 
quam  iter  susceperat.     Diversum  tamen  erat  utriusque  ingeni- 
um  :  in  utroque  probi  mores  erant,  sed  Catonis  indoles  severior. 

4.  Cato,  cum  frater,  qui  erat  tribunus  militum,  ad  bellum 


112  LATIN    LESSONS. 

profectus  esset,  ne  eurn  desereret,  voluutaria  stipendia  fecit. 
Accidit  postea,  ut  Catonis  frater  in  Asiam37  proficisci  coge- 
retur,  et  iter  faciens  in  morbum  incideret :  quod21  ubi  audivit 
Cato,  licet  tune  gravis  tempestas  saeviret,  neque  parata  esset 
magna  navis,  solvit  e  portu  Thessalonicse  exigua  navicula26 
cum  duobus  tantum  amicis  tribusque  servis,  et,  psene  haustus 
fluctibus,  tandem  praeter  spem  incolumis  evasit.  At  fratrern, 
modo  defunctum  vita,31  reperit.  Tune  questibus19  et  lacrimis 
totum  se  tradidit  :  mortui  corpus  quam  magnificent issimo 
potuit  funere  extulit,  et  marmoreum  tumulum  exstrui  curavit 
suis  impensis.26  Vela  deinde  facturus,  cum  suaderent  amici 
ut  fratris  reliquias  in  alio  navigio  poneret,6  animam21  se22  prius 
quam  illas  relicturum  respondit,  atque  ita  solvit. 

5.  Cato  quaestor1  in  insulam  Cyprum  missus  est  ad  colligen- 
dam41  Ptoleniaei  regis  pecuniam,  a  quo  populus  Romanus  heres1 
insti tutus  fuerat.     Integerrima  fide26  earn  rem  administravit. 
Summa  longe  major  quam  quisquam  sperare  potuisset  redacta 
est.    Fere  septem  milia  talentorum10  navibus18  imposuit  Cato  : 
atque,  ut  naufragii  pericula  vitaret,  singulis  vasis,18  quibus26 
inclusa  erat  pecunia,  corticem  suberis  longo  funiculo26  alli- 
gavit,   ut,   si  forte  mersum  navigium  esset,46  locum  amiss® 
pecuuiae   cortex   supernatans   indicaret.       Catoui   advenienti 
senatus  et  tota  ferme  civitas  obviam  efFusa  est,  nee  erat  res 
triumpho16  absimilis.      Actae  sunt  Catoni  a  seuatu   gratue, 
praeturaque   illi   et  jus    spectandi41   ludos   praetextato    extra 
ordinem  data.     Quern  honorem  Cato  noluit  accipere,  iniquum 
esse  affirmans,   "sibi  decerni,  quod  nulli  alii  tribueretur." 

6.  Cum  Caesar  consul  legem  reipublicae16  perniciosam  tulis- 
set,  Cato  solus,  ceteris  exterritis,35  huic  legi18  obstitit.     Iratus 
Caesar  Catonem22  extrahi   curia,28  et  in  vincula  rapi,  jussit : 
at  ille  nihil  de  libertate  linguae  remisit,  sed  in  ipsa  ad  car- 
cerem  via  de  lege  disputabat,  civesque  commonebat,  ut  talia 
molientibus    adversarentur.       Catonem21  sequebantur   mcesti 
patres,  quorum  unus,  objurgatus  a  Csesare  quod  nondum  misso 
senatu86  discederet,    "  Malo,"   inquit,    "esse   cum   Catone  in 
carcere,  quam  tecuni  in  curia."     Exspectabat  Caesar,  dum  ad 


LIFE    OF    CICERO.  113 

humiles  preces  Cato  sese  demitteret : 44  quod  ubi  frustra  a  se 
sperari  intellexit,  pudore  victus,  unum  e  tribunis  misit  qui 
Catonem  dimitteret.44 

7.  Cato  Pompeii  partcs  bello  civili  secutus  est,  eoque  victo, 
exercitus10  reliquias  in  Africam  cum  ingenti  itinerum  difficul- 
tate  perduxit,  Cum  vero  ei  summum  a  militibus  deferretur 
imperium,  Scipioni,18  quod  vir  esset  consularis,  parere38  maluit. 
Scipione  etiain  devicto,  Uticam,  Africa)  urbem,  petivit,  ubi 
filium  hortatus  est,  ut  clementiam  Cresaris  experiretur;  ipse 
vero  coenatus  deambulavit,  et  cubitum42  iturus  arctius  diutius- 
que  in  complexu  filii  hsesit ;  deinde,  ingressus  cubiculum,  ferro 
sibi  ipse  mortem  conscivit.  Csosar,  audita  Catonis  morte,  dixit 
ilium  glorice16  suse  invidisse,  quod  sibi19  laudem  servati  Catonis 
eripuisset.  Catonis  liberos,  eisque  patrimonium  incolume, 
servavit. 


VI.     LIFE    OF    CICEEO. 

1.  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  equestri  genere,29  Arpini,86  quod 
est  Yolscorum  oppiduni,  natus  est.      Ex  ejus  avis  unus  verru- 
cam  in  extremo  naso  sitam  habuit,  ciceris  grano15  similem : 
inde  cognomen  Ciceronis  genti  inditurn.     Cum  id  Marco  Tul- 
lio  a  nonnullis  probro20  verteretur;  "Dabo  operam,"  inquit, 
"  ut   istud  cognomen   nobilissimorum   nominum   splendorem 
vincat."     Cum  eas  artes  disceret,  quibus  eetas  puerilis2  ad 
humanitatem  solet  informari,  ingenium  ejus  ita  eluxit,  ut  eum 
eequales  e  schola  redeuntes  medium,  tanquam  regem,  circum- 
stantes  deducerent   domum  :36"  immo  eorum  parentes,   pucri 
faina   commoti,    in   ludum   litterarium  ventitabant,   ut   eum 
viserent.     Ea  res  tamen  quibusdam14  rustici  et  inculti  ingenii9 
stomachum  movebat,  qui  ceteros  pueros  graviter  objurgabant, 
quod  talem  condiscipulo  suo  honorem  tribuerent.44 

2.  Tullius  Cicero  adolescens  eloquentiam  et  libertatem  suam 
ad  versus  Sullanos8  ostendit.     Chrysogonimi  queudam,  Sullse 

8 


114  LATIN    LESSONS. 

libertum,  acriter  insectatus  est,  quodr  dictatoris  potentia80 
fretus,  in  bona  civium  invadebat.  Ex  quo,  veritu's  invidiam, 
Cicero  Athenas  petivit,  ubi  Antiochum  philosophum  studiose 
audivit.  Inde  eloquentia?  gratia  Rhodum36"  se  contulit,  ubi 
Molone,31  rhetore  turn  disertissimo,  magistro1  usus  est.  Qui, 
cum  Ciceronein  dicentem  audivisset,  flevisse39  dicitur,  quod 
praevideret44  per  huuc  Grsecos  a  Romauis  iugenii  et  eloquentia? 
laude  superatum42  iri.  Romam36  reversus,  qua?stor  in  Sicilia 
fuit.  Nullius  vero  qusestura  aut  gratior  aut  clarior  fuit :  cum 
in  magna  aunonse  difficultate  iugentem  frumenti  vim  inde 
Romam  mitteret,  Siculos  initio  offendit ;  postea  vero  ubi 
diligentiam,  justitiam  et  comitatem  ejus  experti  fuerunt, 
majores  qiuestori  suo  honores,  quam  ulli  unquam  pra3tori, 
detulerunt. 

3.  Cicero,  consul  factus,  Sergii  Catilinee  conjurationem21  sin- 
gulari  virtute,  constautia,  curaque  compressit.     Is  nempe,  in- 
dignatus  quod  in  petitione  consulatus8  repulsam  passus  esset, 
et  furore  amens,  cum  pluribus  viris  nobilibus  Ciceronein  inter- 
ficere,  senatum  trucidare,  urbem  incendere,  serarium  diripere 
constituerat.      Qua?  tarn  atrox  conjuratio  a  Cicerone  detecta 
est.     Catilina  metu  cousulis  Roma36  ad  exercitum,  quern  pa- 
raverat,   profugit ;    socii  ejus  comprehensi  in  carcere  necati 
sunt.      Senator  quidam  filium  supplicio  mortis  ipse  affecit. 
Juvenis  scilicet,  ingenio,  litteris  et  forma  inter  sequales  con- 
spicuus,   pravo  consilio  amicitiam  Catilina?  secutus  erat,   et 
in  castra  ejus  properabat  :   quern  pater  ex  niedio  itinere  re- 
tract um2  occidit,   his  eum  verbis  increpans :    "Non  ego  te 
Catilina?15  ad  versus  patriam,  sed  patria?  ad  versus  Catilinam, 
genui." 

4.  Non  ideo  Catilina  ab  incepto  destitit,  sed  infestis  signis 
Romam  petens,  cum  exercitu  ca?sus  est.     Adeo  acriter  dirni- 
catum  est,  ut  nemo  hostium  prcelio18  superfuerit :  queni  quis- 
que  in  pugnando  ceperat,  eum,  amissa  anima,  tegebat  locum. 
Ipse  Catilina  longe  a  suis3  inter  eorum,  quos  occiderat,  cadave- 
ra  cecidit, — morte  pulcherrima,  si  pro  patria  sua  sic  occubuis- 
set.     Senatus  populusque  Rornanus  Ciceronem  patria?  patrem1 


LIFE   OF   CICERO.  115 

appellavit :  ea  res  tamen  Ciceroni15  postea  invidiam  creavit, 
adeo  ut  abeuntem  magistratu 28  verba  facere  ad  populum 
vetuerit  quidam  tribunus  plebis,  quod  cives,  indicta  causa,85 
damnavisset,44  sed  solitum  duntaxat  juramentum  prsestare  ei16 
permiserit.  Turn  Cicero  magna  voce  :  "Juro,"  inquit,  "rem- 
publicam  atque  urbem  Roniam  mea8  unius2  opera26  salvam 
esse  "  :  qua  voce  delectatus  populus  Romanus,  et  ipse  juravit 
verum  esse  Ciceronis  juramentum. 

5.  Faucis  post  annis33  Cicero  reus  factus  est  a  Clodio,27 
tribuno  plebis,  eadem  de  causa,  quod  nempe  cives  Romanes 
necavisset.     Tune  moestus  senatus,  tanquam  in  publico  luctu, 
vestem  mutavit.      Cicero,  cum  posset  armis26  salutem  suam 
defendere,  maluit  urbe 28  cedere,  quam  sua  causa  cocdem  fieri.39 
Proficiscentem  omnes  boni  ilentes  prosecuti  sunt.     Dein  Clo- 
dius  edictum  proposuit,  ut  Marco  Tullio18  igni  et  aqua28  inter- 
diceretur,  et  ejus  domum  villasque  incendit.      Sed  vis   ilia 
diuturna  non  fait ;  mox  enim,  maximo  omnium  ordinum  stu- 
dio, Cicero  in  patriam  revocatus  est.     Obviam  ei  redeunti  ab 
universis  itum  est.     Domus  ejus  publica  pecunia  restituta  est. 
Postea  Cicero,  Pompeii  partes  secutus,  a  Csesare  victore  veniam 
accepit.      Quo   interfecto,   Octavium   heredem  Csesaris   fovit 
atque  ornavit,  ut  eum  Antonio18  rempublicam  vexanti2  oppo- 
neret ;  sed  ab  illo  deinde  desertus  est  et  proditus. 

6.  Antonius,  inita  cum  Octavio  societate,  Ciceronem  jamdiu 
sibi15  inimicum,  proscripsit.     Qua  re  audita,  Cicero  transversis  . 
itineribus  fugit  in  villam,  quse  a  mari  proxime  aberat,  indeque 
navem  conscendit,  in  Macedonian!  transiturus.    Cum  vero  jam 
aliquoties  in  altum  provectum  venti  adversi  retulissent,  et 
ipse  jactationem  navis  pati  non  posset,  regressus  ad  villam  : 
"Moriar,"  inquit,  "in  patria  ssepe  servata."     Mox  adventanti- 
bus  percussoribus,   cum  servi  parati  essent  ad   dimicandum 
fortiter,  ipse  lecticam,22  qua26  vehebatur,  deponi  jussit,  eosque 
quietos  pati,  quod  sors  iniqua  cogeret.     Prominenti14  ex  lec- 
tica,   et  immotam  cervicem   prsebenti,    caput    prsecisum   est. 
Manus  quoque  abscissae  :    caput  relatum  est  ad  Antonium, 
ejusque  jussu  inter  duas  manus  in  rostris  positum.     Fulvia, 


116  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Antonii  uxor,  qua)  se  a  Cicerone27  laesam  arbitrabatur,  caput 
manibus26  surnpsit,  in  genua  imposuit,  extractamque  linguam 
acu  confixit. 

7.  Cicero  dicax  erat,  et  facetiarum12  amans,  adeo  ut  ab 
inirnicis  solitus  sit  appellari  Scurra  consul aris.  Cum  Len- 
tulum,  generum  suum,  exiguae  staturae9  hominem,  vidisset 
longo  gladio  accinctum  :  "  Quis,"  inquit,  "  generum  meum  ad 
gladium  alligavit  V  Matrona  quscdam,  juniorem  se  quam  erat 
simulans,  dictitabat  se  triginta  tantum  annos  habere.  Cui 
Cicero  :  "  Verum  est,"  inquit,  "  nam  hoc  viginti  annos23  audio." 
Caesar,  altero  consule  mortuo85  die  Decembris  ultima,  Cani- 
nium  consulem  hora34  septima  in  reliquam  diei10  partem  re- 
nuntiaverat :  quern  cum  plerique  irent  salutatum42  de  more  : 
"  Festinemus,"  tf  inquit  Cicero,  "priusquam  abeat  magistratu." 
De  eodem  Caninio  scripsit  Cicero  :  "Fuit  mirifica  vigilantia26 
Caninius,  qui  toto  suo  consulatu84  somnum  non  viderit.1'44 


VII.     LIFE    OF    BRUTUS. 

1.  Marcus  Brutus,  ex  ilia  gente  quse  Roma86  Tarquinios 
ejecerat  oriundus,  Athenis36  philosophiam,  Rhodi  eloquentiam, 
didicit.  Sua  eum  virtus  valde  commendavit :  ejus  pater,  qui 
Sullee  partibus16  adversabatur,  jussu  Pompeii  interfectus  erat; 
unde  Brutus  cum  eo  graves  gesserat  simultates :  bello  tamen 
civili  Pompeii  causam,  quod  justior  videretur,  secutus  est,  et 
dolorem  suum  reipublica3  utilitati18  posthabuit.  Victo  Pom- 
peio,  Brutus  a  Csesare  servatus  est,  et  praetor  etiam  factus. 
Postea  cum  Caesar,  superbia26  elatus,  seuatum  contemnere,  et 
regnum  afFectare  coapisset,  populus,  jam  prsesenti  statu30  baud 
iretus,  vindicem  libertatis  requirebat.  Subscripsere  quidam 
primi  Bmti  statuse,18  Utinam  viveres !  Item  ipsius  Caesaris 
statu ee  :  "  Brutus,  quia  reges  ejecit,  primus  consul  factus  est ; 
hie,  quia  consules  ejecit,  postrerno  rex  factus  est."  Inscrip- 


LIFE    OF   AUGUSTUS.  117 

turn  quoque  est  Marci  Bruti  prsetoris  tribunal!18:    Dormis, 
Brute  ! 

2.  Marcus  Brutus,  cognita  populi  liomani  voluntate,   ad- 
versus  Cassarem  conspiravit.     Pridie  quam  Csesar  est  occisus, 
Porcia,   Bruti   uxor,  consilii12  conscia,   cultellum   tonsorium, 
quasi  unguium  resecandorum 41  causa,  poposcit,  eoque,  velut 
forte  e  manibus  elapso,  se  ipsa  vulneravit.      Clamore  ancil- 
larum  vocatus  in  cubiculum   uxoris,  Brutus  objurgare  earn 
coepit,  quod  tonsoris  officium  prseripere  voluisset ;  at  Porcia  ei 
secreto  dixit :   "  Non  casu,  sed  de  industria,  mi  Brute,  hoc 
mihi14  vulnus  feci :  experiri  enim  volui,  satisne  mihi  animi 
esset45  ad  mortem  oppetendam,  si  tibi14  propositum  ex  sen- 
tentia  parum  cessisset."      Quibus  verbis  auditis,  Brutus  ad 
cselum  manus21  et  oculos  sustulisse  dicitur,  et  exclamavisse  : 
"  Utinam  dignus  tali  conjuge30  maritus  videri  possim  !  " 

3.  Interfecto  Csesare,  Antonius  vestem  ejus  sanguinolentam 
ostentans,  popuium  veluti  furore  quodam  adversus  conjuratos 
inflammavit.     Brutus  itaque  in  Macedonian!  concessit,  ibique 
apud  urbem  Philippos1  adversus  Antonium  et  Octavium  dimi- 
cavit.     Victus  acie,  cum  in  tumulum  se  nocte34  recepisset,  ne 
in  hostium  manus  veniret,  uni19  comitum10  latus  transfodien- 
dum  preebuit.     Antonius,  viso  Bruti  cadavere,  ei  suum  injecit 
purpureum  paludamentum,  ut  in  eo  sepeliretur.     Quod  cum 
postea  surreptum  audivisset,  requiri  furem  et  ad  supplicium 
duci  jussit.      Cremati  corporis  reliquias  ad  Serviliam,  Bruti 
matrem,  deportandas  curavit.     Non  eadem  fuit  Octavii  erga 
Brutum  moderatio  :  is  enim  avulsum  Bruti  caput  Romam  ferri 
jussit,  ut  Caii  Csesaris  static18  subjiceretur. 


VIII.     LIFE    OF    AUGUSTUS. 

1.  Octavius  Julia),  Caii  Csesaris  sororis,  nepos,  patrem  quad- 
rimus  amisit.     A  majore  avunculo  adoptatus,  eum  in  Hispa- 


118  LATIN    LESSONS. 

mam  profectum  secutus  est.  Deinde  ab  eo  Apolloniam36 
missus  est,  ut  liberalibus  studiis16  vacaret.  Audita  avunculi 
morte,  Romam  rediit,  nomen  Caesaris  sumpsit,  collectoque 
veteranorum  exercitu,  opem  Decimo  Bruto19  tulit,  qui  ab  An- 
tonio Mutinae36  obsidebatur.  Cum  autem  urbis  aditu28  prohi- 
beretur,  ut  Brutum  de  omnibus  rebus  certiorem  faceret,  primo 
litteras  laminis18  plumbeis  inscriptas  misit,  quae  per  urina- 
torem  sub  aqua  fluminis  deferebantur.  Ad  id  postea  colum- 
bis81  usus  est :  iis18  enim  diu  inclusis  et  fame  affectis  litteras 
ad  collum  alligabat,  easque  a  proximo  moenibus15  loco  emitte- 
bat.  Columbae  lucis12  cibique  avidae,  summa  sedificia  petentes, 
a  Bruto  excipiebantur,  maxime  cum  ille,  deposito  quibusdam 
in  locis  cibo,  colurabas  illuc  devolare  instituisset. 

2.  Octavius  bellum  Mutinense  duobus  proeliis  confecit,  in 
quorum  altero  non  ducis  modo,  sed  militis  etiam  functtis  est 
munere  :31  nam  aquilifero  graviter  vulnerato,  aquilam  humeris 
subiit,  et  in  castra  reportavit.     Postea  reconciliata  cum  An- 
tonio gratia,  juuctisque  cum  ipso  copiis,  ut  Caii  Caesaris  necem 
ulcisceretur,  ad  urbem  hostiliter  accessit,  inde  quadringentos 
milites  ad  senatum  misit,  qui  sibi  consulatum,  nomine  exer- 
citus,   deposcerent.44      Cunctante   senatu,  centurio  legationis 
princeps,  rejecto  sagulo,  ostendens  gladii  capulum,  non  dubi- 
tavit  in  curia  dicere  :  "  Hie  faciet,  si  vos  non  feceritis."     Cui 
rcspoudisse89   Ciceronem   ferunt  :     "Si   hoc   modo   petieritis 
Cacsari  consulatum,  auferetis."      Quod  dictum  ei  deinde  ex- 
itio20  fuit :  invisus  enim  esse  coepit  Csesari,  quod  libertatis12 
esset  amantior. 

3.  Octavius  Caesar,  nondum  viginti  annos  natus,  consulatum 
invasit,    novamque    proscriptionis    tabulam    proposuit  :    qn«3 
proscriptio  Sullana32  longe  crudelior  fuit :  ne  tenerre  quidem 
oetati16  pepercit.    Puerum  quendam,  nomine  Atilium,  Octavius 
coe'git  togam  virilem  sumere,  ut  tanquam  vir  proscriberetur. 
Atilius,  protinus  ut  e  Capitolio  descendit,  deducentibus  ex 
more  amicis,  in    tabulam  relatus  est.      Desertum  deinde  a 
comitibus  ne  mater  quidem  pne  metu  recepit.     Puer  itaque 
fugit,   et  in  silvis  aliquamdiu  delituit.      Cum  vero  inopiam 


LIFE    OF   AUGUSTUS.  119 

ferre  non  posset,  e  latebris  exiit,  seque  prsetereuntibus19  indi- 
cavit,  a  quibus  interfectus  est.  Alms  puer  etiam  impubes, 
cum .  in  ludum  litterarium  iret,  cum  psedagogo,  qui  pro  eo 
corpus  objecerat,  necatus  est. 

4.  Octavius,  inita  cum  Antonio  societate,  Marcum  Brutum 
Csesaris  interfectorem  bello   persecutus  est.      Quod  bellum, 
quanquam  seger  atque  invalidus,  duplici  prcelio  transegit,  quo- 
rum10 priore,  castris28  exutus,  vix  fuga26  evasit;  altero  victor 
se  gcssit  acerbius.    In  nobilissimum  quemque  captivum  sseviit, 
adjecta2  etiam  supplicio18  verborum  contumelia.35  Uni  suppli- 
citer  precanti  sepultnram  respoiidit,  "jam  illam  in  volucrum 
atque  ferarum  potestate  futuram."     Ambo  erant  captivi  pater 
et  films ;    cum  autem  Octavius   nollet,  nisi  uni,  vitam  con- 
cedere,  eos  sortiri  jussit,  utri16  parceretur.     Pater,  qui  se  pro 
filio  ad  mortem  subeundam  obtulerat,  occisus  est;  nee  servatus 
films,  qui  prse  dolore  voluntaria  occubuit  nece  :  neque  ab  hoc 
tristi  spectaculo  oculos  avertit  Octavius,  sed  utrumque  spec- 
tavit  morientem. 

5.  Octavius  ab  Antonio  iterum  abalienatus  est,  quod  is, 
repudiata  Octavia  sorore,  Cleopatram  ^Egypti  reginam  duxis- 
set  uxorem :  quse  mulier  cum  Antonio  luxu  et  deliciis  certa- 
bat.     Gloriata  est  aliquando  se  centies  sestertium 10  una  coena 
absumpturam.     Antonio,18  id  fieri  posse  neganti,  magnificam 
apposuit  coenam,  sed  non  tanti  sumptus9  quanti  promiserat. 
Irrisa  igitur  ab  Antonio,  jussit  sibi  afFerri  vas  aceto28  plenum  : 
exspectabat  Antonius  quidnam  esset45  actura.     Ilia  gemmas 
pretiosissimas  auribus 18  appensas   habebat ;    protinus   unam 
detraxit,  et  aceto  dilutam  absorbuit.     Alteram  quoque  simili 
modo26  parabat  absumere,  nisi  prohibita  fuisset. 

6.  Octavius  cum  Antonio  apud  Actium,  qui  locus  in  Epiro 
est,  navali  proelio  dimicavit.     Victum  et  fugientem  Antonium 
persecutus,   ^Egyptum   petiit ;   obsessaque   Alexandria,31  quo 
Antonius  cum  Cleopatra  confugerat,  brevi  potitus  est.     An- 
tonius, desperatis  rebus,  cum  in  solio  regali  sedisset  regio  dia- 
demate  cinctus,  necem  sibi  conscivit.     Cleopatra  vero,  quam22 
Octavius  magnopere  cupiebat  vivam  comprehend!,  triumpho- 


120  LATIN    LESSONS. 

que15  servari,  aspidem  sibi  in  cophino  inter  ficus  afferendam 
curavit,  eanique  ipsa  brachio18  applicuit  :  quod  ubi  cognovit 
Octavius,  medicos  vulneri  remedia  adhibere  jussit.  Admovit 
etiam  Psyllos,  qui  venenum  exsugercnt,44  sed  fmstra.  Cleopa- 
trsB19  mortuse  communem  cum  Antonio  sepulturam  tribuit. 

7.  Tandem    Octavius,   hostibus   victis,    solusque   imperio31 
potitus,  clementem  se  exhibuit.     Oninia  deinceps  in  eo  plena 
niausuetudinis12  et  humanitatis.      Multis16  ignovit,  a  quibus 
srepe  graviter  Isesus  fuerat,  quo  in  numero  fuit  Metellus,  unus 
ex  Antonii  prsefectis.     Cum  is  inter  captivos  senex  squalidus 
sordidatusque  processisset,  aguovit  eum  filius  ejus,  qui  Octavii 
partes  secutus  erat,   statimque  exsiliens,  patrem  complexus, 
sic  Octavium  allocutus  est :     "  Pater  meus  hostis  tibi  fuit,  ego 
miles :    non  magis  ille  pcenam,  quam  ego  prsemium,  meriti 
sumus.     Aut  igitur  me  propter  ilium  occidi  jube,  aut  ilium 
propter  me  vivere.      Delibera,  queeso,  utrum  sit45  moribus15 
tuis  convenientius."     Octavius  postquam  paulum  addubitavis- 
set,  misericordia  motus,  honiinem  sibi  infensissimum  propter 
filii  merita  servavit. 

8.  Octavius  in  Italiam  rediit,  Romamque  triumphans  in- 
gressus  est.      Turn  bellis  toto  orbe  compositis,  Jani  gemini 
portas  sua  nianu  clausit,  quce  tanturnmodo  bis  autea  clausse 
fuerant,  primo  sub  Nurna  rege,  iterum  post  primum  Punicum 
bellum.     Tune  omnes21  praeteritorum  malorum  oblivio  cepit, 
populusque  Romanus  pra3sentis  otii  leetitia31  perlruitus  est. 
Octavio19  maximi  honores  a  senatu  delati  sunt.     Ipse  Augus- 
tus cognominatus  est,   et  in    ejus   honorem   mensis   Sextilis 
eodem  nomine  est  appellatus,  quod  illo  mense84  bellis18  civili- 
bus  finis  esset  inipositus.    Equites  Romani  natalem  ejus  biduo 
semper  celebrarunt :  senatus  populusque  Romauus  uiii versus 
cognomen  Patris  Patrise  maximo  consensu  ei  tribuerunt.     Au- 
gustus, prse  gaudio  lacrinians,  respondit  his  verbis  :    "  Compos 
factus  sum  votorum12  meoiiim ;  neque  aliud  mihi  optandum 
est,  quam  ut  hunc  consensum  vestrum  ad  ultimum  vitee  finem 
videre  possim." 

9.  Dictatiiram,  quam  populus  magna  vi  ofi^erebat,  Augus- 


LIFE    OF   AUGUSTUS.  121 

tus,  germ  nixus,  dejectaque  ab  humeris  toga,  deprecatus  est. 
Domini  appellationem  semper  exhorruit,  eamque  sibi  tribui 
edicto  vetuit,  immo  de  restituenda41  republica  non  semel  cogi- 
tavit  \  sed  reputans  et  se  privatum  non  sine  periculo  fore,39 
et  rempublicam  plurivnn  arbitrio  commissum  iri,  summam 
retinuit  potestatem,  id  vero  studuit,  nequem  novi  status12 
poeniteret.  Bene  de  iis  etiam  quos  adversarios  expertus  erat 
ct  senticbat  et  loquebatur.  Legentem  aliquando  unum  e 
nepotibus  invenit;  cumque  puer  territus  volumen  Ciceronis, 
quod  manu  tenebat,  veste  tegeret,  Augustus  librum  cepit, 
eoque  statim  reddito  :  "  Hie  vir,"  inquit,  "  fill  mi,  doctus  fuit 
et  patrise  amans." 

10.  Pedibus  ssepe  per  urbem  incedebat,  summaque  comitate 
adeuntes21  excipiebat :  unde  cum  quidam,  libellum  supplicem 
porrigens,   prse  metu  et  reverentia  nunc   manum   proferret, 
nunc  retraheret ;  "  Putasne,"  inquit  jocans  Augustus,  "  assem 
te  elephanto  dare  "  1  Eum  aliquando  convenit  veteran  us  miles, 
qui  vocatus  in  jus  periclitabatur,  rogavitque  ut  sibi  adesset. 
Statim  Augustus  unum  e  comitatu  suo  elegit  advocatum,  qui 
litigatorem  commendaret.     Turn  veteranus  exclamavit :     "  At 
non  ego,  te85  periclitante  bello  Actiaco,8  vicarium  qusesivi,  scd 
ipse  pro  te  pugnavi " ;  simulque  detexit  cicatrices.     Erubuit 
Augustus,  atque  ipse  venit  in  advocationem. 

11.  Cum  post  Actiacam  victoriam  Augustus  Roinam  ingre- 
dcretur,  occurrit  ei  inter  gratulantes  opifex  quidam  corvum 
tenens,  quern  instituerat  hsec  dicere  :  Ave,  Caesar  victor,  im- 
perator.      Augustus,    avem   officiosam   miratus,   earn  viginti 
milibus  nummorum10  emit.      Socius  opificis,  ad  quern  nihil  ex 
ilia  liberalitate  pervenerat,  affirmavit  Augusto  ilium  habere  ct 
alium  corvum,  quern  afferri  postulavit.     Allatus  corvus  verba, 
quse  didicerat,  expressit :  Ave,  Antoni  victor,  imperator.     Nihil 
ea  re    exasperatus,   Augustus  jussit   tantummodo    corvorurn 
doctorem   dividere   acceptam   mercedem    cum    contubernali. 
Salutatus  similiter  a  psittaco,  emi  eum  jussit. 

12.  Exemplo  incitatus,   sutor  quidam  corvum  instituit  ad 
parem  salutationem ;    sed,   cum  parum   proficeret,   ssepe   ad 


122  LATIN    LESSONS. 

avem  non  respondentem  dicebat  :  Opera  et  impensa  periit. 
Tandem  corvus  coepit  proferre  dictatam  salutationem  :  qua 
audita  dum  trausiret,  Augustus  respondit :  "  Satis  domi  ta- 
lium  salutatorum10  habeo."  Turn  corvus  ilia  etiam  verba 
abjecit,  quibus  dominuni  querentem  audire  solebat :  Opera  et 
impensa  periit :  ad  quod  Augustus  risit,  atque  avein  emi  jussit, 
quanti11  uullam  adhuc  emerat. 

1 3.  Solebat  quidani  Graeculus  descendenti  e  palatio  Augusto 
honorificum  aliquod  epigramma  porrigere.      Id  cum  frustra 
saepe  fecisset,  et  tamen  rursum  eundem  facturum  Augustus 
videret,   sua   mauu    in   charta   breve    exaravit  Grsecum.  epi- 
granima,  et  Graeculo  venienti  ad  se  obviam  misit.    Ille  legendo 
laudare    coepit,   niirarique    tarn  voce   quam   vultu   gestuque. 
Dein  cum  accessit  ad  sellam,  qua26  Augustus  vehebatur,  de- 
missa  in  pauperem  crurnenarn  in  ami,  paucos  denarios  protulit, 
quos  principi  daret ;  dixitque  "  se  plus  daturum  fuisse,  si  plus 
habuisset."    Secuto  omnium  risu,  Graeculum  Augustus  vocavit, 
eique  satis  grandem  pecunise  summain  numerari  jussit. 

14.  Augustus  fere  nulli  se  invitanti  negabat.      Exceptus 
igitur  a  quodam  ccena  satis  parca  et  ptene  quotidiana,  hoc 
tautum  insusurravit :  "  Non  putabam  me  tibi15  esse  tarn  famil- 
iarem."     Cum  aliquando  apud  Pollionem  quendam  coenaret, 
fregit  unus  ex  servis  vas  crystallinum  :    rapi  ilium  protinus 
Pollio  jussit,  et,  ne  vulgar!  morte  periret,  abjici  munenis,19 
quas  ingens  piscina  continebat.     Evasit  e  manibus  puer,  et  ad 
pedes  Csesaris   confugit,   non   recusans  mori,   sed  rogans  ne 
piscium  esca  fieret.      Motus  novitate  crudelitatis,  Augustus 
servi  infelicis  patrocinium  suscepit :  cum  autem  veniam  a  viro 
crudeli  non  impetraret,  crystalliiia  vasa  ad  se  afferri  jussit ; 
omnia  manu  sua  fregit ;  servum  manumisit,  piscinamque  coni- 
pleri  prsecepit. 

15.  Augustus  in  quadam  villa  segrotans  noctes  inquietas 
age  bat,   mmpente   somiium  ejtis  crebro  noctuae  cantu;    qua 
molestia  cum  liberari  se  vehementer  cupere  significasset,  miles 
quidam,   aucupii12  peritus,   noctuam    prehendendam    curavit, 
vivamque  Augusto  attulit,  spe  iugentis  praemii ;  cui  Augustus 


LIFE    OP   AUGUSTUS.  !  123 

mille  nummos  dari  jussit :  at  ille,  minus  dignum  prscmium 
existimans,  dicere  ausus  est :  "Malo  ut  vivat,"  et  avem  di- 
misit.  Imperatori  nee  ad  irascendum  causa  deerat,  nee  ad 
ulciscendum.  potestas.  Hanc  tamem  injuriam  sequo  animo 
tulit  Augustus,  hominemque  impunitum  abire  passus  est. 

16.  Augustus  amicitias  non  faeile  admisit,  et  admissas  con- 
stanter   retinuit  :    imprimis   familiarem   habuit   Msecenatem, 
equitem  Romanum,  qui  ea,2  qua  apud  principem  valebat  gratia 
ita  semper  usus  est,  ut  prodesset  omnibus16  quibus  posset, 
noceret  nemini.     Mira  erat  ejus  ars  et  libertas  in  flectendo41 
Augusti   animo,   cum  eum   ira  incitatum  videret.      Jus  ali- 
quando  dicebat  Augustus,  et  multos  morte  damnaturus  vide- 
batur.      Aderat  tune  Maecenas,  qui  circumstantium  turbam 
perrumpere,   et  ad  tribunal   propius  accedere,   conatus  est : 
cum  id  frustra  tentasset,  in  tabella  scripsit  hsec  verba,  Surge 
tandem,  carnifex :  eamque  tabellam  ad  Augustum  projecit ; 
qua   lecta,    Augustus   statim   surrexit,    et    nemo    est    morte 
multatus. 

17.  Habitavit  Augustus  in  eedibus  modicis,  neque  laxitate 
neque  cultu  conspicuis,  ac  per  annos  amplius  quadraginta  in 
eodem  cubiculo  hieme  et  sestate  mansit.      Supellex  quoque 
ejus  vix  privatse  elegantise9  erat.     Idem  tamen  Romam,  quam 
pro  maj estate  imperil  non  satis  ornatam  invenerat,  adeo  ex- 
coin  it,  ut  jure  sit  gloriatus,  "  marmoream  se  relinquere,  quam 
lateritiam  accepisset."     Raro  veste  alia  usus  est,  quam  con- 
fecta  ab  uxore,27  sorore,  filia,  neptibusque.     Altiuscula  erant 
ejus  calceamenta,  ut  procerior  quam  erat  videretur.      Cibi9 
minimi  erat  atque  vulgaris.    Secundarium  panem  et  pisciculos 
miimtos  et  ficus  virides  maxime  appetebat. 

18.  Augustus  non  amplius  quam  septem  horas23  dormiebat, 
ac  ne  eas  quidem  continuas,  sed  ita  ut  in  illo  temporis  spatio 
ter  aut  quater  expergisceretur.     Si  interruptum  somnum  re- 
cuperare   non   posset,   lectores   arcessebat,   donee   resumeret. 
Cum  audisset  senatorem  quendam,  licet  cere  alieno  oppressum, 
arete  et  graviter  dormire  solitum,  culcitam  ejus  magno  pretio25 
emit :  mirantibus  dixit :   "  Habenda  est  ad  somnum  culcita,  in 
qua  homo  qui  tantum  debebat  dormire  potuit." 


LATIN    LESSONS. 

19.  Excrcitationes  campcstres  equorum  et  armorum  statiin 
post  bella  civilia  omisit,  et  ad  pilain  primo  folliculumque 
trausiit ;  mox,  auimi  laxandi  causa,  modo  piscabatur  hamo, 
inodo  tails  nucibusque  ludebat  cum  puerculis,  quos  facie  et 
gaiTiilitate  amabiles  uudique  conquirebat.  Alea  mult  urn  de- 
lectabatur;  idque  ei  vitio20  datum  est.  Tandem,  afflicta  vale- 
tudine,  in  Campaniam  concessit,  ubi  remisso  ad  otium  animo, 
nullo  hilaritatis  genere28  abstiuuit.  Supremo  vita?  die,  petito 
speculo,  capillum  sibi  comi  jussit,  et  amicos  circumstautes 
percontatus  est,  num  vitse  minium  satis  commode  egisset;45 
adjecit  et  solitam  clausulam  :  "  Editc  strepitum,  vosque  onines 
cum  gaudio  applaudite."  Obiit  Nola?36  sextum  et  septuagesi- 
nium  annum  agens. 


IX.    THE    HELVETIAN   WAR. 

FROM  CESAR'S  GALLIC  WAR.    BOOK  I. 

1.  Gallia  est  omnis  divisa  in  partes  tres.  Unam  incolunt 
Belga3,  aliam  Aquitani,  tertiam  Celtee,  qui4  lingua26  nostra 
Galli  appellant  ur.  Hi  omnes  lingua,26  institutis,  legibus,  inter 
se  difFerunt.  Gallos  ab  Aquitanis  Garumna  flunien  dividit,  a 
Belgis  Matrona  et  Sequana.  Fortissimi2  sunt  Belgre,  prop- 
terea  quod  proximi  sunt  Germanis,15  qui  trans  Rhenum  inco- 
lunt, quibuscuin  continenter  belluni  gcrunt.  Helvetii  quoque 
reliquos  Gallos  virtute26  preecedunt,  quod  fere  quotidianis 
prceliis  cum  Germanis  contendunt.  Una  pars  initium  capit  a 
fliunine  Rhodano;  continetur  Garumna  flumine,  oceano,  fiui- 
bus  Belgarum.  Attingit  etiam  flumen1  Rhenum.  Vergit  ad 
septemtriones.  Belga3  ab  extremis  Gallic  finibus  oriuntur; 
pertinent  ad  inferiorem  partem  fluminis  Rheni;  spectant  in 
si':;temtriones  et  orieuteni  solciu.  Aquitania  a  Garumna  fln- 
niine  ad  Pyreuseos  montes  et  earn  partem  oceani,  qua?  est 


THE    HELVETIAN    WAR.  125 

ad  Hispaniam,  pertinet;  spectat  inter  occasum  soils  et  sep- 
temtriones. 

2.  Apud  Helvetios  nobilissimus2  et  ditissimus  fuit  Orge- 
torix.      Is  conjurationem  nobilitatis  fecit,    et  civitati16  per- 
suasit,  ut  de  fiuibus  suis  cum  omnibus  copiis  exirent.    Facilius 
eis  persuasit,  quod  undique,  loci  natura,26  Helvetii  continentur ; 
una  ex  parte,  flumine  Rheno,  latissimo  atque  altissimo,  qui 
agrum  Helvetium  a  Germanis  dividit ;  altera  ex  parte,  niojiie 
tlura  altissimo,  qui  est  inter  Seqiianos  et  Helvetios ;  tertia^ 
lacu  Lemanno,  et  flumine  Rhodano,  qui  Provinciam  nostram 
ab   Helvetiis  dividit.      His  rebus  adducti,   constituerunt  ea 
qu&o4  ad  proficiscendum  pertinerent  comparare  ; 38  jumento- 
rum  et  carrorum  quam  maximum  numerum  coemerc ;  semen- 
tes  quam  maximas  facere ;  cum  proximis  civitatibus  amicitiam 
confirmare.     In  tertium  annum  profectionem  lege  confirmant, 
Ad  eas  res  conficiendas41  Orgetorix  deligitur.    Is  legationem  ad 
civitates  suscepit.     In  eo  itinere  persuadet  Castico,  Sequano, 
ut  regnum  in  civitato  sua  occuparet,  quod4  pater  ante  habu- 
erat.     Itemque  Dumnorigi  ^Eduo,  qui  maxime  plebi  acceptus 
erat,   ut  idem  conaretur  persuadet.      Inter  se  jusjurandum 
dant,  et  totius  Galliae  sese  potiri  posse  sperant.     Ea  res  est 
Helvetiis14  enuntiata  :  Orgetorigem  ex  vinculis  causam  dicere 
coegerunt.     Damnatum  poonam  sequi  oportebat,  ut  igni26  cre- 
maretur.    Die  constituta34  Orgetorix  ad  judicium  omnem  suam 
familiam,  et  omncs  clientes  obairatosque  conduxit.    Per  eos  se 
eripuit. 

3.  Cum  civitas,  ob  earn  rein  incitata,  arm  is  jus  suum  ex- 
sequi  conaretur,  Orgetorix  mortuus  est.      Post  ejus  mortem 
nihilominus  Helvetii  id  quod  constituerant  facere88  coiiantur. 
Ubi  se  paratos  esse39  arbitrati  sunt,  oppicla  sua  omnia,  vicos, 
privata  scdificia  incendunt.      Trium  mensium  molita  cibaria 
quemque  domo   efferre  jubent.      Erant  ornnino  itinera  duo, 
quibus4  itineribus  domo  exire  possent ;  unum  per  Sequanos, 
angustum  et  difficile,  inter  montem  Juram  et  flumcn  lihoda- 
nnm;  alterum  per  provinciam  nostram  multo  facilius  atque 
cxpcditius,  propterea  quod  Rhodanus  nonnullis  locis  vado26 


126  LATIN    LESSONS. 

transitur,  Extremum  oppidum  Allobrogum  est  Geneva.  Ex 
eo  oppido  pons  ad  Helvetios  pertinet.  Omnibus  rebus85  ad 
profectionem  comparatis,  diem  dicunt,  qua  die  ad  ripam  Rho- 
dani  omnes  conveniant.  Caesari  cum  id  nuutiatum  esset, 
maturat  ab  urbe  proficisci,  et  in  Galliam  ulteriorem  contendit. 
Pontem  jubet  rescindi.39 

4.  Ubi  de  ejus  adventu  Helvetii  certiores2  facti  sunt,  lega- 
tes ad  cum  mittunt,  qui44  dicerent  sibi17  esse  in  auimo  sine 
ullo  maleficio  iter  per  provinciam  facere.     Caesar  a  lacu  Le- 
manno  ad  montcm  Jura  in  murum  fossamque  perducit.    Negat 
se  posse39  iter  ulli  per  provinciam  dare.38     Relinquebatur  una 
per  Sequanos  via,  qua,  Sequanis  invitis,  propter  angustias  ire 
non  poterant.     His16  cum  persuadere  non  possent,  legates  ad 
Dumnorigem  mittunt,  ut,  eo  deprecatore,35  impetrarent.    Dum- 
norix  apud  Sequanos  plurimum  poterat,  et   Helvetiis15  erat 
amicus,  quod  Orgetorigis  filiam  in  matrimonium  duxerat.    Ita- 
que  rem  suscipit,  et  a  Sequanis  impetrat,  ut  per  fines  suos 
Helvetios  ire  patiantur. 

5.  Csesar  in  Italiam  magnis  itineribus  contendit,  duasque 
ibi  legiones  couscribit,  et  tres  ex  hibernis  educit,  et  in  ulteri- 
orem Galliam,  per  Alpes,  ire  contendit.    In  fines  Vocontiorum 
die  septimo  pervenit;  inde  in  Allobrogum  fines,  ab  Allobro- 
gibus  in  Segusianos  exercitum  ducit.     Hi  sunt  extra  provin- 
ciam trans  Rhodanum  primi.     Helvetii  jam  per  angustias  et 
fines  Sequanorum  suas  copias  transduxerat,  et  ^Eduorum  agros 
populabantur.    yEdui,  cum  se21  defendere  non  possent,  legates 
ad  Caesarem  mittunt,  rogatum42  auxilium.      Eodem  tempore 
Ambarri,  consanguinei1  ^Eduoruni,  Cacsarem  certiorein  faciunt, 
sese,  depopulatis  agris,  non  facile  ab  oppidis  vim  hostium  pro- 
hibere.     Item  Allobroges,  qui  trans  Rhodanum  vicos  posses- 
sionesque  habebant,  fuga26  se  ad  Caesarem  recipiunt.     Caesar 
non  exspectanduni  sibi  statuit,  dum  in  Santonos  Helvetii^per- 
venirent. 

G.  Flumen  est  Arar,  quod  per  fines  yEduorum  et  Sequano- 
mm  in  Rhodanum  influit,  incredibili  lenitate,26  ita  ut  oculis 
in  utrani  partcm  fluat  judicari  non  possit.  Id  Helvetii,  rati- 


THE   HELVETIAN    WAR.  127 

bus  et  lintribus  junctis,  transibant.  Ubi  Caesar  certior  factus 
est  tres  copiarum  partes  Helvetios22  transduxisse,  quartam 
vero  partem  citra  flumen  esse,  de  tertia  vigilia  e  castris  pro- 
fectus  ad  earn  partem  pervenit,  quse  nondum  transierat.  Eos 
impeditos  aggressus,  magnam  eorum  partem  concidit.  Reliqui 
sese  in  proximas  silvas  abdiderunt.  Is  pagus  appellabatur 
Tigurinus:1  nam  omnis  civitas  Helvetia  in  quattuor  pagos 
divisa  est.  Hie  pagus  Lucium  Cassium  consulem  interfece- 
rat,  et  ejus  exercitum  sub  jugum  miserat.  Ita,  quse  pars 
calamitatem  populo18  Romano  intulerat,  ea  princeps  poenas 
persolvit. 

7.  Hoc  proelio  facto,  reliquas  copias  Helvetiorum  ut  conse- 
qui  posset,  pontem  in  Arare  faciendum  curat,  atque  ita  exer- 
citum transducit.     Helvetii,  repentino  ejus  adventu  commoti, 
legatos  ad  eum  mittunt,  cujus  legationis  Divico  princeps  fuit, 
qui  bello24  Cassiano  dux  Helvetiorum  fuerat.      Is  ita  cum 
Caesare  agit :  Si  pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetii  s  face- 
ret,  in  earn  partem  ituros,  ubi  Csesar  eos22  esse  voluisset ;  sin 
bello  persequi  perseveraret,  reminisceretur  ct  veteris  incom- 
modi12populi  Romani,  et  pristinse  virtutis  Helvetiorum ;  se  ita 
a  patribus  majoribusque  suis  didicisse,  ut  magis  virtute  quam 
dolo  contenderent.     Quare,  ne  committeret,  ut  is  locus,  ubi 
constitissent,  ex  calamitate  populi  Romani  nomen  caperet. 

8.  His  Csesar  ita  respondit :  Sibi14  minus  dubitationis  dari, 
quod  eas  res,  quas  commemorassent,  memoria26  teneret.     Si 
veteris  contumelise12  oblivisci  vellet,  num  recentium  injuri- 
arum  memoriam  deponere  posse  1     Tamen,  si  obsides  ab  iis 
sibi  dentur,  uti  ea  quse  polliceantur  facturos  intelligat,  et  si 
JjMuis  de  injuriis  quas  ipsis  sociisque  eorum  intulerint,  item 
si  Allobrogibus  satisfaciant,   sese  cum   iis   pacem  facturum. 
Divico  respondit  :    Ita  Helvetios  a  majoribus  suis  institutes 
esse,  uti  obsides  accipere,  non  dare  consueverint ;    ejus  rei 
populum  Romanum  esse  testem.    Hoc  response  dato,  discessit. 
Postcro  die  castra  ex  eo  loco  movent.      Idem  facit  Csesar. 
Equitatum  omnem  prsemittit,  qui44  videant,  quas  in  partes 
hostes  iter  faciant.    Qui  alieiio  loco  cum  equitatu  Helvetiorum 


128  LATIN    LESSONS. 

premium  committunt,  ct  pauci  de  nostris  cadunt.  Hclvctii 
audacius  subsistere,  nonnunquain  nostros  lacessere  ccepenmt. 
Csesar  suos  a  proelio  continebat ;  ac  satis  habebat  in  prsesentia 
hostem  rapinis28  prohibere.  Ita  dies23  circiter  quindccim  itcr 
fecerunt,  uti,  inter  novissimuni  hostium  agraen  et  nostrum 
prinium,  non  amplius  quinis  aut  senis  milibus32  passuum 
interesset. 

9.  Interim  quotidic  Csesar  ^Eduos85  frumentum,  quod4  essent 
publice  polliciti,  flagitare.     Nam,  propter  frigora,  non  modo 
frumenta  in  agris  mat ura  non  erant,  sed  ne  pabuli  quidem 
satis  magna  copia  suppetebat.      Eo  autem  frumento,31  quod 
flumine  Arare  navibus  subvexerat,  minus  uti38  poterat,  quod 
iter  ab  Arare  Helvetii  averterant,  a  quibus  discedere  nolebat. 
Diem  ex  die  ducere40  J^dui;  conferri,  comportari,  adesse  dicere. 
Ubi  se  diutius  duci  intellexit,  et  diem  instare,  qno  die  frumen- 
tum21 militibus  metiri  oporteret,  convocatis  corum  principibus, 
quorum  magnam  copiam  in  castris  habebat,  in  his  Divitiaco 
et  Lisco,  qui  summo  magistratui 18  prseerat,  graviter  eos  ac- 
cusat,  quod  ab  iis  non  sublevetur ;    prsesertim  cum,  magna 
ex  parte  eorum  precibus  adductus,  bellum  susceperit.     Turn 
demum  Liscus  proponit :  esse  nonmillos,  quorum  auctoritas 
apud  plebem  plurimum  valeat ;  hos22  seditiosa  atque  improba 
oratione  multitudinem  deterrere,39  ne  frumentum  conferant. 
Ab  iisdem  nostra  consilia  hostibus  emmtiari ;  hos  a  se  coerceri 
non  posse.     Quin  etiam,  quod  rem  Ceesari  enuntiarit,  intel- 
legere  sese  quanto  id  cum  periculo  fecerit ;  et,  ob  earn  causam, 
quamdiu  potuerit,  tacuisse. 

10.  Csesar  hac  oratione  Dumnorigem,28  Divitiaci  fratrem, 
designari39  sentiebat ;    sed   quod,   pluribus   prscsentibus,   eas 
res28  jactari  nolebat,  celeriter  concilium  dimittit;  Liscum  re- 
tinet ;  dicit  liberius  atque  audacius.     Eadem  secreto  ab  aliis 
quferit ;  reperit  esse  vera  :  ipsum  esse  Dumuorigem  sumnia 
audacia,26juagna  apud  plebem  propter  liberalitatem  gratia,  cu- 
pidum  novarum  rerum12;  complures  annos23  omnia  ^Eduorum 
vectigalia  parvo  pretio  redempta  habere ;  propterea  quod,  illo 
liceute,  contra  liceri  audeat  nemo.     His  rebus  suam  reni  fami- 


THE    HELVETIAN    WAR.  129 

liarem  auxisse,  magnum  numerum  equitatus  semper  circum  se 
habere.  Favere  Helvetiis16  propter  affinitatem;  odisse  Csesa- 
rem  et  Romanes,  quod  eorum  adventu  potentia  ejus  deminuta, 
et  Divitiacus  frater  in  antiquum  locum  gratise  atque  honoris 
sit  restitutus.  Si  quid  accidat  Romanis,  summam  in  spem 
regni  per  Helvetios  obtinendi  venire ;  irnperio  populi  Romani, 
non  modo  de  regno,  sed  etiam  de  ea  quam  habeat  gratia, 
desperare. 

11.  Cum  ad  has  suspiciones  certissimse  res  accederent,  satis 
esse  causse  arbitrabatur,  quare  in  eum  aut  ipse  animadver- 
teret,   aut   civitatem    animadvertere  juberet.      His  omnibus 
unum  repugnabat,  quod  Divitiaci  fratris  summum  in  populum 
Romanum   studium,    summam   in   se   voluntatem,    egregiam 
fidem,   justitiam,    temperantiam    cognoverat  :    nam    ne    ejus 
supplicio   Divitiaci    animum    offenderet   verebatur.      Itaque, 
priusquam  quidquam  conaretur,44  Divitiacum22  ad  se  vocari 
jubet ;  simul  commonefacit  quse,  ipso35  prsesente,  in  concilio 
Galloruni  sint  dicta ;  et  ostendit  quse  separatim  quisque  de 
eo  apud  se  dixerit.     Divitiacus  multis  cum  lacrimis  obsecrare 
coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem  statueret :  scire39  se,22  ilia 
esse  vera ;  sese  tamen  et  amore  fraterno  et  existirnatione  vulgt 
commoveri.    Quod  si  quid  ei14  a  Csesare  gravius  accidisset,  cum 
ipse  eum  locum  amicitise  aqud  eum  teneret,  neminem  existi- 
maturum  non  sua  voluntate  factum ;  qua  ex  re  futurum,  uti 
totius  Galliuo8  animi  a  se  averterentur.     Csesar  ejus  dextram 
prendit ;  Dumnorigem  ad  se  vocat ;  fratrem  adhibet ;  quse  in 
eo  reprehendat  ostendit ;  monet  ut  in  reliquum  tempus  omnes 
suspiciones  vitet. 

12.  Eodem  die,  ab  exploratoribus  certior2  factus  hostes  sub 
monte  consedisse  millia23  passuum  ab  ipsius  castris  octo,  qualis 
esset45  natura  montis,  et  qualis  in  circuitu  adscensus,  qui  cog- 
noscerent44  misit.     Renuntiatum  est  facilem  esse.     De  tertia 
vigilia   Titum   Labienum,    legatum,    cum   duobus   legionibus 
summum  jugum  montis  adscendere  jubet.      Ipse  de  quart  a 
vigilia  eodem  itinere,  quo  .hostes  ierant,  ad  eos  contenditj 
equitatumque  omnem  ante  se  mittit.     Prima  luce,  cum  sum- 

9 


130  LATIN    LESSONS. 

nius  raous  a  Tito  Labieno  teneretur,  ipse  ab  hostium  castris 
non  longius  mille  et  quingeutis  passibus  abesset,  neque  aut 
ipsius  adventus,  aut  Labieni,  coguitus  esset,  Considius,  equo 
admisso,  ad  eum  accurrit;  dicit  montem,  quern  a  Labieno 
occupari  voluerit,  ab  hostibus27  teneri;  id  se  ex  Gallicis  armis 
atque  insignibus  cognovisse.  Caesar  suas  copias  in  proximum 
collem  subducit,  aciem  instruit.  Labienus,  ut  erat  ei  pra3- 
ceptum  (ut  undique  uno  tempore  in  hostes  impetus  fieret), 
monte  occupato,  nostros  exspectabat,  proelioque  abstiuebat. 
Multo  deuique  die,  per  exploratores  Csesar  cognovit  montem 
a  suis  teneri,  et  Considium,  perterritum,  quod4  non  vidisset 
pro  viso  renuntiasse.  Eo  die,  quo  consuerat  iutervallo,  hos- 
tes sequitur  j  et  millia  passuum  tria  ab  eorum  castris  castra 
pouit. 

13.  Postridie  ejus   diei,   quod   omnino   biduum    supererat 
cum  exercitui  frumenturn  metiri  oporteret,   et  quod    a   Bi- 
bracte,  oppido  JEduorurn  longe  maximo  et  copiosissimo,  non 
amplius  millibus  passuum  duodeviginti    aberat,   rei  frumen- 
tariae18  prospiciendum  existimavit,  ac  Bibracte86  ire  coutendit. 
Helvetii,  sen  quod  perterritos  Romanes  discedere  existimarent, 
sive  quod  re  frumentaria28  intercludi  posse  confiderent,  itinere 
converse,   nostros  a   novissimo    agmiue   insequi   ac   lacessere 
cceperunt.     Postquam  id  animum  ad  vert  it,  copias  suas  Csesar 
in  proximum  collem  subducit;  equi  tat  unique,  qui  sustineret 
hostium  impetum,  misit.      Ipse  interim  in  colle  medio  tri- 
plicem  aciem  instruxit.     Sarcinas  in  ununi  locum  conferri,  et 
eum  ab  iis,  qui  in  superiore  acie  constiterant,  muniri  jussit. 
Helvetii,   cum   omnibus  suis   cams   secuti,   impedimenta   in 
ununi  locum  contulerunt.      Ipsi  confertissima  acie,26  rejecto 
nostro  equitatu,  phalange  facta,  sub  primam  nostrani  aciem 
successerunt.     Caesar,  primum  suo85  deinde  omnium  remotis85 
equis,  ut  spem  fugse  tolleret,  cohortatus  suos,  prcelium  com- 
misit.      Milites,  e  loco  superiore  pilis  missis,  facile  hostium 
phalangem  perfregenmt.     Ea  desjecta,  gladiis  destrictis  in  eos 
impeturn  feceruut. 

14.  Gallis20  magno  erat  impedimeuto,20  quod,  pluribus  eo- 


THE    HELVETIAN    WAR.  131 

rum  scutis35  uno  ictu26  pilorum  transfixis  et  colligatis,  cum 
ferrum  se  inflexisset,  neque  evellere,  neque,  sinistra  impedita, 
satis  commode  pugnare  poterant.  Tandem  vulneribus  defessi, 
et  pedem  referre,  et,  quod  mons  suberat  circiter  mille  pas- 
suum,  eo  se  recipere  cosperunt.  Capto  monte,  et  succedenti- 
bus  nostris,  Boii  et  Tulingi,  qui  agmen  hostium  claudebant, 
ex  itinere  nostros  aggressi,  circumvenere ;  et  id  conspicati 
Helvetii,  qui  in  montem  se  receperant,  rursus  instare  et  proe- 
lium  redintegrare  coaperunt.  Romani  conversa  signa  bipartite 
intulerunt;  prima  et  secimda  acies,  ut  victis16  ac  submotis  re- 
sisteret;  tertia,  ut  venientes  exciperet.  Ita  ancipiti  proelio 
diu  atque  acriter  pugnatum  est.  Diutius  cum  nostrorum 
impetus  sustinere  non  possent,  alteri  se,  ut  co3perant,  in  mon- 
tem receperunt ;  alteri  ad  impedimenta  et  carros  suos  se  con- 
tulerunt.  Nam  hoc  toto  prcelio,  cum  ab  hora  septima  ad 
vesperum  pugnatum  sit,  aversum  hostern  videre  nemo  potuit. 
Ad  multam  noctem  etiam  ad  impedimenta  pugnatum  est ; 
propterea  quod  pro  vallo  carros  objecerant.  Impediment  is 
castrisque  nostri  potiti  sunt.  Ibi  Orgetorigis  filia  atque  unus 
e  filiis  captus  est.  Ex  eo  prcelio  circiter  millia  hominum  cen- 
tum et  triginta  superfuerunt,  eaque  tota  nocte  ierunt ;  in  fines 
Lingonum  die34  quarto  pervenerunt ;  cum,  et  propter  vulnera 
militum  et  sepulturam  occisorum,  nostri  eos  sequi  non  potuis- 
sent.  Csesar  ad  Lingones  literas  nuntiosque  misit,  ne  eos 
frumento  neve  alia  re  juvarent.  Ipse,  triduo  intermisso,  cum 
omnibus  copiis  eos  sequi  cospit. 

15.  Helvetii,  omnium  rerum  inopia  adducti,  legates  de  dedi- 
tione  ad  eum  miserunt.  Qui  cum  se  ad  pedes  projecissent, 
suppliciterque  locuti  pacem  petissent,  atque  eos  in  eo  loco,  quo 
turn  essent,  adventum  suum  exspectare  jussisset,  paruerunt. 
Eo  postquam  pervenit,  obsides,  arma,  servos,  qui  ad  eos  per- 
fugissent,  poposcit.  Helvetios  in  fines  suos  reverti  jussit ;  et 
quod,  omnibus  frugibus  amissis,  domi36  nihil  erat,  Allobrogi- 
bus  imperavit,  ut  iis  frumenti  copiam  facerent ;  ipsos  oppida 
vicosque,  quos  incenderant,  restituere  jussit,  quod  noluit  eum 
locum 22  vacare,39  ne,  propter  bonitatem  agrorum  Germani  in 


132  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Helvetiorum  fines  transirent.  In  castris  Helvetiorum  tabulae 
repertse  sunt,  literis  Graecis  confectse,  quibus  in  tabulis  iiomi- 
uatim  ratio  confecta  erat,  qui  numerus  domo86  exisset45  eorum, 
qui  arma  ferre  possent ;  et  item  separatim  pueri,  senes,  mulie- 
resque.  Summa  omnium  fuerat  ad  millia  treceuta  scxaginta 
et  octo.  Eorum,  qui  domum  redierunt,  repertus  est  numcrus 
millium  centum  et  decem. 


X.     THE  WAK  WITH  AEIOVISTUS. 

1.  Bello  Helvetiorum  confecto,   totius  fere  Gallire  legal i, 
principes  civitatum,   ad  Caesarem   gratulatuni    convenerunt  : 
intelligere  sese,  tametsi,  pro  veteribus   Helvetiorum   injuriis 
populi  Romani,  ab  iis  poenas  repetisset,  tarnen  earn  rem  nou 
minus  ex  usu  terree  Gallise  quam  populi  Romani  accidisse ; 
propterea  quod,  florentissimis  rebus,  domos  suas  Helvetii  reli- 
quissent,  ut  toti  Gallise18  bellum  inferrent,  iniperioque  potiren- 
tur ;    locumque  domicilio  deligerent,  quem  opportimissimum. 
ac  fructuosissimum  judicassent ;  reliquasque  civitates  stipen- 
diarias  haberent.     Petierunt,  uti  sibi  concilium  totius  Gallic 
in  diem  certam  indicere  liceret;    sese  habere   quasdam  res, 
quas  ex  communi  consensu  ab  eo  petere  vellent.     Ea  re  per- 
missa,  jurejurando  ne  quis  enuntiaret  inter  se  sanxerunt.     Eo 
coucilio  dimisso,  iidem  principes,  qui  ante  fueraiit  ad  Cajsarem, 
reverterunt  petieruntque  uti  sibi14  secreto  de  omnium  salute 
cum   eo  agere  liceret.     Ea  re  impetrata,  sese  omnes  flentes 
Orcsari  ad  pedes  projecerunt :  Non  minus  se  contendere,  ne 
ea,  quae  dixissent,  enuntiarentur,  quam  uti  ea  quse  velleut 
impctrarent;  propterea  quod,  si  enuntiatum  esset,  sumnium 
in  cruciatum  se  ventures  viderent. 

2.  Locutus  est  pro  his  Divitiacus  :  Gallise  totius  factiones 
esse  duas ;  harum  alterius  principatum  tenere  ^Eduos,  alterius 
Arvernos.     Hi  cum  de  potentatu  inter  se  multos  annos  con- 


THE   WAR   WITH   ARIOVISTUS.  133 

tenderent,  factum  esse,  uti  ab  Arvernis27  Sequanisque  Ger- 
man! mercede26  arcesserentur.  Hortim  primo  circiter  millia 
quindecim  Rhenum  transisse ;  posteaquam  agros,  cultum,  et 
copias  Gallorum  homines  barbari  adamassent,  transductos  esse 
plures.  Nunc  esse  in  Gallia  ad  centum  et  viginti  millium 
numerum ;  cum  his  ^Eduos  eorumque  clientes  semel  atque 
iterum  contendisse ;  pulsos,  omnem  nobilitatem,21  omnem  se- 
natum,  omnem  equitatum  amisisse.  Quibus  calamitatibus, 
qui  phirimum  ante  in  Gallia  potuissent,  coactos  esse  Sequanis 
obsides  dare,  nobilissimos  civitatis,  et  jurejurando  civitatem 
obstringere,  sese22  neque  obsides  repetituros,  neque  auxilium 
a  populo  Romano  imploraturos,  neque  recusaturos  quominus 
perpetxio  sub  illorum  imperio  essent.  Unum  se  esse  ex  omni 
civitate  ^Eduorum,  qui  adduci  non  potuerit,  ut  juraret,  aut 
liberos  suos  obsides  daret.  Ob  earn  rem  se22  ex  civitate  pro- 
fugisse,  et  Romam36  venisse,  auxilium  postulatum.42  Sed 
pejus  victoribus  Sequanis,  quam  ^Eduis  victis  accidisse ;  prop- 
terea  quod  Ariovistus,  rex  Germanorum,  in  eorum  finibus 
consedisset,  tertiamque  partem  agri  Sequani  occupavisset. 
Futurum  esse  paucis  annis,  uti  omnes  ex  Gallise  finibus  pel- 
lereutur,  atque  omnes  Germani  Rhenum  transirent.  Ario vis- 
turn  autem,  ut  semel  Gallorum  copias  prcelio  vicerit,  superbe 
et  crudeliter  imperare,  obsides  nobilissimi  cuj usque  liberos 
poscere,  et  in  eos  omnia  exempla  cruciatusque  edere.  Homi- 
nem  esse  barbarum,  iracundum,  temerarium;  non  posse  ejus 
imperia22  diutius  sustineri.  Nisi  si  quid  in  populo  Romano 
sit  auxilii,10  omnibus  Gallis  idem22  esse  faciendum,39  quod4 
Ilelvetii  fecerint,  ut  alias  sedes,  remotas  a  Germanis,  petant ; 
fortunamque,  qusecuuque  accidat,  experiantur.  Csesarem 
deterrere88  posse,39  ne  major  multitude  Germanorum  Rhenum 
transducatur. 

3.  Hac  oratione  habita,  omnes,  qui4  aderant,  magno  fletu 
auxilium  a  Csesare  petere  cceperuut.  Animadvertit  Caesar, 
unos  Sequanos22  nihil  earum  rerum10  facere,89  quas21  ceteri 
facerent ;  sed  tristes  terram  intueri.  Ejus  rei  causa  qute 
esset,45  cum  ab  iis  ssepius  queereret,  neque  ullam  omnino 


134  LATIX    LESSONS. 

vocem  exprimere  posset,  idem  Divitiacus  respondit :  Hoc  esse 
graviorem  fortimam  Sequanomm  quod  soli  ne  in  occulto  qui- 
dera  queri,88  neque  auxilium  implorare/8  audereut,  absentis- 
que  Ariovisti  crudelitatem,  velut  si  adesset,  hoiTerent.  His 
rebus  cognitis,  Caesar  Gallorum  animos  confirmavit  :  mag- 
nam22  se  habere89  spena,21  beneficio  suo  adductum,  Ariovistum 
finem  injuriis  factururn.  Multse  res  eum  hortabantur,  quare 
earn  rein22  cogitandam  et  suscipiendani  putaret ;  imprimis, 
quod  ^Eduos,  fratres  saepenumero  a  senatu  appellatos,  in  ser- 
vitute  videbat  Gennanorum  teneri;  quod,  in  tauto  imperio 
populi  Romani,  turpissimum  sibi  et  reipublicse  esse  arbitra- 
batur.  Germanos22  Rhenum  transire39  periculosum  videbat; 
neque  sibi  temperatures  existimabat,  quin,  ut  ante  Cimbri 
Teutonique  fecissent,  in  provinciam,  atque  inde  in  Italiam, 
contenderent ;  quibus  rebus18  quam  maturrime  occurrendum 
putabat. 

4.  Quamobrem  placuit  ei,14  ut  ad  Ariovistum  legates  mitte- 
ret,  qui  ab  eo  postularent,44  uti  aliquem  locum  medium  collo- 
quio  diceret :  Velle89  sese22  de  republica  et  summis  utri usque 
rebus  cum  eo  agere.38     Ei  legation!  Ariovistus  respondit :  Si 
quid  ipsi17  a  Csesare  opus  esset,  sese  ad  eum  venturum  fuisse; 
si  quid  ille  se  velit,  ilium  ad  se  venire  oportere ;  sibi  autem 
minim  videri,  quid  in  sua  Gallia,   quam  bello  vicisset,  aut 
Csesari17  aut  omnino  populo17  Romano  negotii10  esset.      His 
responsis  ad  Csesarern  relatis,  iterum  legatos  cum  his  mandatis 
mittit :  Quoniam,  beneficio  affectus,  hanc  sibi  populoque  Ro- 
mano gratiam  referret,  haec  esse,  quae  ab  eo  postularet;  pri- 
mum,  ne  quam  hominum  multitudinem  amplius  trans  Rhenum 
in  Galliam  transduceret ;    deinde  obsides,   qnos   haberet   ab 
yEduis,  redderet;   neve  his14  sociisve14  eorurn   bellum  iufer- 
ret.      Si  id  non  impetraret,  sese,22  quoniam  senatus  censu- 
isset,   uti,   quicunque   Galliam   provinciam   obtineret,   amicos 
populi    Romani   defenderet,   JEduorum   injurias   non   neglec- 
turum.39 

5.  Ad  hsec  Ariovistus  respondit :   Jus  esse  belli,  ut,  qui 
vicisseut,  quemadmodum  vellent,  imperarent;   populum  Ro- 


THE   WAR   WITH   ARIOVISTUS.  135 

manum  victis,16  non  ad  alterius  prsescriptum,  sed  ad  suum  ar- 
bitrium,  imperare  consuesse.  ^Eduos22  sibi,  quoniam  belli 
fortunam  tentassent,  ac  superati  essent,  stipendiaries1  esse 
factos.39  Se22  obsides  redditurum  non  esse;  neque  bellum21 
illaturum,  si  stipendium  quotannis  penderent.  Csesar,  cum 
vellet,  congrederetur ;  intellect  urum,  quid  invicti  Germani, 
qui  inter  annos  quatuordecim  tectum  non  subissent,  virtute 
possent.  Eodem  tempore  legati  ab  ^Eduis  et  Treviris  venie- 
bant ;  ^Edui  questum,42  quod  Harudes,  qui  nuper  in  Galliam 
transportati  essent,  fines  eorum  popularentur ;  Treviri,  pagos 
centum  Suevorum  ad  ripas  Rheni  consedisse,  qui  transire  co- 
narentur.  Quibus  rebus  Csesar  vebementer  commotus  inatu- 
randum  sibi  existimavit,  ne,  si  nova  manus  cum  veteribus 
copiis  Ariovisti  sese21  conjunxisset,  minus  facile  resisti  posset. 
Itaque,  re  frmnentaria  cornparata,  magnis  itineribus26ad  Ario- 
vistum  contendit. 

6.  Cum  tridui  viam21  processisset,  nuntiatum  est  ei  Ario- 
vistum22  cum  omnibus  copiis  ad  occupandum  Vesontionem, 
quod4  est  oppidum  maximum  Sequanorum,  contendere,39  tri- 
duique  viam  a  suis  finibus  processisse.39  Id  ne  accideret, 
prsecavendum  Caesar  existimabat.  Namque  omnium  rerum,8 
quse  ad  bellum  usui  erant,  summa  erat  in  eo  facultas ;  idque 
natura26  loci  sic  muniebatur,  ut  magnam  ad  ducendum41  bel- 
lum daret  facultatem ;  propterea  quod  flumen  Dubis  pa3ne 
totum  oppidum  cingit ;  reliquum  spatium  mons  continet,  ita 
ut  radices  ex  utraque  parte  ripje  fluminis  contingant.  Hunc 
murus  arcem  efficit,  et  cum  oppido  conjungit.  Ceesar,  occu- 
pato  oppido,  ibi  presidium  collocat.  Dum  paucos  dies  rei 
frumentarise  causa26  moratur,  ex  percunctatione26  nostrorum 
vocibusque26  Gallorum  ac  mercatorum,  qui  ingenti  magnitu- 
dine26  corporum  Germanos,22  incredibili  virtute26  atque  exer- 
citatione  in  armis,  esse  prsedicabant ;  ssepenumero  sese,  cum 
iis  congresses,  ne  vultum  quidem  atque  aciem  oculorum  ferre 
potuisse ;  tantus  subito  timor  exercitum  occupavit,  ut  omnium 
mentes  animosque  perturbaret.  Hie  ortus  est  a  tribunis 
militum  reliquisque,  qui,  amicitiee  causa  Csesarem  secuti,  non 


136  LATIN    LESSONS. 

magnum  in  re  militari  usum  habebant.  Alias  alia  causa85 
illata  petebant,  ut  discedere  liceret;  iioniiulli,  ut  timoris  suspi- 
cionem  vitarent,  remauebaut.  Hi,  abditi  in  tabernaculis,  aut 
suum  fatum  querebantur,  aut  cum  familiaribus  suis  commune 
periculum  miserabantur.  Totis  castris  testamenta  obsigna- 
bautur.  Horum  vocibus26  etiam  ii,  qui4  magnum  in  castris 
usum  habebant,  perturbabantur.  Qui  se22  minus  timidos24 
existimari  volebant,  non  se  liostem  vereri,  sed  angustias  itine- 
ris,  et  magnitudinem  silvarum,  quae  intercederent  inter  ipsos 
atque  Ariovistum,  dicebant.  Nonnulli  etiam  Csesari  renimti- 
abant,  cum  castra22  mover!  ac  signa  ferri  jussisset,  nou  fore 
dicto  audientes  inilites. 

7.  Heec21  cum  animadvertisset,  convocato  consilio  omnium- 
que  ordinum  adhibitis  centurionibus,  vehementer  eos  incu- 
savit ;  quod,  aut  quam  in  partem,  aut  quo  consilio  ducerentur, 
sibi  queereudum  aut  cogitandum  putareut  :  Ariovistum  cu- 
pidissime  populi  Romani  amicitiam  appetisse  :  cur  huuo 
temere  quisquam  ab  omcio  discessurum  judicaret  1  Sibi 16 
quidem  persuaderi,  cognitis  postulatis,  etim22  neque  suam 
neque  populi  Roniani  gratiam  repudiatururn.  Quod  si,  fu- 
rore inipulsus,  bellum  iutulisset,  cur  de  sua  virtute  aut  de 
ipsius  diligentia  desperarent  ]  Factum  ejus  hostis  periculum, 
cum,  Cimbris  et  Teutonis  a  Caio  Mario  pulsis,  non  miuorem 
laudem  exercitus,  quam  imperator,  meritus88  videbatur.  Fac- 
tum etiam  nuper  in  Italia  servili  tumultu.34  Ex  quo  judicari 
posset,  quantum  haberet  in  se  boni10  constautia;  propterea 
quod,  quos  aliquarndiu  iuermes  timuissent,  hos  armatos  supe- 
rassent.  Denique  hos  esse  eosdem,  quibuscurn  sa?penumero 
Helvetii  congressi,  non  solum  in  suis  sed  etiam  in  illorum 
finibus,  plerumque  superarint,  qui  tanien  pares  esse  nostro 
exercitu  non  potueriut.  Si  quos  adversum  proelium  Gallorum 
moveret,  hos  reperire  posse,  Ariovistum,22  cum  multos  menses 
castris  se  tenuisset,  desperantes21  de  pugna  et  disperses  subito 
adortum89  magis  consilio  quam  virtute  vicisse.  Qui  suuin 
timorem  in  augustias  conferrent,  facere  arroganter,  cum  aut 
de  omcio  imperatoris  desperare,  aut  ei  prsescribere,  viderentur. 


THE    WAR   WITH    ARIOVISTUS.  137 

Quod  non  fore  dicto  audientes  milites  dicantur,  nihil24  se22  ea 
re  commoveri,  et  proxima  nocte  de  quarta  vigilia  castra  mo- 
turum,  ut  quam  primum  intelligere  posset,  utrum  apud  eos 
officium  an  timor  valeret.  Si  prseterea  nemo  sequatur,  tamen 
se  cum  sola  decima  legione  iturum,  de  qua  non  dubituret, 
sibique17  earn  praetoriam  cohortem  futuram. 

8.  Hae  oratione  habita,  mirum  in  modum  conversse  sunt 
omnium  mentes,  summaque  cupiditas  belli  gerendi  innata  est ; 
princepsque  decima  legio  per  tribtmos  ei  gratias  egit,  quod  de 
se  optimum  judicium  fecisset.     Deinde  reliquse  legiones  ege- 
runt,  uti  Csesari  satisfacerent ;  et,  itinere  exquisito  per  Divi- 
tiiicum,  quod  ei  max  imam  fidem  habebat,  de  quarta  vigilia,  ut 
dixerat,  profectus  est.     Septimo  die  ab  exploratoribus27  certior 
fact  us  est,  Ariovisti  copias  a  nostris  millibus  passuum  quattuor 
et  viginti  abesse.    Cognito  Csesaris  adventu,  Ariovistus  legates 
ad  eum  mittit :   Quod  antea  de  colloquio  postulasset,  id22  fieri 
liccre,89  quoniam  propius  accessisset.      Non  respuit  conditio- 
ncm  Csesar;  magnamque  in  spem  veniebat,  pro  suis  populi- 
que  Romani  in  eum  beneficiis,  fore  uti  pertinacia28  desisteret. 
Dies  colloquio  dictus  est,  ex  eo  die  quintus.     Interim  Ariovis- 
tus postulavit,  ne  quern  peditem  Csesar  adduceret;  uterque 
cum  equitatu  veniret ;    alia  ratione  se  non  esse  venturum. 
Csesar,  quod  neque  colloquium22  tolli  volebat,  neque  salutem 
suam  Gallorum  equitatui  committere   audebat,   commodissi- 
mum  esse  statuit,  omnibus  equis  Gallis  equitibus  detractis,  eo 
milites  legionis  decimse  imponere,  ut  presidium  quam  amicis- 
simum  haberet.     Planities  erat  magna,  et  in  ea  tumulus  ter- 
reuus.     Hie  locus  sequo  fere  spatio  ab  castris  utrisque  aberat. 
Eo  ad  colloquium  venerunt.    Legionem  Csesar  passibus  ducen- 
tis  ab  eo  tumulo  constituit ;  equites  Ariovisti  pari  intervallo 
constiterunt. 

9.  Ariovistus,  ex  equis  ut  colloquerentur,  et  prseter  se  denos 
ut  ad  colloquium  adducerent,  postulavit.      Csesar  initio  ora- 
tionis  beneficia  commemoravit  \  quod  rex  appellatus  esset  a 
senatu ;  quod  munera  amplissima  missa ;  quam  rem  et  paucis 
contigisse  et  pro  magnis  officiis  docebat.    Docebat  etiam,  quam 


138  LATIN    LESSONS. 

veteres  quamque  justse  causse  necessitudinis  ipsis  cum  ^Eduis 
intercederent ;  quae  senatus  consulta,  quamque  honorifica,  in 
eos  facta  essent ;  ut  omni  tempore  tot i  us  Gallise  principatum 
tenuissent.  Postulavit  deinde  eadem,  quse4  legatis  in  mandatis 
dederat.  Ariovistus  ad  postulata  Caesaris  respondit :  Trans- 
isse  Rhenum  sese22  non  sua  sponte,  sed  arcessitum89  a  Gallis;27 
sedes  habere  ab  ipsis  concessas;  obsides  ipsorum  voluntate 
datos;  stipendium21  capere  jure  belli ;  non  se  Gallis18  belluin 
intulisse ;  omnes  Gallise  civitates  ad  se  oppugnandum41  ve- 
nisse ;  et  uno  proelio  superatas  esse.  Si  iterum  experiri  velint, 
iteruin  paratum  sese  decertare ;  si  pace  uti  velint,  iniquum 
esse  de  stipendio  recusare,  quod  sua  voluntate  ad  id  tempus 
pependerint.  Amicitiam  populi  Romani  sibi20  prsesidio20  non 
detrimento  esse  oportere.  Quod  multitudinem  Germanorum 
in  Galliam  transducat,  id21  se22  sui  munieudi  non  Gallise  im- 
pugnandse  causa  facere.  Se  prius  in  Galliam  venisse  quam 
populum  Romanuin.  Nunquam  ante  hoc  tempus  exercitum 
populi  Romani  provincise  fines  egressum.  Quid  sibi  vellet? 
Cur  in  suas  possessiones  veniret  ]  Proviuciam  suam  hanc 
esse  sicut  illani  nostram.  Ut  ipsi  concedi  non  oporteret,  si  in 
nostros  fines  impetum  faceret,  sic  item  nos  esse  iniquos,  qui  in 
suo  jure  se  interpellaremus. 

10.  Multa  ab  Csesare29  dicta  sunt,  quare  negotio28  desistere 
non  posset :  Neque  suam  neque  populi  Romani  consuetudinem 
pati,  uti  optime  meritos  socios  desereret ;  neque  se  judicare, 
Galliam  potius  esse  Ariovisti  quam  populi  Romani.  Si  judi- 
cium  senatus9  observari  oporteret,  liberam  debere  esse  Gal- 
liam, quam  bello  victam  suis  legibus31  uti38  voluisset.  Dum 
haac  in  colloquio  geruntur,  Cassari  nuntiatum  est  equites  Ario- 
visti propius  tumulum  accedere,  et  lapides21  telaque  in  nostros 
conjicere.  Csesar  loquendi  finem  fecit;  se  ad  suos  recipit; 
irnperavit  ne  quod  omnino  telum  in  hostes  rejicerent.  Nam, 
etsi  sine  ullo  periculo  legionis  delectae  prcelium  fore  videbat, 
tamen  committendum  non  putabat,  ut,  pulsis  hostibus,  dici 
posset,  ab  se  in  colloquio  circumventos.  Posteaquam  in  vul- 
gus  militurn  datum  est,  qua  arrogautia  Ariovistus  usus  Gallia 


THE   WAR   WITH   ARIOVISTUS.  139 

Romanis18  interdixisset,  impetumque  in  nostros  ejus  equites 
fecissent,  multo  major  alacritas  studiumque  pugnandi  exer- 
citui8  injectum  est. 

11.  Biduo  post  Ariovistus  ad  Caesarem  legates  mittit,  velle89 
se22  agere88  cum  eo;    uti  aut  iterum  colloquio  diem  consti- 
tueret,  aut  ex  legatis  aliquem  ad  se  mitteret.      Colloquendi 
Csesari  causa  visa  non  est.     Legatum  ex  suis  sese  magno  cum 
periculo  ad  eum  missurum,  et  hominibus18  feris  objecturum, 
existimabat.      Commodissimum  visum  est,  Gaium  Valerium 
Procillum  propter  fidem  et  propter  linguse  Gallicse  scientiam, 
qua31  multa  jam  Ariovistus  utebatur,  ad  eum  mittere,  et  Mar- 
cum  Mettium,  qui  hospitio  Ariovisti  usus  erat.      Quos  cum  in 
castris  conspexisset,  conclamavit  :    Quid  ad  se  venirent  1   an 
speculandi  causa?  et  in  catenas  conjecit.     Eodem  die  castra 
promovit,  et  milibus  passuum  sex  a  Csesaris  castris  sub  monte 
consedit.     Postridie  praetor  castra  Ciesaris  suas  copias  trans- 
duxit,  et  milibus  passuum  duobus33  ultra  eum  castra  fecit;  eo 
consilio,26  uti  commeatu,28  qui  ex  Sequanis  et  JEduis  supporta- 
retur,  Csesarem  intercluderet.     Dies  continues  quinque  Csesar 
pro  castris  suas  copias  produxit,  ut,  si  vellet  Ariovistus  proelio 
contendere,   ei  potestas  non  deesset.      Ariovistus   exercitum 
castris  continuit ;  equestri  proelio  quotidie  contendit. 

12.  Ubi   eum22  castris   se21  tenere39  Csesar  intellexit,   ne 
diutius  commeatu28  prohiberetur,   ultra  eum  locum  circiter 
passus  sexcentos  castris  idoneum  locum  delegit ;  acieque  tri- 
plici  instructa,  primam  et  secundam  in  armis  esse,  tertiam 
castra  munire  jussit.     Eo  circiter  hominum  numero  sexdecim 
milia  expedita  Ariovistus  misit ;  quse   copise   nostros   muni- 
tione  prohiberent.      Csesar,  ut  ante  const  it  uerat,  duas  acies 
hostem  propulsare,  tertiam  opus  perficere  jussit.     Munitis  cas- 
tris, duas  ibi  legiones  reliquit,  quo,ttuor  reliquas  in  castra  ma- 
jora  reduxit.      Proximo  die  Csesar  e  castris  utrisque  copias 
suas  eduxit ;    paulumque   a  majoribus  progressus,  aciem  in- 
struxit,  hostibusque  pugnandi  potestatem  fecit.     Ubi  ne  turn 
quidem  eos  prodire  intellexit,  circiter  meridiem  exercitum  in 
castra  reduxit.     Turn  demum  Ariovistus  partem  suarum  copi- 


140  LATIN    LESSONS. 

arum,  qua3  castra  minora  oppugnaret,44  misit.  Acriter  utrin- 
que  puguatum  est.  Soils  occasu34  copias  Ariovistus,  niultis  et 
illatis  et  acceptis  vulneribus,  in  castra  reduxit. 

13.  Cum  ex  captivis  qusereret  Csesar,  quam  ob  rem  Ario- 
vistus  proelio26  non  decertaret,  hanc  reperiebat  causam;  quod 
apud  Germanos  consuetude  esset,  ut  matres  faniilise  sortibus 
et  vaticinationibus  declararent,  utruni  proelium  committi  ex 
usu  esset,  necne;  eas  dicere:  Nou  esse  fas  Germanos  superare, 
si  ante  novam  luiiaui  prcelio  contendissent.     Postridie  Ceesar 
omnes  alarios  in  conspectu  hostium  pro  castris  rninoribus  con- 
stituit,  quod  minus  multitudine  militum  legionariorum  pro 
hostium  Dumero  valebat.     Ipse,  triplici  instructa  acie,  usque 
ad  castra  hostium  accessit.      Turn  demum  necessario  Gennani 
suas  copias  eduxerunt ;  omnemque  aciem  rhedis  et  carris  cir- 
cumdederunt,  ne  qua  spes  in  fuga  relinqueretur.     Eo  mulieres 
imposuerunt,  quse  in  proelium  proficiscentes  rnilites,  passis  ma- 
nibus,  flentes  implorabant,  ne  se  Romanis  traderent. 

14.  Csesar  singulis  legionibus  singulos  legatos  et  qusestorem 
prsefecit,  uti  testes21  quisque  virtutis  haberet.     Ipse  a  dextro 
comu,  quod  earn  parteni22  mininie  firniam  hostium  esse  ani- 
muni  adverterat,  proalium  commisit.     Ita  nostri  acriter  in  hos- 
tes,  signo  dato,  impetum  fecerunt ;  itaque  hostes  celeriter  pro- 
currerunt,  ut  spatium  pila  in  hostes  conjiciendi  non  daretur. 
Rejectis  pilis,  gladiis  pugnatum  est.      At  Germani,  celeriter 
phalange    facta,    impetus21   gladionim   exceperunt.       Reperti 
sunt  complures  nostri  milites,  qui  in  phalangas  insilirent,  et 
scuta  manibus  revellerent,  et  desuper  vulnerarent.     Cum  hos- 
tium acies  a  sinistro  cornu  pulsa  atque   in  fugam  conversa 
esset,  a  dextro  cornu  vehementer  multitudine  suorum  nostram 
aciem  premebant.     Id21  cum  animadvertisset  Publius  Crassus 
adolescens,  qui  equitatui18  praserat,  tertiam  aciem  subsidio20 
misit.     Ita  proelium  restitutum  est,  atque  omnes  hostes  terga 
verterunt,  neque  prius  fugere38  destiterunt,  quam  ad  flumen 
Pihenum,   milia   passuum   ex   eo   loco    circiter   quinquaginta, 
pcrvcuerint.      Ibi    perpauci,   aut   viribus    confisi   transnatai-e 
coutenderunt,  aut  lintribus  inventis  sibi  saluteni  repereruut. 


THE    WAR   WITH   ARIOVISTUS.  l4l 

In  his  fuit  Ai'iovistus,  qui,  naviculam  deligatam  ad  ripam 
nactus,  ea  profugit;  reliquos  omnes  cousecuti  equites  nostri 
interfecerunt. 

15.  Duse  Ariovisti  uxores  in  ea  fuga  perierunt;  dii83  filiae 
harum,  altera  occisa,  altera  capta  est.  Caius  Valerius  Procillus, 
cum  a  custodibus  in  fuga,  trinis  catenis26  vinctus,  traheretur, 
in  ipsum  Csesarem  hostes  persequentem  incidit.  Quge  quidem 
res  Csesari  non  minorem  quam  ipsa  victoria  voluptatem  at- 
tulit.  Is,  se  prsesente,  de  se  ter  sortibus  consultum  dicebat, 
utrum  igni  statim  necaretur,  an  in  aliud  tempus  reservaretur ; 
sortium  beneficio  se  esse  incolurnem.  Item  Marcus  Mettius  ad 
eum  reductus  est.  Hoc  proelio  trans  Rhenum  nuntiato,  Suevi, 
qui  ad  ripas  Rheni  venerant,  domum  reverti  creperunt.  Ubii 
magnum  ex  his  numerum  occiderunt.  Csesar,  una  sestate 
duobus  maximis  bellis  confectis,  maturius  paulo  quam  tempus 
anni  postulabat,  in  hiberna  in  Sequanos  exercitum  deduxit ; 
hibernis  Labienum  prseposuit ;  ipse  in  citeriorem  Galliam  ad 
conventus  agendos  profectus  est. 


NOTES. 


I.    FABLES. 

"  1.  domus  :  genitive,  4th  declension,  §  12,  3  (e)  ;  how  does  it  differ 
in  meaning  from  domi  ?  —  prsetereuntem  agrees  with  lupum,  object  of 
vidit. 

2.  subveni  (imperative),  help.  — puero,  etc.,  reproached  to  the  boy  his 
rashness  ;  we  should  say,  reproached  him  for  his  rashness. 

3.  malum  (nominative),  understand  me  ludificat. 

4.  pellem  indutus,  having  put  on  the  skin,  §  52,  3,  Kemark.  —  au- 
dissem  for  audivissem,  §  30,  6  (a). 

5.  tene  ....  sectari,  you  hunt  a  lion?  see  §  57,  8  (g).  — ne  .  .  .  . 
quidem,  not  even  :  whose  voice  even  you  could  not  endure. 

6.  pontificem  sacrificaturum  sc.  esse,  that  the  priest  would,  etc.  : 
see  §  67,  1.  — mallem,  would  rather,  §  57,  4  (c). 

7.  quae :  for  the  gender,  see  §  48,  2. 

8.  aucupis :  for  the  form,  see  §  11,  iii,  1  (b). 

9.  singulos  correptos  comedebat,  caught  and  ate  them,  one  by  one : 
see  §  72,  3.  —  dum  capiuntur,  see  58,  2  (e)  :  we  should  use  a  past  tense 
in  English.  —  simulavit  se  esse  mortuam,  pretended  to  be  dead,  §  70, 
2(d). 

10.  justa,  justly  ;  lit.  just  things:  see  §  41,  1  (i) ;  §  47,  4  (b). 

11.  rata  hanc  parituram  [esse],  supposing  that  she  would  lay,  §  67, 
1  ;  72,  1  (b). 

12.  quo  :  generally  used  instead  of  ut  with  comparatives,  §  64,  1  (a). 

13.  usque,  for  a  while. 

14.  ut  fieri  solet,  as  often  happens.  — frangerent :  for  the  tense,  see 
§  58,  10  (e).  — quam  firma  res  esset,  how  strong  a  thing  is,  etc. :  see 
§  58,  10  (d). 

16.    in  palude,  see  §  56,  1  (c),  Remark. 


Ill:  LATIN    LESSONS. 


II.    TALES    FROM    ROMAN    HISTORY. 

These  extracts  have  been  taken  from  Viri  Romce,  a  compilation 
made  in  the  last  century  from  Livy,  Valerius  Maximus,  and  other 
historical  writers.  The  earlier  tales,  though  very  famous,  are  en- 
titled to  little  credit  as  history,  but  contain  such  traditions  as  were 
current  at  the  time  of  the  empire. 

1.  rex  ATbanorum,      The  Albans  were  citizens  of  Alba  Longa  (the 
long  white  city},  the  chief  city  of  Latium.     It  was  situated  on  the  Alban 
Lake  about  twenty  miles  southeast  from  Rome.     It  was  at  the  head  of 
the  league  of  the  thirty  Latin  cities,  until  supplanted  by  Rome.  —  natu 
major,  lit.  greater  by  birth,  i.  e.  older;  for  the  ablative  of  natu  see 
Rule  26  ;  how  is  major  compared  ?  what  kind  of  a  clause  is  qui  natu 
major  erat  ?  —  regnum  (same  root  with  rego,  to  rule)  is  the  royal 
power.  —  pulso  fratre,  lit.  his  brother  having  been  expelled,  or,  when  he 
had  expelled  his  brotJier  ;  for  the  case  of  fratre,  see  Rule  35.     Xotice 
that  the  noun  hi  the  ablative  absolute  denotes  a  different  person  or  thing 
from  the  subject  of  the  sentence. — ut  eum  subole  privaret,  this  is  a 
final  clause  depending  on  fecit,  and  denotes  the  puqaose  of  the  action. 
"Why  is  privaret  in  the  imperfect  tense?  —  ej  us  refers  to  Numitor;  if 
Amulius  had  been  referred  to,  suam  would  have  been  used.  —  Vestae. 
The  priestesses  of  Vesta,  called  the  Vestal  Virgins,  kept  alive  the  sacred 
fire  of  Vesta,  the  divinity  of  the  Hearth.     They  were  six  in  number, 
and  were  never  to  be  married  so  long  as  they  remained  in  this  service.  — 
quae,  i.  e.  Rhea  Silvia:  translate,  but  sJie :  see  §  48,  4. — quo  cognito, 
lit.  this  being  known;  this  ablative  absolute  denotes  time  :  render,  wJicn 
this  was  known.  —  Tiberim.    The  Tiber  rises  in  the  Apennines,  and  after 
a  course  of  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  empties  into  the  Tuscan 
Sea  by  two  mouths  near  the  town  of  Ostia,  which  derives  its  name  from 
being  near  the  mouth  (ostium)  of  the  Tiber.     Rome  was  situated  about 
eighteen  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber.     For  the  termination  of  the 
accusative  in  -im,  see  §  11,  i.  3,  1.  —  impositos,  etc.  :  render,  placed  the 
little  ones  in  a  skiff  (and)  threw  them,  into  the  Tiber.  — relabente  flumine, 
when  tlte  river  fell  again.  —  in  sicco,  on  dry  land.  —  What  is  the  plural 
of  locus?  —  solitudines  (from  solus,  alone):  for  the  gender,  see  §  11, 
iv.  1  (b).  —  ubera  eorum  ori  admovit,  suckled  them.  —  matremque  se 
gessit,  acted  as  t/icir  motJier. 

2.  saepius,  quite  often. —  pastor  regius,  the  king's  shcpJierd,  §  50,  1 
(a).  —  reverteretur :  for  the  mood,  see  §  62,  2  (b).      The  clause  in- 
troduces a  reason  for  Faustulus  noticing  the  fact.  —  (eos)   conjugi 


NOTES.  145 

dedit  educandos,  gave  them  to  his  ivife  to  be  brought  up  (to  bring  up). 
The  gerundive  agrees  with  eos,  and  expresses  a  purpose  passively :  see 
§  72,  5  (c). — vires,  see  §  11,  III.  4  (d) .  —  venando,  in  hunting:  see 
§  73,  3  (d).  — primo  ....  deinde  ....  turn,  mark  a  threefold  division 
of  a  subject.  — coeperunt,  see  §  38,  1  (a).  — Why  is  a  expressed  before 
quibus? — What  kind  of  a  pronoun  is  quis?  The  clause  quis  esset  ejus 
avus,  who  was  his  grandfather,  contains  an  indirect  question,  Rule  45  ; 
the  direct  question  would  be,  quis  est  ejus  avus,  who  is  his  grandfather? 
Is  this  clause  subject  or  object?  —  armatis  pastoribus,  having  armed 
the  shepherds.  —  Albam,  see  Rule  36.  — Is  properavit  in  the  historical 
perfect  (aorist)  or  the  perfect  definite  ? 

3.  accusantes,  accusing  him  as  if  he  was  accustomed  to  molest,  etc., 
i.  e.  of  being  in  the  habit  of  molesting,  etc.  —  a  rege,  i.  e.  by  Amulius, 
who  was  now  king.  —  haud  ....  agnosceret,  was  not  far  from  recog- 
nizing, etc.  :  see  §  65,  1  (b).  —  lineamentis,  §  54,  7  (a).  — simillimus, 
very  like :  see  §  17,  1  (b).  —  animum  Numitoris,  etc.,  kept  the  mind  of 
Numitor  anxious  ;  anxium  agrees  with  animum.  —  condiderunt,  why 
plural  ?  see  §  49,  1.  —  contentio,  what  gender? — uter,  which  of  the  two; 
this  is  an  indirect  question  depending  on  the  verb  implied  in  conten- 
tio. —  adhibuere  auspicia :  auspicia  (avis  and  specie)  means  divina- 
tion by  means  of  birds ;  augurium  (avis,  and  an  old  verb  gurio  from 
which  comes  our  word  garrulous)  had  nearly  the  same  meaning.  — 
prior,  §  17,  3,  an  adjective  agreeing  with  Remus,  where  we  should  use 
an  adverb  ;  in  place  of  the  ordinal  adverbs,  prius,  primo,  posterius, 
the  corresponding  adjectives  are  often  used,  §  47,  6.  —  Romam,  etc., 
he  called  (the  city)  Rome.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  muniret,  that  he  might  fortify  it 
by  laws  sooner  than  by  walls ;  antequam  and  priusquam  are  often  sep- 
arated. Why  is  muniret  in  the  imperfect  subjunctive  ?  what  is  the  ob- 
ject of  edixit?  —  ne  quis,  that  no  one:  when  a  purpose  is  expressed, 
ne  quis  is  used  instead  of  ut  nemo,  that  no  one  ;  ne  ullus  for  ut  nul- 
lus,  that  none ;  ne  unquam  for  ut  nunquam,  that  never ;  ne  usquam 
for  ut  nusquam,  that  nowhere.  —  vallum,  eartlien  rampart.  —  quod, 
this  ;  it  relates  to  the  clause  edixit,  etc.  —  sic  ....  mea,  whoever  shall 
leap  over  my  walls  shall  be  thus  affected  with  evil ;  the  subject  of  afficie- 
tur  is  understood,  the  antecedent  of  quicumque ;  afficietur,  transiliet, 
see  §  59,  1  (a),  —solus:  for  the  inflection,  see  §  16,  1  (b). 

On  the  death  of  Romulus,  Numa  Pompilius  was  elected  king.  He  is 
said  to  have  been  the  author  of  the  religious  institutions  of  Rome  ;  he 
instituted  the  pontiffs  who  had  the  general  superintendence  of  religion, 
and  the  augurs  who  consulted  the  will  of  the  gods.  Numa  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Tullus  Hostilius  during  whose  reign  a  war  broke  out  between 
Rome  and  Alba  Longa. 

1.  rex,  see  §  46,  2. — Romulo,  why  ablative?  What  would  be  the 
10 


146  LATIN    LESSONS. 

construction  if  quam  was  expressed? — eo  regnante,  during  his  reign.  — 
Fuffetius  was  dictator  at  Alba.  — ducibus,  see  §  46. — fata,  see  §  52,  4 
(b).  — populus,  see  syns.  The  Romanus  populus  were  the  warriors,  and 
alone  had  any  share  in  the  government  of  the  state.  —  erant,  there  iccre  ; 
trigemini  is  the  subject.  —  cum  iis  agunt  reges,  the  kings  treat  with 
these.  —  ut  ....  ferro,  that  they  should  fight  with  tlie  sword  each  for  his 
own  country  ;  quisque  is  in  apposition  with  fratres ;  sometimes  the  verb 
agrees  with  quisque  instead  of  the  proper  subject-word  ;  why  subjunctive? 
why  present  tense  ?  —  ea  lege,  on  these  terms.  — ut  unde  ....  lit.  tJiat 
whence  victory  (should  be),  there  it  also  should  empire  be ;  unde  is  a 
relative  adverb,  and  has  ibi  for  its  antecedent.  —  Why  is  esset  sub- 
junctive?—  itaque,  therefore;  ita-que,  and  so. — infestis  armis,  -with 
presented  arms.  —  terni :  this  distributive  numeral  implies,  three  on 
each  side.  —  animos,  the  courage. 

2.  nt,  when. — concursu,  §  54,  10.  —  consertis  manibus,  with  their 
hands  woven  together,    i.   e.    in  hand-to-hand   conflict.  —  alius  super 
alium,  one  upon  the  other.  —  ad  casum,  at  the  disaster.  —  gaudio,  why 
ablative  ?  —  exercitus  (exerceo,  to  exercise]  is  the  drilled  army ;  agmen 
(to  lead),  an  army  on  the  line  of  march ;  acies,  an  army  drawn  up  in  line 
of  battle.  — deserebat,  was  on  the  point  of  deserting.  — iota:  for  inflec- 
tion, see  §  16,  1  (b)  :  give  the  English  derivative.  —  Horatium  :  for  vo- 
cative of  names  in  ius,  see  §  10,  4  (c). —  circumstetenmt,  see  §  52,  1 
(d).  —  integer  (in,  not,  tango,  to  touch),  unJiurt.  —  tribus,  why  dative  ? 
—  secuturos,  when  they  sliould  follow :  see  §  72,  4  (a).  —  aggrederetur, 
why  imperfect  subjunctive  ?  —  ali quantum  spatii,  some  (of)  distance, 
Eule  10.  — pugnatum  est,  they  fouglit  (lit.  it  was  fought,  or,  the  fight- 
ing took  place).  — non,  not,  is  the  usual  negative;  ne  is  used  in  wishes, 
prohibitions,  and  purposes  ;  haud  is  used  with  adjectives  and  adverbs, 
and  in  the  phrase  haud  nescio  an.  —  loco  has  in  the  plural  loci  and 
loca:  see  §  14,  2  (c).  — ut,  what  kind  of  a  conjunction  ?  why  is  it  fol- 
lowed by  the  present  subjunctive  ? —  opem,  the  nom.  of  this  word  is  not 
used.  —  posset,  see  §  62,  2,  3  (c). 

3.  singuli,  one  on  each,  side.  —  snpererant,  see  supersum.  —  alterius 
limits  corpus  and  animus.  —  fessum  agrees  with  corpus.  — bellum  (from 
duellum,  duo),  war;  prcelium,  an  engagement,  action;  pugna  (root  pug, 
whence  pugno),  any  kind  of  a  contest  or  battle ;  acies,  a  pitclwd  bat- 
tle. —  sustinentem,  a  participle  agreeing  with  eum  understood  :  trans- 
late, kills  him  while  lie  can  scarcely  Iwld  up  his  arms.  — jacentem, 
05  he  lies  prostrate.  —  domum,  Eule  36.  —  princeps  :  in  the  place  of  the 
ordinal  adverbs,  prius,  primum,  posterius,  the  corresponding  adjectives 
are  often  used  when  they  belong  to  a  noun  in  the  sentence.  — cui,  dative 
after  obvia,  see  §  51,  2,  his  sister  met  him.  —  quse,  see  §  48.  —  uni,  why 
dative? — ex  Curiatiis  for  Curiationun,  see  §  52,  2,  Rem. — viso,  what 


NOTES.  147 

does  this  participle  denote  ?  —  paludamento,  why  ablative  ?  This  was 
thetmilitary  cloak  worn  by  officers  ;  the  sagum  was  worn  by  the  common 
soldiers. — juveni,  see  §  51,  7  (a). — comploratio,  rule  for  the  gender? 
—  abi,  from  abeo.  —  oblita  agrees  with  tu,  the  subject  of  abi.  —  eat, 
let  her  perish.  —  hostis,  a  foreign  enemy  in  war ;  inimicus,  a  private 
personal  enemy  ;  adversarius,  any  opponent. 

4.  atrox  agrees  with  facinus.— in  jus,  for  trial. — lictor.  The  lictors 
were  the  attendants  who  walked  before  the  king  (afterwards  the  higher 
magistrates).  Their  duties  were  to  arrest  the  guilty,  and  punish  them 
by  beheading  or  scourging ;  they  carried  the  fasces,  — axes  bound  in  a 
bundle  of  rods ;  the  axes,  as  symbols  of  beheading  and  scourging.  — 
provocavit :  provoco  was  to  appeal  to  the  people  for  life  ;  appello,  to 
appeal  to  a  magistrate.  —  interea  and  interim  both  mean  in  the  mean 
time;  interea  refers  to  an  event  continuing  during  the  whole  of  the 
time,  interim  to  one  occurring  at  some  time  in  the  interval. — jure, 
rightfully.  —  Distinguish  between  the  meaning  of  ne,  non,  haud.  —  To 
whom  does  se  refer  ?  —  peractis,  see  perago  ;  wlien  certain  sacrifices  had 
been  performed  ;  transmisit  per  viam,  placed  over  the  road. 


III.    LIFE    OF    POMPEY. 

1.  suo  exercitui,  to  his  army.  — bello  civili,  i.  e.  the  war  between 
Marius  and  Sulla,  B.  C.  83  -  82.  —  distinguish  between  itaque  and  ita- 
que,  see  §  4,  2  (c).  —  facta  est :  fio,  in  the  sense  of  to  be  made  is  used 
as  the  passive  of  faeio.  —  conspiratio  :  for  the  gender,  see  §  11,  IV.  (b). 

—  quidam,  see  Lesson  XXV.  —  contubernalis,  a  tent-mate.     It  was  the 
custom  for  young  men  of  rank,  who  wished  to  learn  the  art  of  war,  to 
accompany  a  general  on  his  campaign  ;  these  were  called  contubernales. 

—  eum  occidendum,  to  kill  him  j  the  participle  in  -dus  may  be  trans- 
lated in  three  ways  :  (1),  like  the  present  infinitive  active  or  passive,  see 
§  72,  5  (c)  ;  (2),  see  §  40,  (b)  •  (3),  see  §  73,  2.  —  incenderent,  see  62, 
(b)  &  (c).  —  quae,  see  §  48,  4.  —  ccenanti,  (while)  supping.  —  nihil,  in  no 
respect,  §  52,  3.  —  solito  hilarius,  with  more  tJian  his  usual  hilarity.  — 
eadem  ....  usus  est,  he  used  tlie  same  affability  as  before  ;  qui  after 
idem  is  translated  as.  —  districto  ense,  with  drawn  sword.  —  stragula, 
the  covering  of  his  bed.  —  suo  duci,  to  tlieir  leader :  suo  here  refers  not 
to  the  subject  of  the  sentence,  but  to  the  milites  the  object  of  placavit 
and  reconciliavit. 

2.  paries,  the  party.  —  secutiis,  see  sequor.  —  ita  egit,  so  acted :  see 


148  LATIN    LESSONS. 

ago.  —  diligeretur,  see  §  65,  1. — annos  ....  natus,  wJicn  Tic  was  twen- 
ty-three years  old.  —  statimque  ....  exstitit,  and  immediately  became 
a  skilful  leader.  —  nullus  ....  tsedio,  no  labor  was  irksome  to  him.  — 
saltu,  in  leaping.  —  aut  ....  adjunxit,  lie  either  routed  or  joined  them 
to  himself :  see  fundo. —  quern  ....  audivit,  when  Sulla  heard  that 
he  was  approaching  him.  —  egregiamque  ....  aspexit,  and  saw  his  dis- 
tinguished youth  (i.  e.  Pornpey)  under  his  standard.  —  imperator,  as  im- 
perator.  —  ei  vienienti,  when  he  approached  (him).  —  quern,  this.  — 
tribuebat,  he  was  accustomed  to  bestow :  see  §  58,  3. 

3.  profectus  est,  see  proficiseor.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  reciperet,  tJiat  he  might 
retake  it  (as  it)  liad  been  taken  possession  of,  etc.  —  quern  ....  jussit, 
Pompey  commanded  tliat  he  should  be  led  to  punishment,  after  that  lie  had 
sharply  rebuked  him :  for  the  construction  after  jubeo,  see  §  57,  8  (d), 
end ;  §  70,  2.  —  Siculae ....  principem,  the  chief  of  a  certain  Sicilian  city. 

—  in,  against. — animadvertere,  to  take  mc-asures. — si  ....  plecteret, 
if  hepunisJicd  all  on  account  of  the  fault  of  one  ;  in  direct  discourse,  Tu 
inique  facies,  si  ob  culpam  unius  omnes  plectes,  see  59,  4.  —  interro- 
ganti  Pompeio,  when  Pompey  asked.  —  ego  ....  qui,  it  was  I .  .  .  . 
wlio.  —  libera  voce,  with  his  bold  speech.  —  pepercit,  see  parco,  see 
§  30,  3  (d),  1. 

4.  qui  ....  favebat,  who  favored  the  party  of  Marius.  —  adoles- 
cens,  (though  being)  a  youth.  —  a  Sulla,  by  Sulla.  —  quibus,  by  whom. 

—  dimittere,  to  disband.  —  cum  ....  legione,  with  only  one  legion.  — 
id  ....  Pompeius,  Pompey  was  displeased  at  this.  —  revertenti,  when 
he  returned. — obviam  ivit,  came  out  to  meet  him. — Isetus,  with  joy, 
lit.  joyful :  see  §  47,  6.  —  nihilominus  ....  restitit,  nevertheless  he 
opposed  Pompey  seeking  a' triumph:  see  Hand-book  under  the  word  tri- 
umph. —  cognomen,  see  §  15,  1  and  2.  — a  proposito,  from  his  pur- 
pose. —  ausus  est,  see  §  35,  2.  —  quo  ....  minui,  by  this  saying  he  in- 
sinuated that  the  power  of  Pompey  was  decreasing  ;  for  the  infinitive  see 
§  58,  11.  — triumphet,  let  him  triumph:  see  §  68,  1. 

5.  Metello  ....  Pompeius,  Pompey  was  appointed  as  a  colleague 
to  Metellus,  etc.  —  subiit,  he  incurred.  —  vasta  ....  magnitudine,  of 
great  size  of  body.  —  fecisset,  see  §  62,  2  (b).  —  multis  ....  concur- 
rentibus,    when  many  rushed  upon  him. — fugientibus,  who  fled.  — 
prseter  spem,   contrary  to  his  expectation.  —  illi  ....  caperent,  they 
captured,  etc.  —  illorum  ....  efiugit,  escaped  from  their  Iwnds.  —  labo- 
ranti,  hard  pressed.  —  fertur,  (Sertorius)  is  said.  —  fusus  est,  see  fundo. 

—  supervenisset,  had  come  up:  see  §  59,  3  (b). — puerum,  i.  e.  Pompey; 
he  was  only  thirty  years  old  when  he  was  sent  into  Spain  to  conduct 
the  war  against  Sertorius. 

6.  infestarent,  see  §  62,  2  (b).  —  ad  eos  opprimendos,  see  §  64,  2 
(4).     Pompey  was  appointed  to  this  command  in  the  year  B.  C.  67.     In 


NOTES.  149 

consequence  of  the  Social  and  Civil  Wars,  and  the  absence  of  a  fleet  in 
the  Mediterranean  Sea,  the  number  of  pirates  had  so  increased  that  they 
often  plundered  the  cities  on  the  coast,  an,d  cut  off  all  communication 
between  Rome  and  the  provinces.  —  nimise  viri  potentise,  the  too  great 
power  of  the  man.  —  imprimis,  especially.  —  qui  cum,  when  he.  —  esse 
....  tribuenda,  that  Cneius  Pompey  is  indeed,  etc.  —  si  quid,  if  any- 
thing. —  ecquem,  whom.  Is  this  the  direct  or  indirect  discourse  ? 
brevi,  in  a  short  time.  —  prsedones  ....  fudit,  he  conquered  and  routed 
the  pirates  in  many  places.  —  acceptos,  when  lie  had  received.  —  fudit, 
see  fundo. 

7.  Give  the  synonymes  of  proficiscor.  —  Pompey  Was  appointed  in  B. 
C.  66  to  the  command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates  in  place  of  Lucullus. 
—  opportuna,  suitable.  —  castris,  in  his  camp:  see  §  55,  3  (/). — noctu 
....  ignotis,  but  by  night  it  was  not  safe,  etc.  —  luna  ....  adjumento, 
the  moon  was  a  great  assistance,  etc.  —  nam  ....  pertinebant,  for  since 
tlie  Romans  had  this  behind  them,  the  shadows  of  their  bodies  being  cast 
forward  quite  a  distance,  extended  even  to  the  front  ranks  of  the  enemy.  — 
regii  milites,  the  soldiers  of  the  king.  —  Pontus,  for  the  boundaries :  see 
Hand-book. — why  is  a  expressed  before  patre  ?  —  timebat,   etc.,   he 
feared  for  his  own  life  :  see  §  51,  2  (3).  —  quod  ....  subiret,  and  when 
it  (the  poison)  operated  too  slowly. 

8.  partes,  the  party :  what  does  this  relative  clause  denote  ?  see  §  63, 
1  and  2.  —  quern  ....  erexit,  yet  he  raised  him  up  kneeling  before  him. 
Give  the  synonymes  of  regnum.  —  seque  pulchrum  judicans,  judging  it 
to  be  equally  noble.  —  rebus  Asise  compositis,  when  tlw  affairs  of  Asia, 
had  been  settled:  see  compono.  —  ut,  as.  —  tertium  ....  duxit,  he  cele- 
brated a  third  triumph  within  two  days,  i.  e.  three  triumphs  in  the  space 
of  two  days.  —  hie  triumphus,  this  triumph,  i.  e.  this  series  of  triumphs 
considered  as  a  whole.  —  quam  quod,  than  because.  —  tribus  triumphis, 
for  three  triumphs.  —  tres  ....  devictse,  three  parts  of  the  world  being 
conquered.  —  quod  :  what  is  the  antecedent  of  quod  ?  what  is  contingo 
compounded  of  ?    Syn.     Accidit  is  used  of  any  unexpected  event ;  con- 
tingit,  of  what  occurs  by  the  gift  of  fortune,  generally  something  favor- 
able ;  evenit,  it  turns  out,  is  used  of  what  is  either  lucky  or  unlucky.  — 
ex,  on  account  of.  —  felix  opinione,  in  the  estimation.  —  si  ....  habu- 
isset,  if  he  lutd  had  the  same  end  of  life  as  of  glory. 

9.  orta  est,  see  orior.  —  hie,  the  former  ;  ille,  the  latter.  —  exarsit, 
see  §  36  (c).  —  quern  ....  fudit,  Ccesar  followed  and  routed  him  with 
his  army  at  Pharsalia :  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  was  fought  in  B.  C.  48.  — 
victus  ....  profugit,  after  Pompey  had  been  conquered  he  fled  .... 
to  whom  he  had  been  appointed  tutor  by  the  senate.  —  sub  oculis,  before 
the  eyes.  —  delatum  est,   see  defero.  —  qui  ....  fudit,  who  when 
he  saw  this,  shed  tears.  —  illud  ....  curavit,  he  took  care  to  have  it 
burned,  etc. 


150  LATIN    LESSONS. 

10.  is ....  exitus,  such  teas  tlic  end  of  the,  life  of  a  most  renowned 
man,  etc.  —  cum  ....  medicus,   when  his  physician  ordered  him  when 
$j^£.  —  negarent ....  reper^ri,  but  his  servant  said  that  that  bird  could 
not  be  found  anyicherc  in  the  summer  time.  —  nisi  apud  Lucullum,  un- 
less at  the  house  of  Lucullm.  —  aliam  ....  apponi,  he  commanded  thai 
anotlier  bird  which  was  easy  to  be  procured  should  be  set  before  him. 

11.  Posidonium,     Posidouius  was  a  Stoic  philosopher.     Why  is  au- 
dire  in  the  infinitive  ?  —  voluit ....  visere,  Pornpey  wished  at  least  to 
call  upon  him  ;  what  kind  of  a  verb  is  viso  ?    (See  Gr.  loot  of  p.  99.)  — 
quern  ....  salutavit,  when  lie  saw  and  saluted  him.  —  moleste  se  ferre, 
that  he  grieved.  —  nee  ....  efficiat,  neither  will  I  allow  that  the  pain  of 
my  body  shall  cause  that,  etc.  —  cum  ....  pungeret,  but  when  sometimes 
the  pain  afflicted  him  severely.  —  nihil  agis,  lit.  you  accomplish  nothing, 
i.  e.  it  is  of  no  use.  —  quamvis,  although. 


IV.    LIFE    OF    C^SAR. 

1.  annum  ....  decimum,  being  in  his  sixteenth  year.  — paulo  post 
duxit  uxorem,  a  little  while  after  he  married  Cornelia  ;  ducere  uxo- 
rem,  to  marry,  is  said  of  the  husband  only.  — cujus  ....  inimicus, 
since  her  father  was  unfriendly  to  Sulla  :  how  does  inimicus  differ  from 
hostis  ?  —  ut  earn  dimitteret,  to  divorce  her,  lit.  that  he  sltould  divorce 
her.  —  bonis,  property :  see  §  47,  4  (6).  —  cum  ....  qusereretur,  when 
he  was  even  sought  for  in  order  to  be  put  to  death  :  what  kind  of  a  clause 
is  this  ?  why  imperfect  subj.  ?  on  what  verb  does  it  depend  ?  —  mutata 
veste :  what  does  this  participle  denote  ?  how  is  the  ablative  absolute 
rendered  ?  —  quartanae,  supply  febris,  lit.  sick  with  the  disease  of  quar- 
tan ague  ;  laboret,  why  subj.  ?  —  per  proximos  suos,  by  means  of  his 
relations :  for  the  use  of  per,  see  §  54,  4  (b).  —  qui  ....  denegasset, 
when  he  would  have  refused  it  to  the  distinguisJied  men  who  begged  for  it  : 

denegasset,  see  §  62,  2  (b).  —  aliquando futurum,  will  ruin  (lit. 

be  for  a  ruin)  the  party  of  the,  aristocracy,  etc.  :  give  the  syiionymes  of 
cupio ;  of  puer. 

2.  Sulla  died  B.  C.  78  —  mortuo,  see  35,  1  (a).  —  secedere,  to  re- 
tire. —  per   otium,  at  (his)   leisure.  —  dicendi,  of  oratory.  —  operam 
daret,  might  give  (his)  attention.  —  SYX.    maneo,  remain  whether  for  a 
long  or  short  time  ;  commoror,  remain  for  some  time  in  a  place,  so- 
journ ;  habito,  dwell  permanently.  — se  gessit,  he  conducted  himself.  — 
ut .  . .  .  esset :  does  this  clause  denote  purpose  or  result  ?  —  excalceatus 


NOTES.  151 

est :  if  he  had  taken  off  his  shoes,  the  pirates  might  have  suspected  that 
he  meant  to  escape  by  swimming.  —  ad  ....  pecunias,  to  get  money  : 
for  the  gerundive  denoting  purpose,  see  §  64,  2.  —  servus,  mancipium, 
famulus,  all  mean  a  slave  ;  servus,  as  one  politically  inferior ;  manci- 
pium, a  salable  commodity  ;  famulus,  a  family  possession.  —  SYN. 
comes  (con,  eo),  companion,  a  felloio-traveller  ;  socius,  a  companion, 
member  of  the  same  society ;  sodalis,  a  companion  in  amusement  or  pleas- 
ure. —  quibus  redimeret :  does  this  relative  clause  denote  purpose  or 
result  ?  —  Miletus,  a  flourishing  city  of  Ionia.  —  proximo  aberat,  was 
at  the  nearest  distance  off.  —  SYN.  pcena,  general  word  for  punishment  ; 
supplicium  (supplico,  kneel),  a  severe  punishment  (the  criminal  kneel- 
ing for  the  blow) ;  cruciatus  (crux,  cross),  torture,  as  of  one  on  the 
cross  ;  tormentum  (torqueo),  a  racking  torture,  to  extort  confession. 

3.  Quaestor  ....  factus  :  fio,  in  the  sense  of,  to  be  made,  appointed,  is 
used  as  the  passive  of  facio.  —  inter  se,  together.  —  concupiscebat,  de- 
sired earnestly,  coveted  ;  see  §  59,  3.  —  in  ore  habebat,  lit.  had  in  his 
mouth,  i.  e.  kept  repeating.  —  colas,  see  §  68,  1.  —  quod,  see  §  48,  2.  — 
memorabilis :  a  partitive  genitive  could  not  be  used  after  nihil,  only 
neuter  adjectives  of  the  second  declension  are  so  used  :  see  §  50,  2,  Hern. 

—  orbis  terrarum  must  be  used  in  preference  to  terra,  when  there  is  a 
decided  reference  to  other  lauds. 

4.  in  ....  honoribus  in  soliciting  the  favor  of  tlie  plebciaiis,  and  in 
canvassing  for  the  magistracies  (honors).  —  dicebat  ....  sestertium, 
lit.  he  used  to  say  that  there  was  need  to  himself  of  1,000  times  100,000 
sestertii,  — 100,000,000  sesterces,  or  nearly  $4,000,000;  sestertium, 
gen.  plur.  used  for  sestertiorum :  see  §  85,  3.  — ut  haberet  nihil :  after 
he  had  freed  himself  from  debt,  there  would  be  nothing  left  of  his  own. 

—  consulatum :  every  Koman  citizen  who  aspired  to  the  consulship 
had  to  pass  through  a  regular  gradation  of  public  offices,  and  the  age  in 
which  he  was  eligible  to  each  was  fixed  by  the  Lex  Annalis,  B.  C.  179, 
as  follows  :  for  the  Qusestorship,  which  was  the  first  of  the  magistracies, 
one  must  be  twenty-seven  years  of  age  ;  for  the  JMileship,  thirty-seven  ; 
for  the  Praetorship,  forty  ;  and  for  the  Consulship,  forty-three.      See 
Hand-book,  p.  84-87.  —  inito tulit  (see  ineo),  when  he  had  en- 
tered upon  the  office  Ccesar  proposed,  etc.  —  egenis  civibus,  among  needy 
citizens.  —  ut .  .  .  .  obsisteret,  that  he  might  oppose  the  law's  being  en- 
acted. —  foro,  from  the  forum.     The  Forum  was  situated  between  the 
Capitoline  and  Palatine  hills  ;  it  was  the  chief  place  of  public  business. 
There  were  other  fora,  but  this  was  distinguished  as  Forum  Romanum, 
or  as  Forum,  being  the  most  important.  —  domi  se  continere,  to  re- 
main at  home. — curia,  from  tlie  senate-house  :  senatus,  tJie  senate,  either 
the  senators  or  the  place  where  they  met ;  curia,  tlie  building  where  the 
senators  assembled.  —  quidam,  some.  —  non  ut  mos  erat,  not  as  was  tlie 


152  LATIN    LESSONS. 

custom  ;  mos,  an  establisJied  custom,  especially  of  a  nation  ;  consuetude, 
Jiabit,  which  results  in  a  settled  usage  (mos) ;  cseremonia,  a  rcl<<jio</.s 
ceremony.  —  consulibus  Caesar  e  et  Bibulo.  In  the  consulship  of  Ccesar 
and  Uibuhis.  The  year  was  generally  designated  at  Rome  in  this  way  ; 
the  name  of  the  consuls  for  the  year  being  put  in  the  ablative  absolute 
with  consulibus.  This  was  the  year  B.  C.  59.  In  this  case  the  two 
names  (nomen,  i.  e.  Julius ;  cognomen,  Cajsar)  of  Csesar  are  used  :  see 
§15. 

f>.  A  Consul  after  his  term  of  office  expired  was  often  sent  as  pro- 
consul  to  govern  a  province  ;  by  Sulla's  laws  a  consul  must  remain  in 
Italy  during  his  term  of  office,  and  then  might  be  sent  to  govern  a  pro- 
vince. Caesar  departed  to  his  province  in  B.  C.  58.  —  gessit ....  fere, 
during  the  nine  years  in  which  lie  was  in  power  he  accomplished  in  sub- 
stance the  following.  —  primus  Romanorum,  first  of  the  Roinans.  — 
ponte  fabricate,  ~by  construct  in<j  a  bridge. — maximis  ....  cladibus, 
he  made  a  great  slaughter.  —  iis,  from  them.  —  quo  in  bello,  in  this  war. 
—  inclinante  in  fugam,  giving  way.  — SYX.  Scutum,  any  shield;  cli- 
peus,  a  round  shield  ;  parma,  similar  to  clipeus,  but  smaller,  a  buckler; 
ancile,  an  oval  shield.  — in  primain  aeiem,  to  the  front.  — terga  ver- 
tentem,  turning  his  back  (to. the  enemy),  fleeing.  —  illic  sunt,  there  are 
those.  —  animos,  courage. 

6.  adhuc,  still.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  absent!,  that  it  should  be  permitted  to  him 
although  absent;   what  is  the  subject  of  liceret?     It  was  a  law  that 
every  candidate  for  the  consulship  should  appear  before  the  magistrate, 
and  have  his  name  entered  on  the  official  list  of  candidates  before  elec- 
tion. —  vindicaturus,  to  avenge  ;  see  §  72,  4.  — Brundisium,  a  town  in 
Calabria,  was  the  port  from  which  those  going  from  Rome  to  Greece  or 
the  East  embarked  ;  Dyrrachium,  a  city  on  the  coast  of  Illyricum.  — 
cessantibus  copiis,  his  forces  delaying  ;  what  does  this  participle  de- 
note ?  —  flante,  blowing.  —  in  altum.  out  into  the  deep  sea.  —  dirigi,  to 
be  steered.  —  cederet,  would  yield.     Caesar  had  sailed  from  Brundisium 
with  only  20,000  men.     Owing  to  the  vigilance  of  the  enemy  the  rest  of 
Caesar's  army  was  unable  to  follow  him.     His  position  was  thus  critical  ; 
cut  off  from  the  rest  of  his  army,  and  threatened  by  a  force  three  times 
superior  to  his  own .     In  his  impatience  he  attempted  to  sail  in  a  fisher- 
man's boat  across  the  Adriatic  to  Brundisium,  for  his  reinforcements, 
but  the  storm  compelled  him  to  turn  back.     In  a  short  tune  the  re- 
mainder of  the  army  succeeded  in  crossing  ;  at  the  battle  of  Pharsalia  (in 
Thessaly),  Pompey's  army  was  totally  defeated.     (B.  C.  48.) 

7.  fugientem,  (him)  fleeing.  —  eumque  ....  fuisse,  and  on  the  way 
he  learned  that  lie  had  been  killed.  —  SYN.     Cognosce,  learn  (something 
beforehand);  agnosco,  recognize  (something  before  known. — Ptolemaeo, 
against  Ptolemy.      The  war  against  Ptolemy  is  called  the  Alexandrine 


NOTES.  153 

war.  —  quattuor  ....  profligavit,  but  he  conquered  Mm  in  one  battle 
within  four  hours  after  he  had  come  ;  the  relative  quibus  is  in  the  abla- 
tive agreeing  with  its  antecedent  horis.  —  inter  triumphandum,  during 
his  triumph.  After  a  successful  campaign,  the  victorious  general  was 
awarded,  by  a  decree  of  the  senate,  the  honor  of  a  triumph.  He  entered 
the  city  in  a  chariot  drawn  by  four  horses,  preceded  by  the  captives  and 
spoils  of  war,  and  followed  by  his  soldiers.  After  passing  along  the  Via 
Sacra,  he  ascended  to  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  to  offer  sacri- 
fice. Pompeianarum  partium,  of  the  Ponipeian  party.  The  battle  was 
fought  at  Thapsus,  in  Africa,  in  B.  C.  46.  —  in  Hispania :  the  two  sons 
of  Pompey,  Cneius  and  Sextus,  had  collected  a  large  army  in  Spain. 
After  a  hard-fought  battle  Csesar  completely  defeated  them  at  Munda, 
(B.  C.  45). 

8.  ccepit,  a  perfect,  sometimes  translated  like  the  present,  §  58,  5  (d), 
Rem.  — quendam,  for  quemdam.  —  assurgeret,  why  imperfect  subj.  ? 

—  ei  .  .  .  .  sedenti,  on  him  sitting  in  the  golden  chair.  —  regium,  royal. 

—  a  sexaginta  ....  viris,  by  more  than  sixty  men  ;  amplius,  see  §  54, 
5.  —  conjuratum  est,  a,  conspiracy  was  formed  :  see  §  39,  (c).  —  Idibus 

Martiis,  on  the  Ides  of  March,  i.  e.  the  15th.  —  assidentem cir- 

cumsteterunt,  they  stood  around  him  sitting,  under  pretence  of  paying 
honor.  —  quasi  ....  rogaturus,  as  if  to  ask  something.  —  clamantem, 
sc.  eum,  i.  e.  Caesarem.  — arreptum,  which  he  had  seized. — quern. .... 
habebat,  whom  he  had  regarded  as  his  son. 

9.  erat ....  statura,  Ccesar  was  of,  etc.,  see  §  54,  7  (a).  —  segre  fere- 
bat,  grieved  (on  account)  ;  quod  ....  obnoxia,  it  was  often  tJie  subject 
for  the  jokes  of  his  slanderers.  —  sibi,  to  him.  —  laurese   gestandse, 
of  wearing  a  crown  of  laurel.  —  eum  ....  fuisse,  that  he  was.  —  ini- 
mici  :  give  the  synonymes.  —  ne  and  quidem  enclose  the  emphatic  word 
as  in  the  text ;  see  §  76,  3  (b).  —  ad  ....  rempublicam,  to  overturn  tlie 
republic.  —  anteibat,  see  anteeo.  —  detectum,  uncovered  :  see  detego.  — 
sive  ....  esset,  whether  it  was  sunshine  or  rain.     SYN.     Pluvia,  rain 
(general  word) ;   imber,  rain  (heavy,  pouring  shower) ;  nimbus,  rain 
(from  dark  clouds).  —  longissimas  vias.      Csesar  was   noted   for   the 
rapidity  of  his  movements  ;  he  is  said  to  have  travelled  at  the  rate  of  one 
hundred  Roman  miles  per  day,  equal  to  about  ninety-two  English  miles. 

—  innixus  ....  utribus,  resting  upon  inflated  bags. 


154  LATIN  LESSONS. 


Y.    LIFE    OF    CATO. 

1.  domo,  what  kind  of  a  noun  is  domus  ?  what  is  the  meaning  of 
the  genitives  domus  and  domi  ?  —  de  civitate,  i.  e.  to  obtain  the  right 
of  citizenship  :  full  citizenship  consisted  of  private  and  public  rights  :  see 
Hand-book  under  Civitas.     In  how  many  ways  can  a  purpose  be  ex- 
pressed in  Latin  ?  Give  the  synonymes  of  impetro.  —  se  id  facturum, 
that  he  would  do  that.  —  in  excelsam  ....  levatum,  after  he  had  taken 
him  to  a  high  part  of  the  house.  —  obtemperaret,  slwuld  comply  with.  — 
hoc  metu,  by  this  fear,  i.  e.  through  fear  of  this.  —  exclamasse,  for  ex- 
clamavisse,  see  §  30,  6  (a).  —  gratulemur,  let  us  congratulate.     SYX. 
Gratulor,  congratulate,  wish  one  joy ;  congratulor  is  used  in  the  same 
sense  as  grainier,  but  generally  of  many  persons.  —  hunc  esse,  tliat  he 
is.  —  si  ....  esset,  for  if  lie  were  a  senator.  — ne  ....  quidem,  not  even 
to  hope  ;  see  §  59,  3  (b). 

2.  in  atrio :  in  the  atrium  the  Roman  received  his  friends  ;  here  were 
the  images  of  his  household  gods,   and  of  his  ancestors.      About  the 
atrium  were  the  various  rooms  of  the  house.  —  seque  ....  Cassius,  and 
he  showed  that  he  was  of  Hie.  same  opinion  with  anotlier  boy,  (lit.  of  which 
another  boy  was)  Cassius  by  name.  —  se  .  .  .  .  facturum,  tliat  he  .  .  . . 
would  do  the  same  thing.  —  impegit,  see  impingo.     Give  the  synonymes 
of  sodalis. 

3.  insignis  ....  benevolentia,  the  affection  of  Cato  towards  his  brotJier 
was  remarkable,  and  sJwuld  be  held  up  for  imitation.  — quaerenti  tertio, 
to  one  asking  him  the  third  time,     ille  ....  amor,  tlwd  remarkable  affec- 
tion of  Cato  towards  his  brother :  see  §  20,  2  (b).  —  ei  . .  .  .  gerebat,  he 
gratified  him  in  all  things.  —  indoles,  tJie  natural  disposition. 

4.  voluntaria  ....  fecit,  served  voluntarily  as  a  soldier;  on  what 
does  the  clause  ne  eum  desereret  depend  ?  what  is  the  subject  of  acci- 
dit  ?  —  quod,  this.  —  licet,  although.  —  Thessalonicse.   A  city  of  Mace- 
donia. —  cum  ....  servis,  ivith  only  two  friends  and  three  servants.  — 
prseter  ....  evasit,  contrary  to  his  expectation  he  escaped  unharmed.  — 
defunctum  vita,  dead;  see  §  54,  6  (d).  — totum  se  tradidit,  he  gave 
himself  wholly  up.  —  mortui  ....  extulit,  he  interred  tlie  body  of  the 
deceased  with  as  magnificent  funeral  rites  as  possible.  —  vela  facturus, 
being  about  to  sail :  lit.  to  make  sail.  —  animam  ....  respondit,  he  re- 
plied that  he  would,  etc.  —  solvit,  loosed  (sc.  navem)  the  ship  from  her 
moorings. 

5.  quaestor,  as  questor :  the  quaestors  had  charge  of  the  finances  of 
the  state,  i.  e.  to  receive  the  revenues,  and  make  the  payments  for  the 
military  and  civil  services.     At  first  there  were  only  two,  but  with  the 


NOTES.  155 

conquests  of  the  republic,  the  number  was  increased  to  forty.  —  Cyprum : 
give  the  situation  of  Cyprus.  — heres,  as  an  heir.  — summa  ....  redacta 
est,  the  amount  brought  back  was  far  greater  than  any  one  could  have 
hoped  :  redacta,  see  redigo.  —  singulis  vasis,  to  each  vessel ;  vas  in  the 
plural  is  of  the  second  declension  ;  vasa,  orum.  —  si  ....  esset,  if  by 
chance  the  sMp  u'cre  sunk.  —  Catoni  ....  eifusa  est,  the  senate,  .... 
poured  out  to  meet  Goto  on  his  return.  —  actae  sunt,  were  given.  —  prse- 
tura  ....  data,  the  proctorship  was  given  to  him,  and  contrary  to  custom 
the  right  of  beholding  the  games,  although  clothed  in  the  prcetexta.  — 
quern,  this.  —  iniquum  esse  affirmans,  affirming  that  it  was  unjust : 
with  what  does  iniquum  agree  ? 

6.  extrahi  curia,  to  be  dragged  forth  from  the  senate-house.  — at .... 
remisit,  but  he  abated  nothing  from  the  boldness  of  his  language.  —  sed 
....  via,  but  even  on  the  way  to  prison.  —  ut . .  .  .  adversarentur,  that 
tliey  should  oppose  those  doing  such  things.  —  quod  ....  discederet,  be- 
cause lie  departed  from  the  senate,  although  it  was  not  yet  dismissed.  — 
sese  demitteret,  condescended.  —  quod  ....  intellexit,  when  he  saw 
that  this  was  hoped  for  by  himself  in  vain.  —  qui  ....  demitteret ; 
what  does  this  relative  clause  denote  ? 

7.  eoque  victo,  and  wlien  lie  was  conquered.  —  exercitus  reliquias, 
the  remnants  of  his  army.  —  cum  ....  imperium,  but  when  the  chief 
.power  was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  soldiers.  —  vir  consularis.     One 
who  had  been  a  consul  was  called  consularis.  —  Scipione  ....  devicto, 
even  when  Scipio  was  conquered.  —  et .  .  .  .  iturus,  and  being  about  to  go 
to  bed.  —  dixit  ilium,  he  said  that.  —  quod  ....  eripuisset,  because  he 
lutd  taken  from  him,  etc.  :  for  the  subjunctive  see  §  63,  2. 


VI.    LIFE    OF    CICERO. 

1.  equestri  genere,  of  equestrian  family.  —  Arpini,  at  Arpinum.  — 
ex  ....  unus,  one  of  his  ancestors;  see  §  50,  2  (e),  Eem. — sitam,  placed, 
see  sino.  —  inditum,  bestowed  upon.  —  cum  ....  verteretur,  when  this 
was  cast  as  a  reproach  by  some  to  Cicero  ;  see  §  51,  5.  —  dabo  operam,  / 
will  strive.  —  vincat,  shall  surpass.  —  quibus  ....  informari,  by  which 
his  boyhood  was  accustomed  to  be  trained  to  learning.  —  ut ....  domum, 
that  his  equals  returning  from  school  standing  around  him  in  the  midst, 
etc.  —  pueri  fama,  by  the  reputation  of  their  boy. — in  ....  ventitabant, 
kept  going  into  the  school  for  literature ;  see  §  36,  (b).  —  stomachum 
movebat,  stirred  the  anger  of.  —  tribuerent,  why  subjunctive  ?  Give  the 
English  derivatives. 


156 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


2.  libertum,  a  frcedman  :  libertinus  is  the  general  word  for  freed- 
man,  but  when  used  with  the  name  of  his  former  master  the  form  is 
libertus ;  the  attack  was  in  his  speech  for  Roscius  Amerinus,  delivered 
in  B.  C.  80. — ex  ....  in vidiam,  fearing  the  ill-will  of  him.  —  ubi  .... 
usus  est,  where  he  employed  Molo  .  ...  as  teacher.  —  nullius  ....  quaes- 
tura,  but  tlie  quwstorship  of  no  one :  see  §  16,  1  (b).  —  ingentem  .... 
vim,  a  large  amount  of  corn.  —  majores  ....  detulemnt,  they  conferred 
greater  honors,  etc. 

3.  Catilinae :  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  was  crushed  in  the  year  B. 
C.  63.  —  in  petitione  consulatus,  in  his  canvass  for  the  consulship.  — 
cum ....  constituerat,   with  many  noble  men  he  determined  to  kill 
Cicero,  etc.  —  Roma,  from  Home.  —  quern,  him.  —  ex  medio  itinere, 
from  the  midst  of  his  journey.  —  non  ....  genui,  I  did  not  beget  thecfor 
Catiline  against  thy  country,  etc.  :  for  genui,  see  gigno. 

4.  adeo  ....  dimicatum,  so  fiercely  did  they  fight,  lit.  it  was  fought. 

—  quern  ....  locum,  tlie  place  which  each  one  held  while  fighting,  this, 
his  life  being  lost,  he  covered  with  his  body.  —  inter  ....  cadavera, 
among  the  bodies  of  tlwse  wlwm  he  had  killed.  —  cecidit,  fell  ;  see  cado. 

—  adeo  ....  plebis,  so  that  a  certain  one  of  the  tribunes  of  the  plebeians 
forbade  him  when  going  out  of  office  to  speak  to  the  people.  — indicia 
causa,  their  cause  not  having  been  pleaded.  —  sed  ....  permiserit,  but 
it  was  only  permitted  to  him  to  give  the  accustomed  oath.  —  mea  unius 
opera,  by  the  aid  of  me  alone;  §  46,  2  (c) ;  47,  5  (ft). 

5.  reus  factus  est,  was  prosecuted.  —  vestem  mutavit.     The  senate 
wore  mourning  attire,  such  as  a  person  about  to  be  tried  for  a  criminal 
offence.  —  cum,  although.  —  urbe,  from  tlic  city.  —  sua  causa,  on  his 
account.  —  proficiscentem,  him  departing.  —  ut  .  .  .  .  interdiceretur, 
that  Marcus  Tu.llius  should  be  forbidden  the  use  of  fire  and  water,  i.  e. 
forbidden  to  obtain  the  bare  necessities  of  life,  and  therefore  obliged  to 
go  into  exile  ;  see  §  51,  2  (/).  —  obviam  ....  itum  est,  all  went  out  to 
meet  him  when  returning:  ei,  see  §  51,  2  (2). — partes,  the  party. — 
veniam,  pardon.  —  quo  interfecto,  when  lie  was  killed.  —  ut .  .  .  .  op- 
poneret,  in  order  that  he  migJit  place  him  against  Antony  [who  was]  dis- 
turbing the  republic. 

6.  transversis  itineribus,  by  cross-roads.  —  quse  ....  aberat,  which 
was  very  near  the  sea.  —  transiturus,  for  tlie  purpose  of  crossing  ;  see 
§  72,  4  (end).  —  in  altum  provectum,  having  put  out  to  sea.  — retulis- 
sent,  see  referro.  —  in  patria  saepe  servata,  in  the  country  (which  I 
have)  of  ten  preserved. — mox  ....  percussoribus,  presently  his  murderers 
coming  nearer.  —  qua,  in  which.  —  eosque  ....  quod,  tliat  they  quietly 
should  endure  what.  —  prominenti  ....  praecisum,  then  leaning  out  of 
the  litter,  and  offering  his  neck  unmoved,  his  head  was  cut  off.  —  positum, 
was  placed.  —  se  .  .  .  .  laesam,  tliat  she  liad  been  injured  by  Cicero :  see 


NOTES.  157 

Isedo.  —  in  genua,  upon  her  knees.  —  extractam  ....  confixit,  pierced 
the  tongue  torn  out,  with  a  needle  ;  acu,  see  §  12,  2. 

7.  scurra  consularis,  the  jesting  consular.  —  accinctum,  equipped. — 
juniorem  ....  erat,  that  she  was  younger  than  she  was.  —  dictitabat 
....  habere,  kept  saying  that  she  was  only  thirty  years  old  :  what  kind 
of  a  verb  is  dictitabat  ?  how  formed  ?  —  cui,  to  lier.  —  audio,  see  §  58, 
2  (d).  — altero  ....  ultima,  the  other  consul  having  died  on  tlu  last  of 
December.  —  Caninium  ....  remmtiaverat,  declared  Caninius  consul 
at  the  seventh  hour  for  the  remaining  part  of  the  day  ;  this  was  about  one 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon.  As  the  new  consuls  entered  upon  office  on  the 
first  of  January,  Caninius  was  consul  for  only  a  part  of  one  day.  — 
salutatum,  to  salute  him.  —  festinemus,  let  us  hasten.  —  mirifica  vigi- 
lantia,  of  remarkable  vigilance  ;  see  §  54,  7. 


VII.    LIFE    OF    BRUTUS. 

1.  ex  ....  oriundus,  descended  from  that  family  which  had  expelled 
tlie  Tarquinsfrom  Rome.  —  Suilse  partibus,  the  party  of  Sulla.  —  cum 
....  simultates,  had  borne  a  severe  grudge  against  him.  —  dolorem 
....  posthabuit,  he  regarded  his  own  resentment  less  than  tlu  advantage 
of  the  republic.  —  regnum  affectare,  to  aim  at  tlie  royal  power.  —  prse- 
senti  statu,  at  the  present  state  of  affairs.  —  subscripsere,  ivrote  under  ; 
perfect,  third  person  plural.  —  primi  Bruti,  i.  e.  Lucius  Junius  Brutus 
who  had  expelled  the  Tarquins  from  Rome.  —  Me,  i.  e.  Caesar.  —  tribu- 
nali,  on  the  judgment-seat ;  notice  that  neuter  nouns  in  e,  al,  and  ar 
have  i  in  the  ablative. 

2.  pridie  quam,  tlie  day  before.  —  cultellum  tonsorium,  a  razor ; 
what  kind  of  a  noun  is  cultellum  ?  see  §  44,  1  (3).  —  eoqae  ....  vul- 
neravit,  this  as  if  by  chance  slipping  from  her  hands,  she  wounded  her- 
self. —  tonsoris  ....  prseripere,  to  take  away  the  duty  of  a  barber. 
The  Roman  barbers  not  only  shaved  and  cut  the  hair,  but  also  pared  the 
nails,  etc.  — de  industria,  designed  by. — an  ....  oppetendam,  whetlier 
there  ivas  enough  courage  in  me  to  seek  death  ;  esset,  why  subjunctive  ?  — 
maritus,  see  §  46,  2.  —  si  ....  cessisset,  if  your  design  should  not  turn 
out  according  to  your  desire.  —  mihi,  see  §  51,  7  (d). 

3.  Philippos :  Philippi  took  its  name  from  its  founder,  Philip,  the 
father  of  Alexander  the  Great.  —  uni  ....  praebuit,  he  offered  his  side  to 
be  pierced  by  one  of  his  companions.  —  ei,  upon  it.  —  ut,  etc. ,  that  he 
might  be  buried  in  it.  —  quod  ....  audivisset,  when  he  heard  that  this 


158  LATIN    LESSONS. 

was  afterwards  stolen.  —  cremati  corporis,  of  the  body  (after  it  was) 
bur/ted.  — non  ....  moderatio,  the  moderation  of  Octavius  towards  Bru- 
tus was  not  the  same.  —  is  ....  jussit,  for  he  commanded  that  the  head 
of  Brutus,  being  torn  off,  should  be  borne  to  Rome  ;  see  §  57,  8  (d),  end. 


VIII.    LIFE    OF    AUGUSTUS. 

1.  a  majore  avunculo.     Julius  Csesar,  the  brother  of  Julia,  the 
grandmother  of  Octaviauus.  —  vacaret,  he  might,  have  leisure  (to  attend). 
— Apollonia  was  a  city  of  Illyria.    It  was  celebrated  as  a  seat  of  learning, 
and  thither  the  nobility  of  Eome  repaired  to  study  the  literature  and 
philosophy  of  Greece.  —  Mutinae,  at  Mutina  (Modena),  a  city  of  Cisal- 
pine Gaul.  —  cum  ....  prohiberetur,  but  when  he  v:as  prevented  from 

entering  the  city.  — ut faceret,  in  order  that  he  migJit  inform  ;  cer- 

tiorem,  see  Rule  2.  —  quae  ....  deferebantur,  which  icas  borne  under 
the  water  of  the  river  by  a  diver  ;  see  §  54,  4  (b).  — ad  id,  for  that  purpose. 
—  summa,  see  §  47,  8.  —  maxime  ....  instituisset,  especially  when  he 
had  trained  the  doves  to  fly  thither,  etc. 

2.  in  ....  munere,  in  one  of  which  he  performed  tlie  duty  not  only  of 
a  leader,  but  also  of  a  soldier.  —  reconciliata  ....  gratia,  a  reconcilia- 
tion being  effected  with  Antony.  —  SYN.    Ulciscor,  revenge  from  a  feeling 
of  anger;  vfndico,  avenge  as  an  act  of  justice.  — qui  ....  deposcerent, 
to  demand  the  consulship  for  himself  in  the  name  oftJie  army.  — hie  .... 
feeeritis,  lie  will  act,  if  you  shall  not  act,  see  §  59,  4  (e).  —  si  ....  au- 
feretis,  if  in  this  manner  you  shall  seek  the  consulship  for  Caisar,  you 
will  obtain  it ;  see  §  59,  4  (c).  —  quod  ....  fuit,  afterwards  this  speech 
was  his  ruin  ;  see  Rule  20.  —  invisus  ....  amantior,  for  he  began  to  be 
hateful  to  Cozsar,  because  he  was  too  fond  of  liberty. 

3.  invasit,  seized  upon.  — novamque  ....  tabulam,  a  new  proscrip- 
tion list.  —  Sullana,   than  the   Sullan   (proscription).  —  pepercit,  see 
parco,  §  30,  3  (d),  1  and  2.  — nomine,  see  §  54,  9.  — ut .  . .  .  proscri- 
beretur,  in  order  that  as  a  man  he  miglit  be  proscribed.  —  protinus  .... 
descendit,  immediately  after  he  descended  from  the  capitol  (built  upon  the 
Capitoline  hill).  —  qui  ....  objecerat,  who  had  exposed  his  body  in  front 
of  him. 

4.  Societate  :  this  was  the  second  triumvirate,  an  alliance  formed 
between  Octavianus,  Anton}'',  and  Lepidus,  B.  C.  43.  —  quod,  this.  — 
quanquam,  although.      SYN.  — ^ger,  disordered ;  either  mentally  or 
physically  ;  aegrotus,  a,  urn,  ill,  unwell ;  morbidus,  diseased ;  the  last 


NOTES.  159 

two  are  used  of  bodily  sickness.  —  castris  exutus,  being  stripped  of  his 
camp  ;  Rule  28.  —  altero  ....  acerbius,  in  the  otlwr,  as  a  victor  he  con- 
ducted himself  cruelly.  —  saeviit,  lie  vented  his  rage.  —  adjecta  .... 
contumelia,  abusive  language  being  added  even  to  punishment.  —  uni 
....  respondit,  to  one  suppliantly  beseeching  burial  he  replied.  —  illam, 
i.  e.  sepulturam.  —  SYN.  Volucer  (properly  an  adjective),  any  winged 
creature,  including  insects  ;  avis  and  ales,  a  winged  creature  ;  avis  is  a 
general  word  for  bird  ;  alites,  are  large  birds,  and  in  the  language  of  the 
augurs,  a  bird  whose  flight  was  to  be  interpreted,  as  distinguished  from 
ocines,  birds  whose  cry  furnished  the  omen.  —  cum  ....  parceretur,  but 
when  Octavius  was  willing  to  grant  life  to  one  only,  he  commanded  them 
to  determine  by  lot  tvhich  of  the  two  lie  should  spare.  —  pro  filio,  in  the 
place  of  his  son.  —  se  .  .  .  .  obtulerat,  offered  himself.  —  prse  dolore, 
on  account  of  his  grief.  —  voluntaria  ....  nece,  by  a  voluntary  death.  — 
morientem,  (while)  dying. 

5.  repudiata,  being  divorced.  —  duxisset  uxorem,  married.  —  cen- 
ties  sestertium,  100  times  100,000  sesterces,  about  400,000  dollars,  see 
§  85,  3.  —  Antonio  ....  ccenam,  she  served  a  magnificent  dinner  to  An- 
tony denying  tliat  this  was  able  to  be  done.  —  tanti,  of  so  much.  —  quanti, 
as.  —  irrisa  ....  Antonio,  tlierefore  she  being  laughed  at  by  Antony.  — 
esset  actura :  for  sequence  of  tenses,   see  §  58,  10.  —  auribus,  from 
auris.  —  simili  ;  notice  that  the  ablative  retains  i,  and  the  gen.  plur. 
ium,  in  all  neuters  ending  in  e,  al,  and  ar. 

6.  Actium :  Actium  is  really  in  Acarnania,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Sinus 
Ambracius.     This  decisive  battle  was  fought  September  2,  B.  C.  31. 
It  completely  crushed  the  republicans,  and  formed  the  commencement 
of  the  empire.      Alexandria  :  this  city  was  founded  by  Alexander  the 
Great.  —  cum,  although.  —  necem  sibi  conscivit,  lit.  (procured  death 
for  himself},  committed  suicide.  —  vivam,  alive.  —  aspidem  ....  cura- 
vit,  took  care  that  an  asp  should  be  brought  to  her  in  a  twig  basket  among 
some  figs.  —  quod  :  what  is  the  antecedent  ? —  medicos  ....  jussit,  he 
commanded  the  physicians  to  apply  remedies  to  the  wound.  —  Psyllos,  the 
Psylli,  a  people  of  Libya,  celebrated  for  their  skill  in  curing  the  bite  of 
the  most  venomous  serpents  by  sucking  out  the  poison  without  injury 
to  themselves.  —  SYN.     Communico  and  participo,  give  a  share  of; 
impertio  and  tribuo  mean  give  or  impart,  without  implying  that  any 
part  is  retained  by  the  donor.  —  frustra,  in  vain  ;  said  of  one  who  has 
gained  nothing  by  his  toil ;  nequidquam,  in  vain;  of  one  who  has  not 
accomplished  his  purpose. 

7.  clementem  se  exhibuit,  proved  himself  merciful.  —  cum  .... 
processisset,  wJien  he  an  old  man,  filthy  and  clad  in  ragged  garments, 
proceeded  among  the  captives.  —  non  ....  merit!  sumus,  he  does  not 
merit  punishment  more  than  I  do  reward;  see  §  49,  1  (a).  —  me  .... 


160  LATIN    LESSONS. 

occidi,  that  I  should  be  killed.  — utnim,  which  of  tJie  two.  — moribus: 
observe  the  difference  in  meaning  between  the  singular  mos,  custom,  and 
the  plural  mores,  character,  from  which  our  word  moral  is  derived. 

8.  Jani  gemini,  of  the  two-faced  Janus :  Janus  is  represented  as  an 
ancient  king  of  Italy.     He  is  said  to  have  sheltered  Saturn,  when  pur- 
sued by  Jupiter,  and  to  have  received  from  him  the  power  of  knowing 
both  the  past  and  future.     Hence  he  is  represented  with  two  faces,  one 
looking  backward,  and  the  other  forward.  —  tantummodo,  only.  —  post 
....  bellum  :   the  first  Punic  war  began  in  B.  C.  264,  and  terminated  in 
B.  C.  241.  —  delati  sunt,  were  conferred.- — ipse  ....  cognominatus,  lie 
was  surnamed  Augustus.  —  Sextilis  :  this  month  was  called  Sextilis, 
because  the  Roman  year  originally  began  with  March.      The  year  was 
made  to  begin  with  January  in  B.  C.  153.  — eodem  nomine,  i.  e.  Augus- 
tus. —  biduo,/<?r  the  space  of  two  days.  —  celebrarunt,  see  §  30,  6  (a). — 
maximo  consensu,  with  the  greatest  unanimity. — compos  ....  meo- 
rum,  I  have  obtained  my  wishes. 

9.  dictaturam  ....  deprecatus,  he  begged  to  be  free  from  the  dictator- 
ship. —  genu  nixus,  kneeling.  — non  semel,  more  than  once,  lit.  not  once 
only.  —  sed  ....  poeniteret,  but  thinking  tliat  both  as  a  private  citizen  lie, 
should  not  be  without  peril ....  that  no  one  should  repent  of  the  new  state 
of  affairs.  —  tegeret,  was  trying  to  hide.  —  SYN.     Doctus,  learned,  ae~ 
complished  ;  peritus,  experienced,  skilful;  emditus,  educated. 

10.  summaque  ....  excipiebat,  he  received  those  approaching  him 
with  tlie  greatest  courtesy.  —  libellum  ....  porrigens,  offering  a  peti- 
tion. —  putasne  ....  dare,  do  you  suppose  that  you  are  giving.  —  eum 
....  miles,  at  one  time  a  veteran  soldier  met  him.  —  ut  sibi  adesset, 
that  he  would  aid  him.  —  sed  ....  pugnavi,  but  I  myself,  etc.  —  eru- 
buit :  see  §  36,  (a).  —  ipse  ....  advocationem,  come  himself  as  an 
advocate  for  him. 

11.  quern,  which.  — socius  :  give  the  synonymes  and  English  deriva- 
tives. —  ad  ....  pervenerat,  to  ivhom  nothing  from,  etc.  —  Antoni,  see 
§  10,  4  (c). — nih.il,  lit.   in  no  respect,  see  Rule  24. — tantummodo, 
merely. 

12.  parum  proficeret  (sc.  corvus),  made  but  little  progress.  —  opera 
....  periit,  my  labor  and  expense  have  gone  for  nothing.  —  satis  .... 
habeo,  /  liave  enough  of  such  saluters  at  home  ;  see  §  50,  2  (d).  —  turn 
.  .  .  .  adjecit,  tJicn  the  crow  added  even  tlwse  words.  —  quanti  (sc.  tanti), 
for  so  much  .  ...  as. 

1 3.  Graeculus,  insignificant  or  paltry   Greek :   the  Greeks,  though 
better  educated,  were  despised  by  the  Romans  as  a  servile  and  cowardly 
race.  —  honorificum  ....  porrigere,  to  offer  a  short  poem  as  a  mark  of 
honor.  —  exaravit,  lie  wrote.  —  et .  .  .  .  misit,  and  sent  it  to  the  Greek 
coming  to  meet  him.  —  ille  ....  gestuque,  lie,  on  reading  it,  began  to 


NOTES.  161 

praise  it,  and  to  manifest  his  admiration  by  Ms  voice  as  well  as  by  his 
countenance  and  gesture.  — qua,  in  which.  —  demissa  ....  manu,  putting 
Ms  hand  into  Ms  lean  purse.  —  quos  ....  daret,  to  give  to  the  prince.  — 
se  plus  daturum,  etc.  :  in  direct  discourse,  plus  darem,  si  plus  habe- 
rem.  —  summani,  amount  (of  money). 

14.  fere  nulli,  to  hardly  anybody. — exceptus  ....  insusurravit, 
therefore  having  been  entertained  by  a  certain  one  at  a  very  frugal  and 
ordinary  dinner,  lie  only  whispered  this.  —  me  ....  familiarem,  that  I 
was  so  intimate  with  you.  —  patrocinium  suscepit,  undertook  the  protec- 
tion. —  servus  :  what  are  the  synonymes  ? 

15.  rumpente  ....  cantu,  the  frequent  screeching  of  an  owl  inter- 
rupting his  sleep.  —  liberari  ....  cupere,  that  earnestly  desired  to  be 
free  from.  —  prehendendam  :  in  what  three  ways  may  the  participle  in 
dus  be  translated  ? 

16.  Augustus  ....  admisit,  Augustus  did  not  easily  form  friend- 
ships. —  imprimis  ....  Msecenatem,  above  all  he  was  intimate  with 
Maecenas.  —  qua  ....  valebat,  which  he  exercised  ivith  the  prince.  — jus 
....  Augustus,  sometimes  when  Augustus  was  administering  justice.  — 
multos  ....  damnaturus,  about  to  condemn  many  to  death.  —  qua 
lecta,  this  being  read.     SYN.  —  tento,  try  by  feeling,  carefully  to  test ; 
experior,  try  by  experiment ;  periclitor,  try,  facing  the  danger  arising 
from  the  experiment. 

17.  supellex  ....  erat,  his  household  furniture  also  was  scarcely  of 
the  elegance  of  that  of  private  persons. — cibi  ....  vulgaris,  his  food  was 
common,  and  very  little  in  amount ;  see  50,  1  (c). 

18.  dormiebat,  used  to  sleep.  —  audisset,  for  audivisset. — licet, 
although. 

19.  exercitationes  campestres,  exercises  in  tlie  Campus  Martins.  — 
transiit,  he  resorted.  —  modo  ....  modo,  at  one  time  .  ...  at  another. 
—  alea,  in  gaming.  —  id  ....  datum  est,  this  was  imputed  as  a  fault  to 
him  ;  what  is  the  antecedent  of  id  ?  —  remisso  ....  animo,  his  mind 
being  giving  up  to  leisure.  —  vitse  ....  egisset,  whether  he  Jiad  acted 
pretty  well  the  comedy  of  life.  —  edite  ....  applaudite ;  words  of  this 
kind  were  usually  added  at  the  end  of  the  plays  in  the  theatre  ;  this 
Augustus  applies  to  his  departure  from  the  stage  of  life.     Augustus  died 
in  A.  D.  14.     Nola  is  in  Campania,  nearly  east  from  Naples. 


11 


162  LATIN    LESSONS. 


IX.    THE    HELVETIAN    WAR. 

C.  JULIUS  CESAR  was  born  in  the  year  B.  C.  102  (usual  date  B.  C. 
100),  and  was  assassinated  in  the  year  B.  C.  44,  at  the  age  of  fifty- 
seven  years  and  eight  months.  This  date  of  his  birth  is  consistent 
with  the  fact  that  he  was  JSdile  in  B.  C.  Go,  Praetor  in  62,  and 
Consul  in  59;  since  these  offices  could  not  be  held  by  the  Lex 
Annalis  until  one  had  entered  upon  the  age  of  thirty-seven,  forty, 
and  forty-three  respectively. 

The  Romans  had  already  extended  their  power  over  the  Greek 
states  of  the  East,  and  had  virtually  subjugated  all  the  peoples  that 
skirted  the  Mediterranean  sea,  except  the  Celtic  tribes  of  the  Wt-st. 
Their  conquest  the  Roman  people  intrusted  to  Caesar.  His  relation- 
ship with  Marius  and  Cinna,  his  refusal  to  divorce  his  wife  Cornelia, 
his  wanderings  during  the  proscription  of  Sulla,  his  bravery  at  Mity- 
lene  and  in  Cilicia,  his  defence  of  the  Latin  colonies,  his  brilliant 
successes  in  Spain,  his  liberality  and  magnanimity,  and  even  his  vices 
endeared  him  to  the  people,  and  all  eyes  were  turned  towards  him 
as  the  leader  of  the  popular  party.  For  a  long  time  the  Romans 
had  felt  the  importance  of  possessing  Gaul,  but  as  yet  had  made  no 
systematic  effort  to  extend  their  dominion  in  that  quarter  farther 
than  occupying  the  seaboard  between  the  Alps  and  Pyrenees 
(B.  C.  118).  The  climate  of  Gaul  was  healthy,  the  soil  rich  and 
fertile,  and  the  intercourse  easy  by  land  and  sea  with  Rome.  For 
a  long  time  Roman  merchants  and  farmers  had  emigrated  in  great 
numbers  to  Gaul,  and  so  disseminated  Roman  culture  and  civiliza- 
tion, that  many  of  the  tribes  could  transact  business  in  the  Latin 
language.  The  centre  of  this  civilization  and  refinement  was  the 
old  Greek  city  Massilia ;  also  the  resort  of  those  who  had  been 
banished  from  the  capital.  The  merchants  stationed  here  carried 
on  an  extensive  trade  with  the  interior  of  Gaul,  and  even  with 
Britain.  They  transported  their  produce  up  the  Rhone  and  Saone, 
and  thence  by  land  to  the  Seine  and  Loire,  or  across  to  the  Garonne, 
and  so  to  the  Atlantic.  This  intercourse  produced  a  close  connec- 
tion between  the  tribes  from  the  Rhone  and  Garonne  to  the  Rhine 
and  Thames.  Cresar  saw  how  essential  the  possession  of  this  coun- 
try was  to  the  Roman  state,  and  that  to  its  conqueror  it  offered  the 
prospect  of  surpassing  the  fame  of  Camillus  and  Marius. 


NOTES.  1 G3 

Caesar's  effort  to  gain  control  of  the  government  by  means  of 
Catiline's  conspiracy,  while  Pornpey  was  in  the  East  engaged  in 
the  war  against  Mithridates,  was  unsuccessful.  But  Pompey's  vari- 
ance with  the  senate  on  his  return  from  the  East  gave  Caesar  an 
opportunity  of  forming  an  alliance  with  him.  Caesar  promised  him 
the  support  of  the  democratic  party  to  carry  his  measures  in  spite 
of  the  senate.  He  also  succeeded  in  effecting  a  reconciliation  be- 
tween Pompey  and  Crassus.  This  was  called  the  first  triumvirate 
(B.  C.  60).  In  return  for  these  favors  Caesar  was  to  be  consul  the 
next  year  (B.  C.  59),  and  in  accordance  with  the  Sullan  laws,  to 
govern  as  pro-consul  a  province  the  following  year.  He  was  in- 
trusted with  the  command  of  Cisalpine  G-aul,  Illyricum,  and  the 
province  Narbo,  or  simply  Provincia,  with  three  legions,  for  the 
term  of  five  years.  Caesar  had  now  attained  his  object.  As  pro- 
consul of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  he  could  watch  the  progress  of  affairs  in 
the  capital,  while  the  threatening  movements  of  the  tribes  in  Gaul 
opened  to  him  the  prospect  of  subjugating  the  country  and  training 
an  army  for  the  civil  war  impending,  which  he  saw  was  inevitable 
between  himself  and  Pompey. 

Of  the  population  of  Gaul,  the  ^Edui  had  entered  into  an  alliance 
with  Rome,  while  the  Belgre  in  the  north  and  the  Sequani  in  the 
south  sought  an  alliance  with  the  Germans.  The  JMui,  relying  on  the 
assistance  of  Rome,  imposed  heavy  tolls  on  the  navigation  of  the  Sa- 
one.  The  Sequani  complained  bitterly  of  this,  and  thinking  that  the 
Roman  government  was  too  much  occupied  with  its  own  contentions 
at  home  to  furnish  its  clients  assistance,  determined  to  rid  themselves 
of  the  influence  of  Rome,  and  punish  the  JMui.  For  this  purpose 
they  invited  the  German  prince,  Ariovistus,  with  about  15,000  men, 
to  their  assistance.  The  JEdui  were  defeated,  and  forced  to  pay 
tribute  to  the  Sequani,  to  give  hostages,  and  to  swear  never  to 
wage  war  for  their  recovery,  or  to  solicit  the  aid  of  Rome.  Divi- 
tiacus,  the  chief  magistrate  of  his  clan,  alone  refused  to  sign  the 
treaty,  and  fled  to  Rome  to  ask  assistance.  Ariovistus  now  invited 
other  tribes  across  the  Rhine,  and  demanded  land  to  settle  them  on ; 
the  whole  frontier  of  Gaul  from  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  to  the 
ocean  was  threatened  by  the  invasion  of  the  German  tribes.  These 
tribes  so  pressed  upon  the  Helvetians,  who  were  hemmed  in  on  the 
south  and  west  by  the  Alps,  Lake  Geneva,  and  the  Jura  mountains, 
that  they  determined  to  abandon  their  country  to  the  Germans,  and 
seek  larger  and  more  fertile  fields  in  the  West.  Caesar,  on  the  ex- 


164:  LATIN    LESSONS. 

piration  of  his  consulship,  had  remained  in  the  vicinity  of  the  capital 
until  he  accomplished  his  political  schemes.  But  when  the  news 
reached  him  that  the  Helvetii  had  abandoned  their  homes,  and 
were  advancing  upon  Geneva  with  the  purpose  of  crossing  the 
Rhone  and  forcing  their  way  through  the  Province,  he  hastily 
made  his  preparations,  and  reached  the  Rhone  in  eight  days. 

The  following  is  a  brief  outline  of  Caesar's  campaigns  in  Gaul 
(see  Latin  Reader)  :  — 

I.  Caesar  checks  the  attempt  of  the  Helvetians  to  colonize  in 

rn  Gaul,  and  forces  them,  after  a  bloody  defeat,  to  return  to 
their  own  territory.  He  then  engages  with  a  powerful  tribe  of 
Germans,  who  had  made  a  military  settlement  in  Eastern  Gaul,  and 
drives  them,  with  their  chief,  Ariovistus,  beyond  the  Rhine. 

II.  A  formidable  conspiracy  of  the  northern  populations  of  Gaul 
is  suppressed,  with  the  almost  complete  extermination  of  the  brav- 
est Belgian  tribe,  the  Nervii,  in  a  battle  which  seems  to  have  been 
the  most  desperate  of  all  Caesar  ever  fought.     In  this  campaign  the 
coast  towns  of  the  west  and  northwest  (Brittany)  are  reduced  to 
submission. 

III.  After  a  brief  conflict  with  the  mountaineers  of  the  Alps, 
who  attacked  the  Roman  armies  on  their  march,  the  chief  opera- 
tions are  the  conquest  of  the  coast  tribes  of  Brittany  (Yeneti,  etc.), 
in  a  warfare  of  curious  nay^l  engineering  in  the  shallow  tide-water 
inlets  and  among  the  rocky  shores.     During  the  season,  the  tribes 
of  the  southwest  (Aquitani),  a  mining  population,  allied  to  the 
Iberians  or  Basques,  are  reduced  by  one  of  Caesar's  officers. 

IV.  An  attack  from  the  Germans  on  northern  Gaul  is  repulsed ; 
and  Caesar  follows  them,  by  a  bridge  of  timber  hastily  built  across 
the  Rhine.     Returning,  he  crosses  to  Britain  in  the  early  autumn, 
for  a  visit  of  exploration. 

V.  The  partial  conquest  of  Britain  (second  invasion)  is  followed 
by  various  movements  in  northern  Gaul,  in  which'  the  desperate 
condition  of  the  Roman  garrisons  is  relieved  by  the  prudent  and 
brave  conduct  of  Labienus  and  Quintus  Cicero. 

VI.  Caesar  makes  a  brief  expedition  across  the  Rhine  against  the 
Germans.      Some  general  disturbances  are  quelled,  and  northern 
Gaul  is  reduced  to  peace. 

VII.  Vercingetorix,  a  brave  and  high-spirited  chief  of  southern 
Gaul,  effects  a  conspiracy  of  the  whole  country,  which  is  at  length 
subdued.     Yercingetorix,  in  brilliant  equipment,  surrenders  himself, 


NOTES.  165 

to  secure  the  quiet  of  the  country,  and  is  taken  in  chains  to  Rome, 
where  he  is  afterwards  put  to  death  in  Caesar's  triumph. 

VIII.  Slight  insurrections,  breaking  out  here  and  there,  are  easily 
subdued,  and  the  subjugation  of  Gaul  is  made  complete. 

During  the  winter  of  the  following  year  (B.  C.  50)  Cassar  em- 
ployed himself  in  settling  the  conditon  of  the  country,  and  concili- 
ating the  favor  of  the  people.  The  territory  was  united  with  the 
province  of  Narbo  until  B.  C.  44.  when  two  new  .governorships, 
Gaul  proper  and  Belgica,  were  formed  out  of  it.  '  Caesar  imposed 
light  taxes,  and  left  the  levying  of  them  to  each  community.  Al- 
though he  showed  every  consideration  to  the  nation,  and  spared 
their  national,  political,  and  religious  institutions,  so  far  as  was  con- 
sistent with  their  subjection  to  Rome,  yet  he  did  not  renounce  the 
fundamental  idea  of  his  conquest,  the  Romanizing  of  Gaul.  He 
bestowed  the  franchise  upon  a  number  of  noble  Celts,  admitted 
several  to  the  senate,  introduced  the  Roman  monetary  system,  and 
made  the  Latin  the  language  used  in  official  intercourse.  By  his 
wise  and  judicious  measures  the  laws  and  institutions  of  Rome 
were  thoroughly  accepted  by  the  people,  and  became  the  basis  of 
their  social  and  political  life. 

"  But  the  fact  that  this  great  people  was  ruined  by  the  Transalpine 
wars  of  Caesar  was  not  the  most  important  result  of  that  grand 
enterprise ;  far  more  momentous  than  th*  negative  were  the  posi- 
tive results.  It  hardly  admits  of  a  doum/that,  if  the  rule  of  the 
senate  had  prolonged  its  semblance  of  life  for  some  generations 
longer,  the  migration  of  peoples,  as  it  is  called,  would  have  occurred 
four  hundred  years  sooner  than  it  did,  and  would  have  occurred  at 
a  time  when  Italian  civilization  had  not  become  naturalized  either 
in  Gaul,  or  on  the  Danube,  or  in  Africa  and  Spain.  Inasmuch  as 
the  great  general  and  statesman  of  Rome,  with  sure  glance,  per- 
ceived in  the  German  tribes  the  rival  antagonists  of  the  Romano- 
Greek  world;  inasmuch  as  with  a  firm  hand  he  established  the 
new  system  of  aggressive  defence  down  even  to  its  details,  and 
taught  men  to  protect  the  frontiers  of  the  empire  by  rivers  or  arti- 
ficial ramparts,  to  colonize  the  nearest  barbarian  tribes  along  the 
frontier  with  the  view  of  warding  off  the  more  remote,  and  to  re- 
cruit the  Roman  army  by  enlistment  from  the  enemy's  country; 
he  gained  for  Hellenico-Italian  culture  the  interval  necessary  to 
civilize  the  West  just  as  it  had  already  civilized  the  East.  Ordinary 
men  see  the  fruits  of  their  actions ;  the  seeds  sown  by  men  of 


166  LATIN    LESSONS. 

genius  germinate  slowly.  Centuries  elapsed  before  men  understood 
that  Alexander  had  not  merely  erected  an  ephemeral  kingdom  in  the 
East,  but  had  carried  Hellenism  to  Asia ;  centuries  again  elapsed 
before  men  understood  that  Caesar  had  not  merely  conquered  a  new 
province  for  the  Romans,  but  had  laid  the  foundation  for  the  Ro- 
manizing of  the  regions  of  the  West.  It  was  only  a  late  posterity 
that  perceived  the  meaning  of  these  expeditions  to  England  and 
Germany,  so  inconsiderable  in  a  military  point  of  view,  and  so 
barren  of  immediate  results.  An  immense  circle  of  peoples,  whose 
existence  and  condition  hitherto  were  known  barely  through  the  re- 
ports— mingling  some  truth  with  much  fiction — of  the  mariner  and 
the  trader,  was  disclosed  by  this  means  to  the  Greek  and  Roman 
world.  This  enlargement  of  the  historical  horizon  by  the  expedi- 
tion of  Caesar  beyond  the  Alps  was  as  much  an  event  in  the  world's 
history  as  the  exploring  of  America  by  European  bands.  To  the 
narrow  circle  of  the  Mediterranean  states  were  added  the  peoples  of 
Central  and  Northern  Europe,  the  dwellers  on  the  Baltic  and  North 
Seas ;  to  the  old  world  was  added  a  new  one,  which  thenceforth 
was  influenced  by  the  old  and  influenced  it  in  turn.  What  the 
Gothic  Theodoric  afterwards  succeeded  in  came  very  near  being 
already  carried  out  by  Ariovistus.  Had  it  happened,  our  civilization 
would  have  hardly  stood  in  any  more  intimate  relation  to  the  Ro- 
mano-Greek than  to  the  Indian  and  Assyrian  culture.  That  there 
is  a  bridge  connecting  the  past  glory  of  Hellas  and  Rome  with  the 
prouder  fabric  of  modern  history ;  that  Western  Europe  is  Romanic, 
and  Germanic  Europe  classic ;  that  the  names  of  Themistocles  and 
Scipio  have  to  us  a  very  different  sound  from  those  of  Asoka  and 
Salmanassar;  that  Homer  and  Sophocles  are  not  merely,  like  the 
Vedas  and  Kalidasa,  attractive  to  the  literary  botanist,  but  bloom 
for  us  in  our  gardens,  —  all  this  is  the  work  of  Coesar ;  and  while  the 
creation  of  his  great  predecessor  in  the  East  has  been  almost  wholly 
reduced  to  ruin  by  the  tempests  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the  structure 
of  Caesar  has  outlasted  those  thousands  of  years  which  have  changed 
religion  and  polity  for  the  human  race,  and  even  shifted  the  centre 
of  civilization  itself;  and  it  stands  erect  for  what  we  may  term 
perpetuity."  —  Mommsen. 

1.  Gallia:  Gaul  extended  from  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Gulf  of  Lyons 
on  the  south  to  the  British  Channel  and  German  Ocean  on  the  north. 
It  was  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  on  the  east  by 


NOTES.  167 


the  Rhine  and  Italy.  It  was  called  Transalpina  (i.  e.  beyond  the 
to  distinguish  it  from  Cisalpina  (i.  e.  on  this  side  of  the  Afys),  in  north- 
ern Italy.  It  included  France,  Belgium,  part  of  Switzerland  and  Hol- 
land, and  the  part  of  Germany  west  of  the  Rhine.  In  the  division  which 
Csesar  here  makes  he  does  not  include  the  southeast  part,  called  Gallia 
Narbonensis,  or  commonly  Provincia,  whence  the  modern  name  Pro- 
vence. The  Roman  dominion  in  the  Provincia  was  secured  by  the 
establishment  of  Narbo  Marcius,  a  Roman  colony  on  the  Atax,  in 
B.  C.  118. 

The  most  remote  Roman  towns  towards  the  west  and  north  were  Lug- 
dunum,  Convenarum,  Tolosa,  Vienna,  and  Geneva.  The  country  was 
well  provided  with  roads  and  bridges.  The  commerce  on  the  Rhone, 
Garonne,  Loire,  and  Seine  was  considerable  and  lucrative,  and  extended 
even  into  Britain.  The  people  were  tall,  of  fair  complexion,  and  san- 
guine temperament  ;  fond  of  fighting,  and  easily  discouraged.  They 
were  skilled  in  working  copper  and  gold.  Copper  implements  of  excel- 
lent workmanship,  and  even  nowT  malleable,  have  been  found  in  the  tombs 
of  Gaul.  The  Romans  are  said  to  have  learned  the  art  of  tinning  and 
silvering  from  them.  They  had  attained  so  much  skill  in  mining,  that 
the  miners,  especially  in  the  iron-mines  on  the  Loire,  acted  an  important 
part  in  sieges.  There  was  no  political  union  among  the  different  clans, 
no  leading  canton  for  all  Gaul,  no  tie,  however  loose,  uniting  the  whole 
nation  under  one  leadership.  Sometimes  one  canton  would  extend  its 
power  over  a  weaker  one,  as  the  Suessiones  in  the  north,  the  maritime 
cantons  in  the  west,  the  two  leagues  in  the  south,  one  headed  by  the 
yEdui,  the  other  by  the  Sequani  ;  but  the  Celts  as  a  nation  lacked 
political  unity,  and  the  cantons,  for  the  most  part,  existed  independently 
side  by  side.  In  matters  of  religion  they  had  long  been  centralized.  The 
association  of  Druids  embraced  the  British  islands,  all  Gaul,  and  perhaps 
other  Celtic  communities.  The  Druids  had  a  special  head  elected  by  the 
priests  themselves,  special  privileges,  as  exemption  from  taxation  and 
military  service,  and  an  annual  council. 

The  Province  in  Caesar's  time  extended  from  the  Pyrenees  to  the  Alps 
on  the  coast,  and  was  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  Alps,  on  the  west  by 
the  Mons  Cevenna  (Cevennes),  southward  from  the  latitude  of  Lugdu  • 
num  (Lyons),  and  on  the  north  (where  it  narrowed  off)  by  the  Rhone 
from  the  western  extremity  of  Lake  Geneva,  to  the  junction  of  the 
Rhone  and  Saone.  —  omnis  :  Csesar  means  all  of  Gaul,  except  that  part 
which  had  been  subdued  by  the  Romans,  in  opposition  to  Gallia  in  the 
limited  sense  of  one  of  the  three  divisions  (see  Hand-book).  —  tres  is 
placed  at  the  end  of  the  sentence  as  being  the  significant  word,  indicat- 
ing the  number  of  divisions.  —  uiiam  :  supply  partem.  —  aliam,  another 
(part)  :  if  Csesar  had  been  enumerating  them  in  order,  he  would  have 


1G8  LATIN    LESSONS. 

used  alteram  or  secundam.  —  tertiam  ....  appelantur,  the  th  inl, 
those  who  are  called  in  our  language  Gauls.  —  institutis,  in  customs  ; 
when  three  or  more  nouns  stand  together,  the  conjunctions  may  be 
omitted  altogether,  or  used  between  the  first  and  second,  and  second 
and  third,  etc.  —  inter  se,  among  themselves,  or  from  one  another.  —  di- 
vidunt  is  to  be  supplied  after  Matrona  et  Sequana. — propterea  quod, 
because.  —  Germanis,  to  the  Germans.  —  incolunt,  dwell.  Give  the  syn- 
onymes  of  bellum.  —  quoque,  also  ;  the  ablative  of  quisque  is  quoque. 

—  virtute,  in  valor :  virtus,  from  vir,  means  manhood.  —  una  pars,  one 
part,  of  the  main  divisions  of  Gaul,  i.  e.  Gallia  Celtica. — flumine,  etc. : 
notice  that  the  connectives  are  omitted. — finibus :  finis,  limit;  plur., 
fines,  limits,  often  applied  to  what  is  included  in  those  limits,  territories. 
— ad,  towards.  —  Belgse ;  hence  the  modern  Belgium.  —  inferiorem  par- 
tern,  towards  the  mouth  of  the  river.  —  ad,  near  to.  —  spectat  inter 
occasum  solis,  it  looks  between  tlic  setting  of  the  sun,  i.  e.  it  looks  north- 
west. 

2.  apud,  among  ;  apud  with  the  name  of  a  person  means  at  the  Jwuse 
of;  with  the  name  of  an  author,  in  the  ivritings  of.  —  nobilissimus,  see 
§  17.  —  ditissimus  from  dis.  — Note  the  position  of  the  word  Orge- 
torix  at  the  end  of  the  sentence,  to  give  prominence  to  the  name.  SYX. 
nobilis,  clarus,  illustris,  denote  distinction  ;  clarus  is  one  celebrated 
for  his  deeds  ;  illustris,  for  his  rank  or  cliaracter  ;  nobilis,  for  his  noble 
birth;  celeber  and  inclitus,  denote  celebrity,  are  generally  used  of  things, 
not  of  persons.  —  civitati,  the  state,  i.  e.  the  people,  all  the  inhabitants 
of  a  state  under  one  government ;  it  is  here  the  indirect  object  of  per- 
suasit,  while  the  clause  introduced  by  ut  is  the  direct  object.  —  exirent 
is  plural  on  account  of  the  plural  implied  in  ci vitas.  —  continentur,  are 
hemmed  in. — una  ex  parte,  on  one  side. — altera,  see  note,  §  1.— 
altissimo ;  altus,  high,  when  reckoned  from  below ;  deep,  when  from 
above  downward.  —  Helvetium,  see  Helvetius.  —  lacu  Lemanno  :  now 
Lake  Geneva.  — altissimo,  very  high.  The  pupil  should  be  required  to 
describe  the  rivers  and  give  the  situation  of  the  places  mentioned  in  the 
text :  see  Hand-book.  —  tertia,  sc.  ex  parte.  —  adducti,  induced.  — 
pertinerent  is  in  the  subjunctive,  because  it  is  implied  that  these  things 
belonged  to  their  departure  in  the  opinion  of  the  Helvetians  ;  which  (as 
the  Helvetians  thought)  pertained  to  their  departure.  —  jumentorum 
(from  jugo,  to  yoke)  is  both  pack  and  draught  animals.  — semen tes  .... 
facere,  to  make  as  large  sowings  as  possible  ;  for  the  force  of  quam  with 
the  verb  possum  in  connection  with  the  superlative,  see  §  17,  5  (b). — 
proximus  has  710  positive,  its  place  is v  supplied  by  propinquus.  —  in 
....  confirmant,  tlicy  fix  upon  their  departure  for  the  third  year  by  1<"'-. 

—  eonficiendas,  to  accomplish.    In  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  ex- 
pressed in  Latin  (§  64,  2)  ?  what  would  be  the  construction  if  the  gerund 


NOTES.  169 

were  used  ?  —  deligitur :  deligo,  to  choose  (not  to  be  undecided  in  one's 
choice)  ;  eligo,  choose,  in  the  sense  of  selecting.  —  Sequano,  the  Sequa- 
nian.  —  ut  regnum  ....  occuparet :  this  clause  is  the  direct  object  of 
persuadet ;  persuadet  is  in  the  historical  present,  and  therefore  fol- 
lowed by  the  imperfect  subjunctive.  Give  the  synonymes  of  regnum. 

—  plebi,  to  the  plebeians  ;  see  Hand-book.  —  ut  idem  conaretur,  tlmt 
lie  should  strive  for  Hie,  same  thing.  —  totius,  all.  —  Synonymes.     om- 
nis,  all  (without  exception),  in  opposition  to  nemo ;  universi,  all  col- 
lectively, in  opposition  to  singuli ;  cuncti,  all  united  together  in  oppo- 
sition to  dispersi ;  totus,  the  whole  as  made  up  of  parts,  which  may  be 
broken  up  ;  whereas  omnis  applies  to  each  individual.  —  ea  res,  this 
design,  lit.  this  thing.  —  ut,  when.  —  ex  ....  dicere,  to  plead  his  cause 
in  chains  ;  lit.  out  of  cliains,  i.  e.  (being)  in  chains.  —  damnatum,  sc. 
eum,  translate,  it  was  necessary  that  the  punishment  should  follow  him 
condemned,  namely,  that  he  should  be  burned  ;  the  clause"  ut  igni  crema- 
retur  explains  poenam ;  for  this  use  of  the  subjunctive  see  §  70,  4.    SYN". 
— ignis,  fire  ;  fl  amma,  yZame  ;  incendium,  a  conflagration  ;  ignis  is  the 
cause,   flamma,  the  effect.  —  familiam,  household.  —  clientes,  for  the 
relations  between  client  and  patron  at  Kome,  see  Hand-book  :  here  the 
word  is  applied  to  the  retainers  of  the  Helvetian  chief.  —  obseratos, 
debtors.  —  per  eos  se  eripuit,  by  their  means  he  rescued  himself;  for 
the  force  of  per,  see  §  54,  4  (b).  —  cum,  see  §  62,  2. 

3.    incitata,  incensed.  — jus  suum  exsequi,  to  inforce  (lit.  follow  out) 
their  authority. — nihilominus,  lit.  the  less  by  nothing,  nevertheless.    SYN. 

—  conor,  try,  attempt;  molior  (moles),  undertake  a  difficult  work;  nitor, 
(lit.  lean  upon) ;  strive.    SYN.  —  aedincium  is  a  general  word  for  buildings 
of  all  kind  ;  domus,  the  house  as  the  residence  and  home  of  the  family  ; 
sedes  also  means  a  dwelling-house,   composed  of  several  apartments.  — 
incendo,  accendo,  inflammo,  all  mean  to  set  on  fire;  incendo,  from 
within  ;  accendo,  from  a  single  point,  as  to  light  a  lamp  ;  inflammo,  to 
put  into  a  blaze,  either  from  within  or  without ;  succendo,  set  on  fire 
from  beneath  ;  cremo,  destroy  by  burning.  —  trium  mensium  (genitive), 
for  three  months.  —  quemque,  each  one  ;  domo,  from  home  ;  jubent, 
for  the  construction  after  jubeo  see  §  57,  8  (d)  ;  §  70,  2.  —  quibus  iti- 
neribus :  the  noun  to  which  the  relative  refers  is  sometimes  repeated  as 
in  this  case  ;  this  repetition  of  the  antecedent  is  necessary  when  there 
are  two  nouns  preceding,  and  it  might  be  difficult  to  determine  to  which 
the  relative  referred  ;  the  relative  clause  denotes  a  consequence  and  takes 
the  subjunctive,  see  §  65,  2.  —  The  pupil  should  be  required  to  trace  this 
route  on  the  map.  —  alterum,  the  other  (of  the  two).  — nonnullis,  see  §  41, 
2  (e),  Bern.  — locis,  for  the  omission  of  the  preposition  see  §  55,  3  (/).  — 
vado  transitur,  is  crossed  by  a  ford.  —  Allobrogum.     The  Allobroges 
dwelt  on  the  south  side  of  Lake  Geneva  next  to  the  Helvetii,  where  the 


170  LATIN*    LESSONS. 

Rhone  flowed  from  the  lake.  —  ad  Helvetica  pertiret,  extends  (across) 
to  the  Hclrctii.  The  Helvetii  occupied  a  greater  part  of  what  is  now 
Switzerland.  —  diem  dicunt,  tlicy  outpoint  a  day  ;  for  the  repetition  of 
the  antecedent,  see  note  above.  —  conveniant,  are  to  assemble  :  the  in- 
dicative means  that  they  are  assembling ;  what  does  this  relative  clause 
denote,  purpose  or  result  ?  Describe  the  Rhone.  —  maturat,  hastened, 
the  historical  present ;  what  is  the  object  of  maturat  ? — ab  urbe,  from 
the  city,  i.  e.  Rome.  Caesar  had  obtained  previously  to  the  expiration  of 
his  consulship  (B.  C.  59),  the  provinces  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  Illyricum 
with  three  legions  for  five  years  ;  afterwards  Transalpine  Gaul  was  added 
with  another  legion.  He  set  out  from  the  city  as  pro-consul  in  the  spring 
of  B.  C.  58.  —  Galliam  ulteriorem,  Farther  Gaul,  i.  e.  Gaul  beyond 
the  Alps,  or  Transalpine  Gaul. 

4.  certiores  facti  sunt,  were  informed. — SYN.     Legatus,  an  ambas- 
sador, a  lieutenant;  orator,  one  who  pleads  a  cause,  an  envoy,  an  ora- 
tor ;  rhetor,  one  who  gives  lessons  in  rhetoric,  a  rhetorician.  —  qui  dice- 
rent,  to  say,  lit.  who  should  say,  a  relative  clause  denoting  purpose.  — 
sibi  esse  in  ammo,  that  it  was  their  intention,  lit.  that  it  was  to  tJicm  in 
m  ind :  what  is  the  subject  of  the  verb  esse  ?  —  sine  ullo  maleficio,  without 
(doing)  any  harm.  The  Helvetii  had  two  ways  by  which  they  could  go  from 
home,  one  through  the  narrow  pass  between  Mount  Jura  and  the  banks 
of  the  Rhone  ;  the  other  by  the  fords  of  the  Rhone,  which  led  directly 
into  the  province.     In  order  to  prevent  the  Helvetii  from  taking  this 
route,  he  drew  a  line  of  fortifications  on  the  southern  side  of  the  river, 
from  Lake  Geneva  to  the  Jura  mountains,  a  distance  of  about  eighteen 
miles.  —  negat  se  posse,  he  says  he  cannot ;  nego  is  generally  used  in 
preference  to  dico  non. —  una  is  emphatic,  one  only.  — ut  .  .  .  .  impe- 
trarent,  that  he  being  the  intercessor,  they  might  obtain  (their  request). — 
plurimum  poterat,  icas  able  to  accomplish  a  great  deal,  sc.  facere,  or 
more  freely,  had  great  influence. — amicus,  friendly. — in  matrimonium 
duxerat,  had  married,  when  speaking  of  a  man  taking  a  wife  ducere 
(uxorem)  was  used,  i.  e.  he  leads  her  to  his  house  ;  of  a  woman  taking  a 
husband,  nubere  was  used,  lit.  nubere  se  viro,  to  veil  liersclf  for  a  hus- 
band,—  an  allusion  to  the  veil  worn  during  the  marriage  ceremony. — 
itaqne,  tJicrcforc.  —  AVhat  is  the  object  of  impetrat  ? 

5.  in  Italiam,  into  Italy,  i.  e.  into  Cisalpine  Gaul.  — duas  legiones 
conscribit :  in  addition  to  the  four  he  already  had.     The  Allobroges  and 
Vocontii  were  both  in  the  province.  — jam,  by  this  time,  i.  e.  while  Cavsar 
was  absent  collecting  troops.  — SYN.     Populor,  to  ravage  (by  pillage  and 
fire) ;  vasto,  to  lay  waste  ;  depopulor,  utterly  to  ravage.  —  rogatum,  to 
ask,  see  §  74,  1.  — depopulatis,  for  the  use  of  the  participle  of  the  de- 
ponent verb  in  a  passive  sense  see  §  35,  1  (a)  and  (g).  —  sese  ....  non 
facile  ....  prohibere,  tJiat  they  could  not  easily  ward  off,  etc.  —  se  .  .  .  . 


NOTES.  171 

recipiunt,  betook  themselves,  —  non  exspectandum  (esse)  sibi  statuit, 
hz  thought  he  ought  not  to  wait :  sibi,  see  §  51,  4. 

6.  fluinen  est  Arar,  there  is  a  river  (called)  Arar  ;  now  the  Saone. 
It  unites  with  the  Rhone  at  the  city  of  Lugdunum  (Lyons),  about  seventy 
miles  from  Lake  Geneva.  —  quod  agrees  with  flumen,  see  §  48,  2.  — 
incredibili  ....  possit,  with  incredible  smoothness  of  current,  so  that  it 
cannot  be  determined  by  tlie  eyes  in  what  direction  it  flows ;  lenitate, 
smoothness,  contrasted  not  only  with  the  Rhone,  but  with  the  rapidity  of 
the  rivers  in  Italy.  —  possit,  see  §  65,  1.  —  ratibus  et  lintribus  junc- 
tis,  the  ablative  absolute  to  supply  the  place  of  the  perfect  active  parti- 
ciple ;  lintribus,  small  boats;  these  were  boats  made  of  logs  hollowed  out. 

—  transibant,  were  now  crossing.  —  Helvetios  transduxisse,  that  the 
Helvetians  had,  etc.    In  Napoleon's  Caesar,  this  place  of  crossing  the  Saone 
is  said  to  have  been  at  Chalons  sur  Saone.  —  de  tertia  vigilia,  just  at  the 
beginning  of  the  third  watch.     The  Romans  divided  the  night  into  four 
watches  (the  first  beginning  at  sunset),  each  of  three  hours ;  the  third 
watch  began  at  midnight.  —  aggressus  has  the  sense  of  a  perfect  active 
participle,  see  §  25,  3  (N).     How  does  concidit  differ  from  concidit  ?  — 
is  pagus,   this  canton.  —  appellabatur,  from   appello,  name,   also  to 
speak  to;  voco,  call,  summon;  nomino,  name,  in  the  sense  of  appointing 
or  electing  ;  cito,  quote.  —  L.  Cassium,  this  defeat  was  in  B.  C.  107.  — 
consulem,  see  Hand-book.  — sub  jugum.     It  was  considered  the  lowest 
degree  of  military  disgrace  for  the  Roman  soldiers  to  be  obliged  to  pass 
under  the  yoke.      The  yoke  was  formed  by  placing  two  spears  upright  in 
the  ground,  and  fastening  a  third  across  the  top  of  the  other  two  ;  under 
this  the  conquered  army  must  pass  in  token  of  subjugation.  —  ea  .  .  .  . 
persolvit,  was  the  first  to  suffer  punishment ;  princeps  is  equivalent  to 
prima. 

7.  ut,  in  order  tliat.  —  consequi,  to  overtake.  —  in  Arare,  over  and 
upon,  i.  e.  a  floating  bridge.  — faciendum,  see  §  72,  5  (c).  — why  is  ejus 
used,  not  suo? — cujus  ....  fait,  the  chief  of  which  embassy  was  Divico. 

—  bello  Cassiano,  in  the  war  with  Cassius,  i.  e.  in  B.  C.  107,  when  the 
consul  Cassius  was  the  commander.  —  agit,  argues,  discourses.  —  SYN. 
Dux,  a  leader,  a  general;  ductor,  a  guide  ;  imperator,  a  commander  or 
emperor.  —  pacem  and  bello  are  placed  prominently  to  mark  them  as 
significant  words.     This  section  is  in  indirect  discourse,  depending  on 
dicens  (saying)  implied  in  agit.     In  direct  discourse  it  would  read  :  si 
pacem  populus  Romanus  cum  Helvetiis  faciet  (or  faciat)  in  earn 
partem  ibimus  (or  eamus)  ubi  Caesar  eos  esse  constituent.     For  the 
use  of  the  future  indicative  or  present  subjunctive,  see  §  59,  4  (a  and  b) ; 
constituerit,  if  the  future  is  used  in  the  protasis,  would  be  in  the  future 
perfect  indicative,  otherwise  in  the  perfect  subjunctive.     The  tenses  are 
secondary,  after  the  historical  present  agit.  —  perseveraret  has  Caesar 


172  LATIN    LESSONS. 

for  its  subject.  In  direct  discourse,  sin  bello  perseveras,  reminiscere 
et  veteris  incommodi,  etc.  — reminisceretur  ....  incommodi,  he 
should  remember  both  the  old  overthrow:. — ne  committeret,  he  should 
not  biding  it  to  pass  ;  ne  commiseris  in  direct  discourse.  —  SYX.  cala- 
mitas  (lit.  a  storm  that  broke  down  the  stalks  [calamos]  of  the  corn- 
fields), calamity ;  infortunium,  misfortune,  as  loss  of  property;  miseria, 
misery,  affliction  ;  infelicitas,  ill-luck. 

8.  his,  sc.  legatis.  —  sibi  ....  dari,  tJiat  the  less  doubt  was  given  to 
him. — tenet  memoria,  held  in  memory;  remembered.  —  veteris  con- 
tumeliae,  former  insult. — dentur  is  in  the  present  subjunctive,  although 
respondet,  the  leading  verb,  is  an  historical  present,  see  §  58,  2  (d).  — 
facturos,  sc.  Helvetios. — ^duis  is  governed  by  satisfaciant. — ipsis: 
the  dative  follows  the  compound  in  intulerint ;  §  51,  2  (d).  —  satis- 
faciant, pay  damages.     The  direct  discourse  would  be  :   mihi  minus 
dubitatioais  datur,  quod  eas  res,  quas  commemoravistis,  memoria 
teneo.     Si  veteris  contumelise  oblivisci  velim,  num  potero  recen- 
tium  injuriarum  memoriam  deponere  ?    Tamen  si  obsides  a  vobis 
mihi  dabuntur  (dentur),  uti  ea,  quae  pollicemini,  vos  esse  facturos 
intelligam,  et  si  .ZEduis  de  injuriis  quas  ipsis  sociisque  eorum  intu- 
listis,  item  si  Allobrogibus  satisfacietis,  cum  vobis  pacem  faciam.  — 
hoc  response  dato  =  cum  hoc  responsum  dedisset. — idem  neut. ;  the 
masculine  is  idem.  —  qui  videant :  what  docs  this  relative  clause  denote, 
cause,   purpose,  etc.  ?  —  videant  is  plur.,  because  equitatum  implies 
equites  as  the  subject.  —  qui,  these.  —  alieno  loco,  in  an  unfavorable 
place,  lit.  a  place  better  for  the  other  party  ;  for  the  omission  of  the  prep- 
osition, §  55,  3  (/). — audacius,  still  more  boldly. — ac  ....  prae- 
sentia,  and  deemed  it  sufficient  for  the  present.  —  ita,  in  such  a  way. 
—  novissimum  agmen,  the  part  of  the  army  nearest  to  those  pursuing, 
i.  e.  tJie  rear.  —  nostrum  primum,  our  front.  —  non  ....  interesset, 
not  more  than  five  or  sw  miles  (each  day]  intervened ;  milibus,  see  §  18, 
1  (d)  ;  the  distributives  quinis  and  senis  imply  that  this  was  the  con- 
stant difference  between  the  armies. 

9.  interim,  give  the  syn.  —  quotidie,  every  day,  is  used  of  things 
that  are  daily  repeated  ;  in  singulos  dies,  daily,  of  those  things  which 
from  day  to  day  are  making  advance.  —  ^Eduos  and  frumentum,  see 
§  52,  2  (c).  — quod  ....  flagitare,  kept  demanding  ....  which  tlie.y 
had  promised  in  tJie  name  of  the  state  ;  flagitare,  the  historical  infinitive, 
see  §  57,   8  (h),   equivalent  to  flagitabat ;  polliciti  essent  refers  to 
the  promise  as  made  by  the  ^Edui,  see  66,  1  (b).  —  frigora,  the  cold  cli- 
mate, the  plural  is  emphatic  ;  the  plural  of  words  relating  to  the  weather 
was  often  used  as,  soles,  sunbeams ;  nives,  falls  of  snow.  —  non  modo 
followed  by  sed  (etiam),  not  only  ....  but  also,  places  the  emphasis  on 
the  last  ;  when  both  sentences  are  negative,  non  modo,  [non]  ....  sed 


NOTES.  173 

ne  quidem  ('=  sed  etiam  non),  the  second  non  in  the  first  clause  is 
omitted  if  both  sentences  have  the  same  verb,  and  the  verb  is  in  the 
second  clause  ;  if  both  clauses  have  their  own  verb,  as  in  the  text,  both 
negatives  are  used  ;  ne  .  .  .  .  quidem,  see  §  76,  3  (&).  —  pabuli,  green 
fodder.  — suppetebat,  was  at  hand.  — autem,  besides,  see  §  76,  3  (b). — 
quod  ....  subvexerat,  which  he  had  brought  up  the  river  Arar  in  ves- 
sels. —  diem  ....  ^Edui,  the  dZdui  kept  putting  him  (Caesar)  off  from 
day  to  day.  —  ducere,  historical  infinitive.  —  conferri  ....  dicere,  they 
kept  saying  tlud  it  was  collecting,  bringing  together,  was  dose  by  ;  the  sub- 
ject of  conferri,  comportari,  and  addesse  is  frumentum ;  they  all 
depend  on  dicere.  —  se  diutius  duel,  that  lie  was  put  off  loo  long.  — 
frumentum.  The  Roman  soldier  received  no  meal  or  bread  as  his 
monthly  allowance,  but  merely  the  grain  which  he  had  to  pound  and 
make  bread  for  himself.  —  qui  ....  praeerat,  who  was  invested  ivith  the 
chief  magistracy ;  qui  refers  to  Liscus.  —  Why  is  ab  expressed  before 
iis  ?  why  is  sublevetur  in  the  subjunctive  ?  does  it  refer  the  charge  to 
CfEsar  as  the  general  or  as  the  historian  ?  why  present  subjunctive  ? — SYX. 
Demum,  at  length,  (not  till  now)  ;  denique,  finally  (in  short)  ;  tan- 
dem, at  last  (after  many  efforts) ;  postremo,  lastly  (last  in  order).  — 
proponit,  set  forth,  introduces  the  indirect  discourse  which  follows.  — 
plurimum  valeat,  is  very  powerful ;  valeat,  what  would  this  be  in  the 
direct  discourse  ?  —  seditiosa  ....  oratione,  by  -seditious  and  wicked 
speeches.  —  ne  frumentum  conferant,  from  contributing  the  corn ;  con- 
ferant  is  plural  on  account  of  the  collective  noun  multitude  preceding. 
—  nostra  in  the  direct  discourse  would  be  changed  to  vestra.  —  a  se, 
by  himself ;  a  mo  in  the  direct  discourse.  —  quin  etiam  ....  enun- 
ciaverit,  moreover  as  to  his  having  disclosed  the  affair  to  Caisar.  —  intel- 
legere  ....  fecerit,  lie  was  well  aware  with  how  great  peril  he  did  that : — 
SYN.  Intellego,  understand  by  means  of  reflection  ;  sentio,  perceive  by 
the  senses  or  by  the  mind.  —  quamdiu  potuerat,  as  long  as  he  had  been 
able.  —  SYN.  Taceo,  utter  no  word,  be  silent,  pass  over  in  silence  ;  sileo, 
make  no  noise,  be  still. 

10.  Dumnorigem  ....  designari,  that  Dumnorix  was  meant.  Dum- 
norix  led  the  national  party  among  his  people,  as  opposed  to  Rome,  while 
his  brother  Divitiacus  favored  an  alliance  with  the  Romans.  —  pluribus 
prsesentibus,  lit.  more  being  present,  or  in  the  presence  of  so  many.  — 
eas  res  jactari,  that  these  matters  should  be  considered;  jactari,  a  fre- 
quentative from  jacio.  — Give  the  syns.  of  concilium. — reperit  esse 
vera,  he  finds  (that  these  statements)  things  are  true.  —  ipsum  .... 
audacia,  that  it  was  Dumnoris  himself,  a  man  of  tlie  greatest  audacity. — 
cupidum  novarum  rerum,  desirous  of  a  revolution.  —  complures  .... 
habere,  that  he  has  farmed  for  many  years  all  the  revenues  of  tlie  /Edui 
at  a  low  price.  —  SYN.  Vectigal,  tithes  (decuma),  on  agricultural 


174  LATIN    LESSONS. 

produce  ;  tributum,  an  extraordinary  property  tax,  levied  in  the  tribes, 
and  paid  back  when  the  exigency  was  passed  ;  scriptura,  rent  of  the  pas- 
ture lands;  portorium,  harbor  duties  originally,  afterwards  applied  to 
tolls  paid  on  transit  of  merchandise.  The  revenues  among  the  Romans 
were  not  collected  directly,  but  were  farmed  out  (or  leased)  by  the  cen- 
sors to  contractors  called  publicani,  who  paid  a  fixed  sum  into  the 
treasury,  and  collected  the  taxes  for  their  own  use  ;  they  so  abused  their 
privileges,  that  the  name  publican  became  to  be  a  term  of  reproach.  — 
illo  licente,  he  bidding.—  audeat,  see  §  67,  1.  — rem  familiarem,  pri- 
vate property.  Dumnorix  is  the  subject  of  favere  and  odisse.  — 
Potentia,  power  as  an  attribute  of  a  person;  potestas,  power  as  of  a 
magistrate,  power  to  do  anything  ;  ditio  (dicio),  power,  jurisdiction.  — 
si  quid  ....  Romania,  if  anything  then  should  happen  to  the  Romans.  — 
si  quid,  see  §  21,  2  (d).  —  obtinendi,  see  §  73,  3  (a).  —  imperio,  under 
the  government,  ablative  absolute.  —  de  regno,  of  royal  poiccr. 

11.  certissimse  res,   the  most  undoubted  facts. — animadverteret, 
slwuld  punish  him.  —  unum  repugnabat,  one  consideration  opposed.  — 
summum  ....  stadium,  the  great  attachment  towards  the  Roman  people. 

—  voluntatem,  affection. — ejus  refers  to  Dumuorix. — verebatur,  give 
the  synonymes.  —  itaque  ....  conaretur,  therefore  before  he  attempted 
anything :  for  the  subjunctive  see  §  62,  2  (c). — common efacit,  reminds, 
lit.  warns. — ipso  prsesente,  when  he  himself  was  present,  i.  e.  Diviaticus. 

—  de  eo,  concerning  him,  i.  e.  Dumnorix.  —  apud  se,  before  himself,  i.  e. 

Caesar.  —  ne  quid statueret,  thc.t  he  should  not  determine  anything 

too  severe  against  his  brother.  —  scire vera  (saying),  t/iat  he  knew 

those  things  were  true.  —  SYX.     Populus,  the  people,  originally  only  the 
patricians,  came  to  include  the  plebeians  ;  plebs,  common  p<zople,  opposed 
to  the  patricians  ;  vulgus,  the  ignorant  multitude.  —  quod  ....  acci- 
disset,  because  if  anything  too  severe  should  be  done  to  him  by  Caesar.  — 
enm  locum,  that  place  =  so  high  a  place.  —  apud  eum,  i.  e.  Ctesar.  — 
futurum,  it  would  happen,  see  §  58,  11  (/).  —  animi,  the  affections.  — 
fra^rem  adhibet,  he  has  his  brother  present. 

12.  exploratoribus:  SYX.    Explorator,  a  scout;  speculator,  a  spy; 
emassarius,  a  secret  agent.  — milia  passuum  =  4,854  ft.,  a  little  less  than 
an  English  mile.  —  qualis  ....  adscensns,  what  its  ascent  by  a  circuitous 
route.  —  qui  cognoscerent,  misit,  he  sent  (persons)  to  ascertain;  qui 
cognoseerent  denotes  the  purpose  (see  §  65,  2) ;  the  antecedent  of  qui  is 
the  object  of  misit :  what  is  the  object  of  cognoscerent  ?  —  facilem,  sc. 
aseensum,  —  eodem  itinere,  along  the  same  route.  —  quo,  by  which.  — 
prima  luce,  at  daybreak.  —  summus  mons,  the  summit  of  the  mountain, 
see  §  47,  8.  —  ipse,  and  when  he  himself,  sc.  cum.  —  passibus,  see  §  55, 
2  (b).  —  neque  ....  Labieni,  and  (when)  neither  his  own  approach  nor 
that  of  Labienus.  —  equo  admisso,  with  his  horse  at  full  speed.  —  volu- 


NOTES.  1 75 

erit  in  indirect  discourse.  —  se  is  the  subject  of  cognovisse.  —  ex  .... 
insignibus,  by  the  Gallic  arms  and  ornaments  ;  insignibus,  lit.  marks 
of  distinction.  This  refers  probably  to  the  style  of  armor.  —  subducit, 
draws  off.  — ut  ei  praeceptum,  as  he  had  been  instructed.  —  exspectabat, 
continued  to  look  out :  imperfect,  see  §  58,  3.  —  multo  denique  die,  at 
last,  ivhen  much  of  the  day  liad  passed.  —  pro  viso,  as  seen  ;  lit.  for  seen.. 

—  what  is  the  object  of  renuntiasse  ? —  quo  consuerat  intervallo,  with 
the  usual  distance  ;  intervallo  is  the  antecedent  of  quo. 

13.  diei,  see  §  50,  4  (e),  Hem. — metiri,  to  measure  out. — rei  ....  ex- 
istimavit,  he  thought  he  must  look  out  for  supplies,  sc.  sibi  esse.  —  seu 
....  existimarent,  because  tliey  believed  that  the  Romans,  being  terrified, 
ivere  departing ;  the  subjunctives  existimarent  and  confiderent  repre- 
sent the  idea  as  existing  in  the  minds  of  the  Helvetii.     Caesar's  army  was 
composed  of  four  veteran  legions,  and  two  legions  newly  levied  ;  the 
Helvetians  had  about  70,000,  with  about  20,000  auxiliaries,  in  all  nearly 
90,000.     For  the  time  denoted  by  the  infinitive  see  §  58,  11  ;  discedere, 
here  is  the  imperfect  of  the  infinitive.  —  a  novissimo  agmine,  on  the, 
rear.  —  postquam  id  animum  advertit,  after  that  Cccsar  perceives  this  ; 
id  is  governed  by  ad  in  composition,  see  §  52,  1  (d).  —  in  colle  medio, 
on  the  middle  of  the  hill.  —  sarcinas,  each  soldier's  baggage;  in  this  sense 
only  used  in  the  plural :  each  soldier  carried  besides,  his  personal  baggage 
and  trenching  tools  (sarcinae),  arms,  saw,  basket,  provisions  for  a  number 
of  days,  five  stakes  for  fortifying  the  camp,  —  in  all  about  sixty  pounds  ; 
the  impedimenta  were  the  heavy  baggage,  tents,  engines  of  war,  etc., 
which  were  carried  in  wagons  or  on  horses.  —  eum,  sc.  locum.  —  in  su- 
periore  acie,  in  tlie  upper  line,  i.  e.  those  on  the  top  of  the  hill,  the  two 
legions  of  newly  levied  soldiers.  —  confertissima  acie,  in  very  close 
array.  —  phalange  facta  :  the  phalanx  consisted  of  a  large  body  of  men 
in  solid  mass,  with  their  shields  raised  above  their  head,  locked  and  over- 
lapped so  as  to  form  a  close  fence.  —  sub  ....  successerunt,  they  ad- 
vanced close  up  to  our  front  line.  —  primum  ....  equis,  first  his  own 
horse.  —  pilis :  the  pilum  was  a  shaft  of  wood,  a  little  more  than  six  feet 
long,  with  a  sharp  iron  head  projecting  about  nine  inches.  — perfrege- 
runt,  broke  through,  see  perfringo.  —  ea  disjecta,  wJien  this  (phalanx) 
was  broken  apart. 

14.  Gallis  ....  impediment©,  it  was  a  great  hindrance  to  the  Gauls. 
pluribus  eorum  scutis,  several  of  their  shields,  see  synonymes  of  scutum. 

—  cum  ....  inflexisset,  when  the  iron  (head)   became   bent.      Their . 
shields  were  locked  over  their  heads,   and  overlopped  one  another  ;  a 
javelin  would  pierce  through  more  than  one,  and  bind  them  together. 
Movements  of  their  left  hands,  in  which  the  shield  was  held,  were  thus 
impeded.  —  pedem  referre,  to  retreat.  —  eo,  thither.  —  capto  monte^ 
ilie  mountain  being  reached.  —  succedentibus  nostris,  our  men  coming 


176  LATIN    LESSONS. 

close  up  below.  —  agmen  ....  claudebant,  closed  the  enemy's  line  of 
inarch. —  ex  itinere,  on  tlic  march. —  circumvenere,  perfect  tense,  third 
person,  plural.  —  Roman!  ....  intolerant,  tlie  Romans  turned,  and  ad- 
vanced in  two  divisions :  the  Romans  indicated  the  movements  of  their 
armies  by  terms  derived  from  the  signnm,  the  standard:  thus  signa  con- 
vertere,  to  turn  ;  signa  conferre,  to  engage  ;  signa  inferre,  to  advance  ; 
it  was  the  third  line  that  wheeled  about  and  advanced,  while  the  first 
and  second  opposed  the  Helvetians  who  had  been  driven  back.  —  ut 
....  resisteret,  that  it  migM  resist  those  (who  had  been)  conquered  and 
driven  back:  for  the  subjunctive  see  §  64.  —  ancipiti  proelio,  in  a  double 
conflict.  —  alteri  ....  alteri,  the  one  party  ....  the  oilier  party,  refer- 
ring to  the  Helvetians,  and  to  the  Boii  and  Tulingi  respectively.  —  ab 
hora  septima,  from  one  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  ;  the  day  began  at  sun- 
rise, and  ended  ^at  sunset ;  the  end  of  the  sixth  hour  was  noon.  — pug- 
natum  sit,  the  battle  raged,  see  §  62,  2  (c).  —  aversum  hostem,  an 
enemy  turned  about.  —  nemo,  from  ne  and  homo.  —  ad  multam  noc- 
tem,  till  late  at  nig  Jit .  —  pro  vallo,  for  a  rampart  ;  the  vallum  was 
composed  of  the  dirt  heaped  up  (agger)  from  the  ditch  (fossa)  against 
the  stakes  (valli).  — captus  est,  see  §  47,  2.  —  eaque  tota  nocte,  daring 
that  whole  nigJd,  see  §  55,  1  (b).  —  nostri,  sc.  militis.  — potuissent,  see 
§  62,  2  (b).  —  literas,  a  letter.  —  ne  .  .  .  .  rejuvarent,  (ordering)  tliat 
they,  etc. 

15.  qui  cum,  ichcn  they.  — suppliciter  locuti,  sjKaking  suppliantly. 
—  quo  turn  essent,  where  tliey  then  were  ;  the  subjunctive  is  used  to  in- 
dicate that  Caesar  did  not  know  where  they  were,  see  §  66. — paruenmt, 
tJtey  obeyed.  —  qui  ....  perfugissent,  which  had  fled  to  him,  i.  e.  what- 
ever, etc.,  see  §  59,  1  (a).  —  poposcit,  see  §  30,  3  (d)  1  ;  §  30,  5  (d).  — 
ut  .  .  .  .  facerent,  lit.  tliat  they  should  supjtly  tJicm  v:ith  corn,  i.  e.  to 
supply,  etc.  —  tabulae,  lists.  —  literis  Graeeis  confectae,  made  out  in 
Greek  letters.  —  ratio  confecta  erat,  an  account  liad  been  kept.  —  qui 
numerus  ....  eorum,  what  number  of  them.  —  possent,  see  §  66.  — 
summa,  tlic,  sum. 


X.     THE    WAR    WITH    ARIOVISTUS. 

1.  totius  fere,  from  nearly,  etc.  —  gratulatum,  to  congratulate.  — 
intellegere  se,  (saying)  tJuit  they  Jcneu-.  —  pro  ....  populi  Romani, 
for  the  injuries  of  the  (done  by)  Helvetians  to  the  Roman  people;  Helveti- 
orum  is  subjective,  and  populi  Romani  objective,  genitive;  both  depend 
on  injuriis.  —  exusu  ....  accidisse.  th-jtlhia  had  hcjijiiH'..d  nu  less  to  tlic 


NOTES.  177 

advantage  of  the  land  of  Gaul.  — judicassent,  should  judge,  see  §  67,  1 ; 
for  the  form,  see  §  30,  6  (a). — stipendiarias,  (as)  tributaries.  —  in  diem 
certam,  for  a  certain  day.  —  indicere,  to  appoint.  —  sese  ....  vellent, 
that  they  had  certain  things  which  they  wislied  to  ask  from  him  in  accord- 
ance with  tJie  general  consent. — jurejurando  ....  sanxerunt,  they  bound 
themselves  by  an  oath  that  no  one  should  disclose  (their  deliberations)  : 
SYN.  Jusjurandum  and  juramentum  denote  a  civil  oath  by  which 
one  promises  something ;  sacramentum,  a  military  oath,  by  which  a 
soldier  promises  not  to  forsake  his  standard.  —  uti  .  .  .  .  liceret,  that  it 
should  be  permitted  to  them  to  discuss  with  him  without  witnesses  concern- 
ing the  safety  of  all.  —  Csesari,  of  Csesar,  see  §  51,  7  (a).  —  non  .... 
impetrarent,  (saying)  that  t/icy  strove  no  less  that  those  things  should  not 
be  divulged  which  they  might  say,  tJian  to  obtain  whcct  they  wished.  — 
se  ventures,  that  tlwy  would  come.  • 

2.  factiones  esse  duas,  there  are  two  (political)  parties.  —  principa- 
tum  tenere,  stood  at  the  head.  —  factumesse,  it  came  to  pass.  —  why 
is  ab  expressed?  —  Rhenum,  see  §  52,  1  (d).     Describe  the  Rhine.— 
horum,  of  the  latter.  —  ad  numerum,  to  the  number.  —  semel  atque 
semel,  aga.iii  and  again.  —  clientes,  i.  e.  the  states  dependent  on  the 
yEdui.  —  pulsos,  sc.  ^duos,  the  subject  of  amisisse.  —  neque  .... 
essent,  neither  should  tliey  refuse  to  be  perpetually  under  their  power  ; 
essent,  why  subjunctive  ?  unum  se  esse,  that  lie  was  the  only  one.  — 
postulatum,  to  ask.  — pejus  ....  accidisse,  a  worse  thing  had  happened; 
pejus  is  the  subject  of  accidisse.  —  futurum  esse,  it  would  come  to  pass. 

—  omnes,  sc.  Galli.  —  ut  semel,  when  once,  i.  e.  as  soon  as. — nobilis- 
slmi  cuj  usque,  of  each  distinguished  man,  see  §  17,  5  (c).  — in  eos  .... 
edere,  he  gives  forth  upon  them  all  (kinds  of )  examples  and  tortures.  — 
hominem,  etc.,  tJiat  he  was  a,  etc.  — nisi,  unless  there  is  some  help,  etc. 

—  idem  esse,  etc.,  the  same  thing  will  be  done,  etc. — ut,  (namely) 
that,  etc.,  what  kind  of  a  clause  is  this  ?  —  fortunam,  etc.,'  and  try  wJutt- 
ever  fortune  may  befall  tJiem.  —  Csesarem,  etc.,  Ccesar  could  not  prevent 
a  greater  number  of  Germans  being  led  across  the  Rhine.  —  Rhenum,  why 
accusative  ?    Compare  major. 

3.  unos  ....  facere,  tlie  Sequani  alone  did,  etc.     SYN. — Reliqui,  the 
others  of  whom  some  have  been  named  before  ;  ceteri,  the  rest  (of  the  same 
class)  ;  alii,  others,  different  persons.  —  ejus  rei,  of  this  conduct.  —  om- 
nino,  etc.,  to  extort  any  reply  at  all.  —  Is  the  i  long  or  short  in  idem  ?  — 
hoc,  on  this  account.  —  ne  .  .  .  .  quidem,  see  §  76,  3  (b).  —  auderent, 
see  §  35,  2.  —  absentis,  even  when  absent.  —  confirmavit,  cheered  up, 
etc.  (saying).  —  beneficio  suo,  by  his  (former)  kindness,  i.  e.  Csesaris.  — 
multse  res,  many  considerations.  —  quod  ....  teneri,  because  lie  saw 
that  the  ^Edui,  often  called  brothers  and  kinsmen,  etc.  —  in  tanto  im- 
perio,  considering  the  great  power.  —  Germanos  ....  videbat,  he  saw 

12 


178  LATIN    LESSONS. 

that  it  was  perilous  (to  the  interests  of  the  Roman  people)  for  the  Germans 
to  cross  tlie  Rhine.  —  sibi  temperatures,  that  they  would  restrain  them- 
selves :  for  the  meaning  of  tempero  with  the  dative  and  accusative,  .see 
§  51,  2,  3  (end).  — ut,  as.  —  Cimbri:  the  war  against  the  Cimbri  and 
Teutones  was  ended  by  Marius  and  Crassus,  at  the  battle  of  Aquae  Sexthe 
(B.  C.  102),  and  near  Vercellae  (B.  C.  101).  —  AVhy  is  fecissent  in  the 
subjunctive  ?  Does  it  refer  to  Caesar's  own  past  conviction  or  to  others  ? 
—  quibus  ....  putabat,  lie  thought  lie  owjlit  to  meet  tliese,  things  as 
quickly  as  possible  ;  rebus  is  governed  by  occurendum.  —  quam,  see 
§  17,  5  (&). 

4.  placuit  ei,  if.  pleased  him,  i.  e.  lie  resolved.  —  qtti  ....  postu- 
larent,  to  ask  from  him;  in  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed 
in  Latin  ?  — uti ....  diceret,  that  lie  sJwuld  appoint  some  place  midway 
between  loth  for  a  conference.  —  summis  utriusque  rebus,  the  highest 
•interest  of  both.  —  si  ....  esset,  if  he  himself  had  need  of  anything  from 
Ca'sa.r  ;  opus  stands  in  the  predicate  ;  it  is  used  either  impersonally  with 
the  ablative,  or  personally  with  the  thing  needed  in  the  nominative.    §  54, 
1  (d},  Rem. — si  ....  velit,  if  lie  wants  anything  of  him  j  with  se  supply 
facere,  tliat  he  should  do  anything ;  notice  that  esset  is  in  the  imperfect 
subjunctive,  denying  the  want  of  anything  from  Caesar  in  past  time  ; 
velit  in  the  present  subjunctive,  implying  that  Caesar  does  now  want 
something  from  him. — quid  ....  negotii  esset,  what  business  there  was, 
etc. — his  responsis,  this  reply. — for  iterum  in  enumeration  of  par- 
ticulars, see  note  on  §  1.  — beneficio  affectus,  having  been  treated  with 
kindness.  —  hanc  ....  referret,  he   now  made  such  a  return,   etc.  ; 
hanc  =  talem. — hsec  esse,  quae,  that  these  are  the  things  which;  this 
clause  depends  on  mittit.  —  SYX.     Gratiam  habere,  to  feel  thankful  ; 
gratias  agere,  to  return  thanks  in  words;  gratias  referre,  to  show  one's 
self  thankful  by  acts.  —  ne  quam,  any.  —  si  id  non  impetraret,  if  lie 
(Caesar)  should  not  obtain  tliat. —  SYX.    Obtineo,  Jwld,  occupy  ;  impetro, 
obtain  by  entreaty  ;  adipiscor,  get.  or  obtain.  —  sese  ....  neglecturum, 
that  he  should  not  neglect,  etc.  —  quicunque  ....  obtinebat ;  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Roman  provinces  was  assigned  by  the  senate  to  the 
consuls  by  lot.  —  SYX.      Tueor,    defend  or  protect  against  danger,   in 
opposition  to  negligo  ;    defendo,   defend,   from   an  actual  attack,   in 
opposition  to  desero. 

5.  jus  esse  belli,  it  was  the  law  of  war.  —  popultim  ....  consuesse, 
that  the  Roman  people  was  accustomed  to  command  the  conquered  not  ac- 
cording to  the  dictates  of  another,  etc.  —  sibi,  by  himself.  — stipendia- 
ries esse  factos,  have  become  tributaries.  — congrederetur,  might  meet 
him  (in  battle)  ;  the  subjunctive  instead  of  the  accusative  with  the  in- 
finitive.—  quid  ....  possent,  what  the  invincible  ....  were  able  (to  do) 
by  tlieir  valor.  —  eodem  tempore.  —  SYX.     Tempus,  time  (in  general), 


NOTES.  179 

an  epoch,  an  opportunity ;  sevum,  a  long  space,  of  time,  an  age ;  tem- 
pestas,  an  entire  space  of  time,  a  period,  a  season.  —  .<3Ddui  questum, 
the  ^Edui  (came)  to  complain,  sc.  veniebant.  —  Treviri,  sc.  veniebant 
questum.  —  si  ....  conjunxisset,  ?/(this)  new  body  should  join,  etc.  — 
ne  .  .  .  .  minus  ....  posset,  that  he  would  be  less  easily  resisted. 

6.  tridui  viam,  a  march  of  three  days,  see  §  52,  1  (b).  — What  is  the 
subject  of  nuntiatum  est  ? —  occupandum :  is  this  the  gerund  or  gerun- 
dive ?  —  quod,  see  §  48,  2.  —  contendere,  was  hastening. — processisse, 
had  accomplislied.  — prsecavendum  ....  existimabat,  Catsar  thought  that 
great  precaution  should  be  taken  by  him,  sc.  sibi  esse. — facultas,  abun- 
dance, —  ad  ....  bellum,  for  protracting  tJie  war.  —  facultatem,  means. 
—  reliquum  ....  continet,  a  mountain  occupies  the  remaining  space.  — 
ita  .  .  .  .  contingant,  so  that  tlie  banks  of  tJie  river  touch  the  foot  of  the 
mountain  on  each  side  (of  the  mountain).  —  hunc  ....  efficit,  a  wall 
makes  this  (mountain)  a  citadel.  —  dum,  see  §  62,  2  (d).  —  ex  percunc- 
tatione,  etc.,  from  the  inquiries  of  our  (men)  and  the  remarks  of  the 
Gauls  and  merchants,  who  said  that  the  Germans  were,  etc.  •  vocibus, 
see  §  14,  (a).  — prsedicabant,  see  §  58,  3.  —  ssepenumero  ....  potu- 
isse,  (saying)  that  they  had  contended  with  them  very  often,  and  were  not 
able  to  endure  even  (the  expression  of)  tJieir  countenance  and  tJie  look  of 
their  eyes.  —  SYN.     Facies  and  oculi,  tJie  face,  the  eyes  in  a  physical 
point  of  view  ;  vultus,  the  countenance,  the  looks.     By  the  face,  which  is 
unchangeable,  one  man  is  distinguished  from  another  ;  by  the  counte- 
nance, which  is  changeable,  the  motives  of  the  mind  are  indicated.  —  tri- 
bunis  :  there  were  six  tribunes  in  each  legion,  and  each  commanded  the 
legion  in  turn  for  two  months.  —  non  magnum  ....  habebant,  had  no 
great  experience  in  military  affairs.  —  alius ....  petebant,  one  having 
assigned  one  cause,  anotlier  another,  requested.  —  totis  castris,  through- 
out the  wlwle  camp.  —  qui,  etc.,  those  who  wished  to  be  considered,  etc.  — 
non  ....  dicebant,  said  that  they  did  not,  etc.  —  intercederent,  see 
§  66. — castra  moveri,  that  tlu  camp  should  be  moved:  for  the  description 
of  the  camp  see  Hand-book.  —  non  ....  militee,  that  the  soldiers  would 
not  be  obedient  to  the  order ;  milites  is  the  subject  of  fore ;  dicto  is  in 
the  dative  after  audientes. 

7.  omniumque  ....  centurionibus,  the  centurions  of  all  ranks  being 
admitted  ;  there  were  sixty  centurions  in  each  legion,  and  each  centurion 
commanded  a  century.     In  this  case  all  the  centurions  in  the  army  were 
summoned  to  the  council  of  war  ;  ordinarily  a  council  of  war  was  com- 
posed of  the  commander-in-chief,  the  lieutenants,  the  tribunes,  and  the 
chief  centurion  of  each  legion.  —  quserendum  ....  putarent,   they 
thought  that  they  should  inquire  into,  or  deliberate  ;  see  §  51,  4  («).  — 
Ariovistum,  (saying)  tliat  Ariovistus.  —  ab  officio,  from  his  duty,  to  the 
Roman  people  in  return  for  what  they  had  done  for  him.  —  sibi  .... 


180  LATIN    LESSONS. 

persuader!,  that  he  was  indeed  persuaded,  lit.  that  it  was  indeed  per- 
suaded to  him  ;  what  is  the  subject  of  persuader!?  —  cognitis  postu- 
latis,  when  his  demands,  etc.  —  quod  si,  but  if.  —  sua,  their  own ; 
ipsius,  his  (Caesar's).  —  SYN.  Amens,  witlwut  reason  ;  demens,  mad, 
infatuated  ;  insanus,  not  in  one's  senses  ;  excors,  weak-minded  ;  amentia 
like  amens,  simply  without  reason ;  dementia,  like  demens ;  furor, 
irritation. — factum,  etc.,  that  a  trial  of  this  enemy  had  been  made. — SYN. 
Periculum,  lit.  a  trial ;  hence  risk,  danger ;  discrimen,  a  distinction, 
difference,  a  turning-point.  —  servili  tumultu,  at  the  time  of  the  servile 
insurrection;  the  war  with  the  gladiators  m  B.  C.  73-71. — SYN. 
Tumultus,  stronger  than  bellum,  used  by  the  Romans  to  denote  a  war 
i n  Italy,  or  against  the  Gauls  ;  turba,  confusion.  —  constantia,  a  reso- 
lute spirit.  —  SYN.  Supero,  lit.  rise  above,  hence  to  conquer  (an  adver- 
sary);  vinco,  conquer  (opposition). — demum,  at  length,  not  till  now; 
denique,  finally,  in  short ;  tandem,  at  last,  after  many  efforts  ;  pos- 
tremo,  lastly,  in  order  of  time.  —  si  quos,  if  any  one.  —  castris,  in  his 
camp,  see"§  55,  3  (/).  — consilio,  by  stratagem.  — qui,  etc.,  those  who 
attributed  their  fear  to  tJic  narrowness  of  the  roads  acted  arrogantly,  since 
they  appeared  either  to  despair  of  the  commander's  doing  his  duty,  or  to 
dictate  to  him.  —  quod  ....  dicantur,  as  to  their  saying  that,  etc.  — 
nihil,  etc.,  he  was  moved  not  at  all  by  this  circumstance.  —  moturum 
(esse),  that  he  slwuld  move.  —  quam  primum,  as  soon  as  possible.  — 
sibique  ....  futuram,  lit.  tJiat  it  should  be  a  prostorian  cohort  to  him- 
self: the  praetorian  cohort  was  the  general's  body-guard ;  it  had  more 
pay  and  privileges  than  the  other  soldiers. 

8.  belli  gerendi,  what  would  be  the  construction  if  the  gerundive 
were  used  ?  —  innata  est,  see  innascor :  what  is  the  force  of  in,  in  com- 
position with  verbs  ?  with  adjectives  ?  see  §  44,  3  (g).  —  princeps  = 
prima.  —  quod  ....  fecisset,  because  lie  had  formed,  etc.  :  the  subjunc- 
tive is  used  to  express  the  opinion  of  the  tribunes  ;  see  §  63,  2.  —  ege- 
runt,  acted  in  the  same  manner.  —  itinere  exquisite,  the  route  having 
been  sought  out.  —  Ariovisti  ....  abesse,  that  the  forces  of  Ariovistus 
were  distant,  etc. — SYN.  Abesse,  to  be  absent,  denotes  absence  as  a  local 
relation,  to  be  away  from  a  place  ;  deesse,  to  be  wanting,  denotes  absence 
by  which  a  thing  is  rendered  incomplete.  —  quod,  (saying)  what.  —  id 
fieri  licere,  tJiat  could  be  accomplished  ;  licere  depends  on  mittit.  —  pro 
....  beneficiis,  in  consideration  of  his  own  benefits  and  those  of  the 
Roman  people  towards  him  (Ariovistus). — fore,  see  §  58,  11  (/). — 
ne  quis  is  used  in  negative  clauses  instead  of  ut  nemo.  —  alia  ratione, 
on  any  otlier  term.  —  equitatui :  the  cavalry  in  Csesar's  army  consisted 
wholly  of  Gauls  ;  he  was  therefore  afraid  to  trust  entirely  to  them.  — 
audebat,  see  §  35,  2.  —  commodissimum  esse  statuit,  he  deemed  it 
most  expedient;  what  is  the  subject  of  esse?  —  omnibus  ....  imponere, 


NOTES. 

all  the  horses  having  been  taken  from  the  Gallic 
(eo),  etc. 

9.  ex  equis,  on  horseback.  —  denos,  ten  apiece.  —  commemoravit, 
recounted.  — quod,  how  tluit.  — quam  ....  docebat,  he  informed  him  tJtat 
this  thing  had  both  happened  to  few,  and  in  consideration  of  important  ser- 
vices.—  quam,  etc.,  hoiv  old,  and  how  just  causes  of  relationship,  etc. — in 
eos,  for  them.  —  postulavit ....  dederat,  then  lie  demanded  the  same 
things  which  he  had  given  to  the  ambassadors  as  his  demands.  —  habere, 
that  lie,  had.  — obsides,  that  the  hostages. — capere,  that  he  had  exacted. — 
SYN.     Experior,  try,  learn  by  experiment  ;  tento,  try  by  feeling,  test ; 
periclitor,  make  trial  of,  facing  the  danger  arising  from  the  experiment. 

—  pace  uti,  to  enjoy  peace.  —  quod  ....  pependerint,  which  they  had 
paid,  etc.,  see  p.  63,  §  1.  — amicitiam  ....  oportere,  that  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Roman  people  ought  to  be  a  protection,  not  an  injury.  — 
quod,  as  to.  —  id  .  .  .  .  facere,  that  lie  did  this  to  fortify  himself,  etc., 
see  §  64,  2  (6).  —  prius  ....  quam,  before,  separated  by  tmesis.  — 
fines  egressum,  passed  beyond  the  territories.  —  quid  sibi  vellet  ?  what 
did  he  wish  for  himself  ?  sibi  refers  to  Caesar. — provinciam,  etc.,  that 
this  was  his  province  just  as,  etc.  —  qui  ....  interpellaremus,  since  we 
interrupted  him  in  his  right,  see  §  69,  2,  2  (d). 

10.  neque  ....  desereret,  neither  his  own  nor  the  custom  of  the  Roman 
people  would  permit  that,  etc. — potius  esse  Ariovisti,  belonged  to  Ario- 
vistus. —  senatus,  of  the  senate.  —  quam voluisset,  since,  though  con- 
quered, (the  senate)  had  willed  that  it  (quam)  should  enjoy  its  own  laws. 

—  prope,  see  p.  92.  —  imperavit  ....  rejicerent,  he  commanded  that 
they  should  not  throw  back  a  single  weapon  upon  the  enemy.  — ne  quod, 
from  ne  quis.  —  legionis  delectse,  to  his  chosen  legion.  —  tamen 
circumventos,  yet  he  did  not  think  that  the  opportunity  should  be  given 
that  the  enemy  having  been  routed,  it  might  be  said  (by  them)  that  tliey 
had  been  surrounded  by  him  (Csesar)  at  the  conference.  —  posteaquam, 
etc.,  after  tJiat  it  was  spread  abroad  among  the  common  soldiers,  see  §  10, 
3  (b). — qua  ....  interdixisset,  with  what  arrogance  (lit.  using  wlmt 
arrogance)  Ariovistus  had  forbidden  the  Romans  (the  nse)  of  Gaul.  —  in- 
terdico  is  here  followed  by  the  dative  and  ablative,  see  §  51,  1  (c).  — 
multo  major,  greater  by  much.  —  injectum,  was  infused. 

11.  post,  an  adverb.  — velle  ....  cum  eo,  (saying)  tJiat  he  wished  to 
treat  with  him.  —  uti  aut,  or  (requesting)  that :  notice  the  twofold  con- 
struction after  mittit  legates ;  in  the  first  case  it  implies  saying,  and  is 
followed  by  the  accusative  with  the  infinitive  ;   in  the  latter  the  verb 
requesting  is  implied,  and  therefore  the  subjunctive  is  required.  —  ex 
legatis  aliquem,  see  §  50,  2  (e),  Rem.  —  visa  non  est,  did  not  appear 
(sufficient).  —  legatum  ex  suis,  a  commissioner  from  his  own  men.  — 
qua ....  utebatur,  which  Ariovistus,  from  long  habit,  used  with  great 


182  LATIN    LESSONS. 

ease;  qua  refers  to  lingua,  and  multa  agrees  with  qua.  —  qui  ....  usus 
erat,  who  was  accustomed  to  enjoy  the  hospitality  of  Ariovistus;  notice 
the  force  of  the  imperfect.  —  an  ....  causa,  was  it  not  to  s})y  out ;  the 
complete  sentence  would  be  utrum  aliud  peterent,  an  speculandi 
causa  venirent,  see  §  71,  2  and  (d)  :  also  see  §  64,  2  (5).  —  praeter, 
past. — eo  consilio,  with  this  design. — uti,  (namely)  that,  see  §  70,  3  (d). 

—  ex  ....  ^Sduis,  from  the  (country  of),  etc.  — pro  castris,  before  the 
camp.  —  si  vellet,  if  he  wisJicd,  see  §  59,  3  (b).  —  ei  . .  .  .  deesset,  that 
the  opportunity  iniglit  not  be  wanting  to  him. 

12.  ubi  ....  ten  ere,  wlien  ....  tliat  he  held  himself  in  his  camp,  sec 
§  55,  3  (/).  — acieque  ....  instructa,  a  triple  line  of  battle  being  formed. 

—  tertiam  castra  munire,  the  third  to  fortify' the  camp.  — eo  ....  ex- 
pedita,  thither  light-armed  troops,  about  six  tlwusand  in  number.  — quae 
copiae,  tliat  tlicsc  forces.  — prohiberent,  see  §  69,  2  (a).  —  a  majoribus, 
sc.  castris.  —  potestas,  an  opportunity.  —  ubi  ....  intellexit,  when  he 
perceived  tliat  not  even  tlien  they  would  come  forth  (to  fight),  see  §  76,  3 
(b).  —  turn  demum,  tlien  at  last ;  give  the  synonymes.  —  oppugnaret, 
see  §  64,  1.  — multis  ....  vulneribus,  many  wounds  being  given  and 
received:   illatis,  see  infero. — SYN.      Accipio,  take  anything  that  i* 
offered;  recipio,  take  anything  under  one's  protection;  excipio,  take  what 
is  escaping,  intercept ;  suscipio,  undertake  a  task  ;  sumere,  take  up  any- 
thing (to  use  it) ;  capere,  take  anything  (to  possess  it). 

13.  quam  ob  rem,  on  account  of  ichat  thing,  i.  e.  for  what  reason.  — 
sortibus  et  vaticinationibus,  from  lots  and  auguries.  —  utrum  .... 
necne,  whether  a  battle  could  be  fought  advantageously,  or  not.  —  esset, 
see  §  71,  2,  Rem.  — eas  ....  superare,  they  (women)  said  that  it  was  not 
the  will  of  heaven  for  the  Germans  to  conquer.  —  alarios,  auxiliaries, 
generally  stationed  on  the  wings  (alae)  of  the  arm)'.  — quod  ....  valebat, 
because  he  was  less  strong  in  the  number  of  legionary  soldiers  in  proportion 
to  tlie  number  of  the  enemy.  —  eo,  lit.  thitlier,  i.  e.  on  these  (chariots  and 
wagons).  — passis  manibus,  with  outstretclied  hand  (passis  from  pando): 
flentes  agrees  with  quse,  subject  of  implorabant. 

14.  Caesar  ....  praefecit,  Casar  appointed  over  each  legion  a  lieu- 
tenant,  and  quaestor:   for  the  duties  of  the  quaestor  see  Hand-book. 

—  a  dextro  cornu,  on  tlic  right  wing  (of  the  Romans).  —  minime  fir- 
mam,  least  strong. — itaque,  and  so. — spatium,  space  (of  time). — re- 
jectis  pilis,  the  javelins  being  thrown  aside  ;  for  the  manner  in  which 
the  Roman  army  was  armed,  see  Hand-book.  —  SYX.      Gladius,  sword 
(a  general  word)  ;  ensis,  sword  (poetical)  ;  pugio,  a  dagger  or  short  sword 
(often  worn  by  magistrates)  ;  sica,  dagger,  (the  secret  weapon  of  the 
assassin).  —  complures  nostri  milites,  many  of  our  soldiers,  see  §  50,  2 
(e),  Rern.  3.  — miles  from  mil  (mille)  and  eo,  in  allusion  to  the  army 
as  arranged  by  Servius  Tullius.  —  qui  ....  insilirent,  iclw  leaped,  see 


NOTES.  183 

§  65,  2. — scuta,  etc.,  tore  off  with  their  hands  the  shields  (of  the  enemy). 

—  a  sinistro  cornu,  on  the  left  wing  (of  the  Germans).  —  a  dextro 
cornu,  on  tlie  right  wing  (of  the  German  army).  —  perpauci,  a  very  few. 

—  confisi,  relying  on  their  strength :  see  confido. 

15.    cum  ....  traheretur,  as  he  was  being  dragged  along. — trinis 
catenis,  with  three  chains.  —  in  ....  incidit,  fell  in  with  Cwsar  himself. 

—  de  .  .  .  .  dicebat,  he  said  that  it  had  been  thrice  consulted  by  lots  about 
him.  —  cceperunt,  began,  see  §  38,   1  (a).  —  duobus  bellis,  i.  e.  the 
Helvetian  and  German  wars.  —  maturius  paulo,  a  little  earlier.  —  ad 
conventus  agendos,  to  hold  the  courts,  i.  e.  to  attend  to  lawsuits,  and 
all  matters  pertaining  to  the  civil  administration  of  the  country.     Each 
province  was  divided  into  districts,  in  which  the  pro-consul  held  a  court, 
to  which  any  one  might  apply  for  redress  of  grievances.     The  pro-consul 
himself  presided  at  the  trials,  and  pronounced  the  decision  according  to 
the  views  of  the  judges,  who  were  generally  selected  from  among  the 
Roman  citizens,  who  resided  in  the  province.     Caesar  also  had  another 
object  for  passing  the  winter  in  Italy,  in  order  to  watch  the  movements 
of  political  parties  at  the  capital,  and  especially  of  Pompey,  who  now, 
according  to  the  arrangement  made  by  the  triumvirs,  held  the  chief 
power  there. 


QUESTIONS  FOE  EEVIEW. 


1.  How  do  nouns  of  the  first  declension  end?    Decline  Stella.    What 
words  of  this  declension  are  masculine ?     What  words  have  abus  in  the 
dative  and  ablative  plural  ?     For  what  purpose  ?     What  are  the  termina- 
tions of  Greek  nouns  ?     Decline  cometes.     Decline  together  Stella  lucida. 
What  cases  are  alike  in  the  first  declension  ?     What  declensions  have  no 
neuter  nouns  ? 

2.  How  do  nouns  of  the  second  declension  end  ?     Which  terminations 
are  neuter  ?     Which  masculine  ?    Decline  puer,  donum,  dominus.     Why 
is  the  accent  in  dominus  on  the  antepenult  ?     What  nouns  in  er  retain  e 
in  the  oblique  cases  ?    How  do  puer  and  ft&er  differ  in  declension  ?     What 
class  of  nouns  in  MS  are  feminine  ?     What  is  said  of  vir?    What  nouns  in 
MS  are  neuter?     What  is  the  gender  of  vulgus?    Decline filius  and  deus. 

3.  How  are  nouns  of  the  third  declension  classified  ?      Decline  mare 
and  turns.     What  is  the  regular  ending  of  the  accusative  and  ablative  in 
this  class  of  nouns  ?     Which  retain  the  regular  form  ?     What  is  the  gen- 
itive plural  of  caw's  ?     Of  turris  ?    Decline  vis,  Tiberis. 

4.  Decline  honor,  nomen,  and  consul.     What  is  the  stem  of  honor  ?    Ex- 
plain the  formation  of  the  nominative  singular.     Decline  opus.    Explain 
the  formation  of  the  nominative  singular. 

5.  Decline  urbs  and  ars.      Explain  the  formation  of  the  nominative 
singular  of  comes;  accent  comites.     In  what  does  the  ablative  of  nouns 
of  this  class  end  ?     Decline  apex,  explaining  the  formation  of  the  nomi- 
native singular ;  also  rex,  pax,  and  arx.   Decline  euro,  vas,  bos,  nix,  and  os. 

6.  What  terminations  of  the  third  declension  are  masculine?     What 
neuter?     What  nouns  in  or  are  feminine?     What  neuter?     What  is  the 
gender  of  juventus,  pes,  plebs,  caro,  as,  jus,  rus,  and  arbor  ?     What  termi- 
nations of  the  third  declension  are  feminine?     Write  the  declension  of 
miles,  onus,  ordo,  and  corpus,  explaining  the  formation  of  the  nominative. 
Decline  together  puer  bonus  and  vox  sceva. 

7.  Give  the  accusative  singular  of  mare,  tutris.     Give  the  ablative  sin- 
gular and  genitive  plural  of  sermo,  homo,  equus,  cor,  gens,  pax,  and  arx. 
[Observe  that  neuter  nouns  in  e,  al,  and  ar  retain  i  in  the  ablative  and  ium 
in  the  genitive  plural ;  nouns  in  ns  and  rs  of  only  one  syllable,  as  well 
as  nouns  in  is  and  es,  not  increasing  in  the  genitive  (see  §  78,  3  a),  and 


180  LATIN    LESSONS. 

monosyllables  ending  in  two  consonants,  retain  him  in  the  genitive  plural.] 
How  do  nouns  in  as  form  their  genitive  ?  Nouns  in  a  f  Nouns  in  o  ? 
Nouns  in  do  and  yo  ?  Give  the  genitive  of  tier ;  of  Jupiter ;  of  cor ;  of 
litus.  How  do  nouns  in  es  form  their  genitive  ?  in  is  ?  in  os  ?  in  us  ?  In 
what  does  the  ablative  singular,  the  nominative,  and  genitive  plural  of 
vowel  s'ems  generally  end  ?  In  what  liquid  stems  ?  In  what  mute  stems  ? 
Mention  exceptions. 

8.  How  do  nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  end  ?     Decline  cum/5,  fruc- 
tus,  and  gam.      What   nouns  of  this  declension  are  feminine  ?     What 
nouns  of  the  fourth  declension  retain  u  in  the  dative  and  ablative  plural  ? 
Decline  domus.      What  difference  of  meaning   have  domus   and  domi  ? 
What  nouns  have  the  forms  of  the  second  and  fourth  declension  ?     De- 
cline together  altus  locus,  tristis  casus. 

9.  How  do  nouns  of  the  fifth  declension  end  ?     What  is  their  gender  ? 
Decline  res,  dies,  spes.     What  exceptions  in  gender  ?     How  many  nouns 
belong  to  this  declension  ?     How  many  are  complete  ?   Mention  those  that 
have  only  the  nominative  vocative  and  accusative  plural.    Decline  together 
longa  acies. 

10.  Into  how  many  classes  are  irregular  nouns  divided  ?    Define  each. 
Define  heterogeneous ;  hcteroclite.     Give  examples  illustrating  each.   De- 
cline together  Marcus    Tullius   Cicero.     Which  is  the  personal  name? 
Which  the  name  of  the  Gens  ?    What  was  the  agnomen  ?    Illustrate  by 
example. 

11.  What  is  an  Adjective  ?     Into  what  classes  are  they  divided  ?    How 
are  adjectives  in  o  stems  declined  ?     Decline  seri'iis,  ater,  tener.     Decline 
in  the  singular  solus.     What  other  words  are  declined  like  it  ?     Decline 
alter  in  the  singular.     Decline  alius  in  the  singular  and  ntcn/ue  in  the  plu- 
ral.    Decline  acer.     How  many  adjectives  like  it  ?     Decline  felix,  iens, 
veins. 

12.  Decline  carior.    Decline  dis.     Dec-line  together  slella  dam,  insula 
longa,   vir  bonus,   hortiis   parvus,   campus   longus,  jjericulum  magnum,  acer, 
auriga.     When  is  the  vocative  different  from  the  nominative  1     In  what 
does   the  genitive  plural  of  adjectives  of  the  third   declension  generally 
end  ?     In  what  the  ablative  of  comparatives  and  participles  in  ns  ?     How 
do  adjectives  of  one  termination  form  their  ablative  ? 

13.  Give  the  genitive  and  ablative  singular  and  plural  of  filia,  vas, 
passer,  opus,  alius,  mitis,  mare,  juvenis,  dies,  acus,  specus,  nubes,  difficultas. 

14.  Give  the  rule  for  forming  the  comparative  and  superlative  of  ad- 
jectives.    Compare  felix,  audax,  durus,  and  mitis. 

15.  How  are  adjectives  in  er  compared  ?     What  adjectives  in  ns  have  a 
similar  superlative  ?     Compare  acer,  piger,  miser,  pulcher. 

16.  Compare facilis.     What  other  adjectives  are  compared  like  this? 
Compare  doctus,  gracilis,  altus,  potens. 


QUESTIONS    FOR    REVIEW.  187 

17.  What  irregularity  have  five  adjectives  injicus  ?   Compare  muledicus 
and  benevolus.    Mention  five  adjectives  whose  comparatives  are  regular, 
but  whose  superlatives  are  irregular.     Compare  them.     Compare  idoneus. 
Give  the  rule  for  it. 

18.  Compare  bonus,  magnus,  mains,  mirificus,  dives,  frugi,  and  dexter, 
Compare  seven  adjectives  which  want  the  positive. 

19.  Compare  juvenis  and  senex.  What  adjectives  want  the  comparative? 
Mention  three  that  want  the  superlative. 

20.  Decline  minor,  animus  ferox,  and  vulnus  grave,  together.     Compare 
citerior.     What  other  adjectives  are  formed  like  this  1 

21.  Compare  the  adverbs  formed  from  bonus,  mains,  altus,  yravis.    Com- 
pare diu,  saipe,  satis,  multum,  cegre. 

22.  How  may  the  force  of  the  comparative  and  superlative  be  increased  ? 
What  is  the  force  of  quam  before  the  superlative  ?     What  is  the  force  of 
guisque  with  the  superlative  ?     Of  per  ?     Of  sub  in  composition  ? 

23.  Name  the  principal  classes  of  numeral  adjectives.     What  are  the 
cardinals'?     Which  are  not  declined?    Decline  duo.     What  is  irregular 
in  the  declension  of  unus? 

24.  Give  the  cardinals  from  1  to  20. 

25.  Give  the  Latin  for  12,  14,  16,  17,  18,  19.    Explain  the  last  two. 

26.  Give  the  Latin  for  11,  21,  28,  49,  60,  75,  94,  100. 

27.  How  is  mille  used  ? 

28.  What  are  Ordinals?     Give  the  Latin  ordinals  from  1st  to  10th. 
What  are  Distributives  ?     Give  them  up  to  the  10th. 

29.  What  are  Numeral  Adverbs  ?     Give  the  first  ten  numeral  adverbs. 

30.  Give  the  Roman  numerals  for  20,  45,  52,  67,  78,  98,  200,  500, 1,000, 
5,000,  10,000,  and  explain  the  Roman  method  of  notation. 

31.  What  is  a  Pronoun?     Decline  ego,  tu,  sui.     Give  the  possessive 
pronouns  formed  from  these.     How  are  they  declined?  Decline  meuspuer, 
nostra  domus. 

32.  Which  are  the  demonstrative  pronouns?     Decline  ille  puer,  hie 
vir,  hoc  prcelium,  kcec  sententia. 

33.  Decline  ipse,  ille  in  the  singular,  and  is  and  idem  throughout ;  ac- 
cent the  last. 

34.  Decline  unus  locus,  iota  acies. 

35.  Define  relative  pronoun.    Decline  qui  and  quis.     Write  the  nomi- 
native plural  of  quis,  aliquis,  and  siquis.     What  is  the  difference  between 
the  forms  in  quid  and  quod?     Decline  quivis. 

36.  Decline  together  in  the  singular  quilibet  miles,  aliqua  solus,  qui- 
dam  homo. 

37.  Decline  together  idem  metus,  hcec  res,  illud  periculum,  uterque  miles. 

38.  What  is  a  Verb?  (See  Lessons  for  definitions.)     What  is  the  Sub- 
ject of  a  verb  ?     What  is  meant  by  the  Active  Voice  ?    By  the  Passive 


188  LATIN    LESSONS. 

Voice  ?  What  is  a  transitive  verb  ?  Intransitive  ?  What  are  Moods  ? 
How  many  ?  Define  each.  What  is  a  Participle  ?  What  form  has  the 
participle  ?  In  what  does  it  resemble  the  verb  ?  In  what  an  adjective  ? 
How  many  participles  ?  What  is  the  Gerundive  ? 

39.  What  are  Gerunds  ?    What  are  Supines  ?     How  do  they  end  ?     In 
what  sense  are  they  used  ?     What  are  Tenses  ?     What  is  the  first  division 
of  time  ?     Name  the  tenses,  and  define  each.     Name  those  which  repre- 
sent the  action  as  not  completed  ;  those  which  represent  it  as  completed. 
Upon  what  stems  are  the  tenses  formed  ? 

40.  What  are  the  principal  parts  of  a  verb  ?     What  tenses  are  formed 
from  each  ?     Write  the  present  indicative  of  esse.     Write  the  imperfect 
subjunctive  ;  the  present  imperative ;  the  infinitives.    For  what  areybrew, 
forent,  and  fore  used  ?     What  tense  of  esse  has  two  forms  ? 

41.  Explain  the  compound  of  esse  and  pro.     Write  the  present  and 
perfect  indicative. 

42.  Explain  the  composition  of  potis  and  sum.     Write  the  present  and 
imperfect  indicative;  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive. 

43.  What  is  the  conjugation  of  a  verb  ?     How  many  conjugations  ? 
How  are  they  distinguished  ?     Illustrate  the  formation  of  the  tenses  of 
voco,  deleo,  duco,  and  audio.     How  were  verbs  classified  into  four  conjuga- 
tions (see  Note,  p.  61 )? 

44.  Give  a  synopsis  of  tenses  of  the  Present  Stem  in  the  active  of  amo  ; 
of  the   perfect  stem  of  moneo ;  of   the  supine  stem  of  rego.     Inflect  the 
present  imperative,  active  and  passive,  of  amo  and  doceo. 

45.  Give  the  synopsis  in  the  active  voice  of  rego.     Give  all  the  infini- 
tives of  audio.     Give  the  present  imperative,  active  and  passive,  of  rego 
and  audio.     Give  a  synopsis  of  the  active  and  passive  of  audio. 

46.  Give  the  participles,  gerund,  and  supine  of  amo.     Give  a  synopsis 
of  the  tenses  from  the  supine  stems  of  amo.     Give  the  principal  parts  of 
amo,  moneo,  rego,  and  audio  in  both  voices. 

47.  How  are  Deponent  verbs  conjugated  ?     What  is  said  of  their  parti- 
ciples ?      Conjugate  miror.     What  is  said  of  neuter  deponents  ?     What 
active  forms  have  they  ?     Give  all  the  infinitives  and  participles  of  sequor, 
vcreor,  jwtior,  criminor. 

48.  What  are   Semi-deponents7     Name   them.      Give  a  synopsis  of 
audeo  and  jido.     What  are  neutral  passives  ?     Enumerate  them. 

49.  Give  the  future  indicative  and  present  subjunctive  of  capio.     Give 
the  present  indicative  passive  of  capio.     Inflect  the  imperative  active  and 
passive  of  capio. 

50.  Parse  the  following,  and  inflect  the  tenses  to  which  they  belong: 
Amarerunt,  monelnmtur,  momtus  ero ;  monete,  monere,  amabit ;  monuerit,  onu-t, 
ametttr,  moneat,  monc,  monere.     Explain  how  vocatum  iri  is  formed.     Is  the 
termination  turn  variable  ? 


QUESTIONS    FOR   REVIEW.  189 

51.  Regat,    regunt,    reget,   regar,   auditor,  capiunt,  regitor,  rege,  regere, 
capite,  audio  s,  audies,  audire,  audiret,  rexero,  moneant,  monebis,  rectus  est, 
mirer,  verear,  mirator. 

52.  Explain  the  forms  amasse,  audieram,  nosse,  die,  fer,faxim,  vocarier. 

53.  Explain  the  formation  of  the  present  and  perfect  stem  of  amo  (see 
§  30.  1 )  ;    of  moneo ;   of  rajo ;  of  audio :  the  supine  stem  of  nomino  ;  of 
terreo  ;  of  duco  ;  of  deleo  ;  of  jingo. 

54.  What  are  derivative  verbs  ?     Define  each  class.    Explain  how  they 
"are  formed,  and  of  what  conjugation. 

55.  Give  the  principal  parts  offateor,  bibo,  cerno,  arcesso,  vinco,  vincio, 
cado,  ccedo,  cedo,  disco,  plecto,  jingo,  do,  peto,  pello,  lavo. 

56.  What  verbs  are  called  Irregular  ?     Give  the  present  indicative  and 
present  subjunctive  of  fero.   Give  the  imperatives,  active  and  passive.  Give 
the  present  and  imperfect  passive. 

57.  Give  the  present  indicative  and  present  subjunctive  of  volo,  nolo, 
malo.     Give  the  imperative  of  nolo.     Give  the  imperfect  of  volo,  nolo,  malo. 
Give  the  infinitives. 

58.  Inflect  the  present  indicative  of  eo ;  of  fio ;  the  present  subjunctive ; 
the  imperfect  indicative  and  subjunctive.     Give  the  imperative  of  each. 

59.  Parse  the  following,  and  inflect  the  tenses  to  which  they  belong : 
ferat,feret,ferar,fero;  vis,  volet,  voluit ;  nonvultis,  noles,  noli;  mavis,  malle, 
mavultis ;  it,  earn  ;  jiunt,jies,jierem,jiat,ji. 

60.  What  are  Defective  verbs  ?     Conjugate  ccepi,  odi.     Give  the  parts 
in  use  of  aio,  inquam.     In  what  sense  are  odi  and  memmi  used  ?     What 
name  do  they  have ?     What  is  said  of  the  compounds  ofjio? 

61.  What  are  Impersonal  verbs?     What  nominative  usually  precedes 
them  in  English  ?     How  are  they  classified  ?     Conjugate  licet. 

62.  How  are  the  Periphrastic   Conjugations  formed'?    How  the  first 
periphrastic  conjugation  ?     How  the  second  ? 

63.  In  what  ways  may  verbs  be  compounded  (see  §  30,  6  d)  ?     How 
are  the  compounds  of  capio  and  teneo  formed'?     Of  cogo  and  degot    Of 
facio  with  a  preposition  (see  §  44,  3  e)  ? 

64.  Define  Particles.     How  are  Adverbs  formed  ?    Explain  the  forma- 
tion of  care,  dearly ;  fortiter,  bravely ;  multum,  much ;  falso,  falsely  ;  quo, 
whither ;  ibi,  there ;   statim,   immediately.     How  are  adverbs   classified  ? 
Explain  the  distinction  between  certo  and  certe ;  primum  and  primo. 

65  How  are  adverbs  compared  7     Illustrate  by  examples. 

66  What  is  a  Preposition'?     How  many  take  the  accusative?     How 
many  the  ablative  q   How  many  have  either  the  accusative  or  the  ablative  ? 
What  is  the  distinction  in  the  use  of  a,  ab,  and  abs?     Of  e  and  ex?  What 
is  said  of  the  meaning  of  prepositions  in  composition  (see  §  44,  3  g)  ? 

67.  What  is  a  Conjunction  f  Into  how  many  classes  are  conjunctions 
divided  '  What  docs  the  first  class  include  ?  What  the  second  ?  What 
conjunctions  are  Enclitics  ?  How  are  ac  and  atque  distinguished  ? 


190  LATIN    LESSONS. 

68.  Distinguish  between  a  Root  and  Stem.    Explain  the  meaning  of 
such  derivatives  as  dnctor,  victrix,  viator,  miles  (from  mil,  a  thousand,  and 
eo,  go),  gaudium,  flumen,  pudlula.     How  are  Patronymics  formed  ?    What 
is  the  termination  of  masculine  patronymics  ?     Of  feminine  ?     Of  what 
declension  are  patronymics  ?     How  are  gentile  nouns  formed  ?     Explain 
the  meaning  in  the  terminations  to  the  following  words :  pugnax,  ovile, 
alumnus,  difficuUas,  lapidosus,  Cannensis. 

69.  Define  a  Sentence.     How  many  kinds  ?    Define  each.    Define  Sub- 
ject, Predicate,  Copula,  Substantive  Verb,  a  Phrase,  a  Clause.     How  are 
clauses  classified?     What  is  meant  by  Agreement  and  Government  in 
Grammar?    Illustrate. 

70.  Define  Apposition.     Give  the  rule  for  the  agreement  of  an  adjec- 
tive with  a  noun  ;  when  the  nouns  are  of  different  gender ;  when  they  de- 
note things  without  life. 

71.  Give  the  rule  for  the  agreement  of  a  relative  pronoun  with  its  ante- 
cedent.    How  is  its  case  determined  ?     How  its  gender  ?    Illustrate. 

72.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  agreement  of  a  verb  ?     Of  what  number 
is  the  verb  when  belonging  to  two  or  more  nominatives  singular  ?     When 
a  nominative  singular  is  joined  to  an  ablative  with  cum  ?    What  is  said  of 
Collective  nouns  ?     Of  uterque  ?  quisque  ? 

73.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  Genitive  after  nouns  ?    Explain  the  differ- 
ence between  the  subjective  and  objective  genitive.     What  is  the  rule  for 
the  genitive  after  partitives  ?  What  is  the  rule  for  the  genitive  after  verbs  ? 
Of  verbs  of  remembering  ?     Verbs  of  accusing  ?     Verbs  of  pity  ?     Of 
miseret,  etc.  ?     Of  refert,  etc.  ?     Of  egeo,  etc.  ? 

74.  What  other  construction  is  used  after  refert  and  interest?    What 
is  said  of  the  nominatives  of  these  verbs  ?   What  is  said  of  polior  ?  When 
do  verbs  of  remembering  take  the  accusative  ?    How  is  the  punishment 
expressed?     What  is  said  of  tanti,  rjitanti,  etc.  ?     Of  pridie  and  postridie  ? 
What  is  said  of  the  construction  after  omnes  ? 

75.  Give  the  general  rule  for  the  Dative.    For  the  dative  with  verbs. 
Mention  the  verbs  that  take  the  dative  generally  without  the  sign  to  or 
for.     Give  the  rule  for  verbs  compounded  with  ad,  ante,  etc     What  is  the 
rule  for  esse,  and  the  dative  ?    How  may  esse  in  such  cases  be  translated  q 
What  is  said  of  the  agent  after  passive  verbs  7     Of  the  agent  with  ger- 
unds, etc.  ?     Give  the  rule  for  the  dative  of  Sen-ice,  Nearness,  Advantage, 
and  Ethical  dative. 

7G.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  dative  after  adjectives  ?  What  is  said  of 
dicto  audiens  ?  Mention  adjectives  that  are  followed  by  either  the  geni- 
tive or  dative  ?  What  is  said  of  propior  and  proximus  ?  Of  obvius  ?  Of 
idem  ?  Of  nomen  est  ?  Explain  the  following  :  Est  mihi  cultellus;  cultellus 
est  meus  •  habeo  cultdium ;  est  mihi  nomen  Alexandra. 

77.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  Direct  Object  of  a  verb  ?  For  the  Cog- 
nate Accusative  ?  For  verbs  of  motion  compounded  with  circum  and 


QUESTIONS    FOB    REVIEW.  191 

trans?    For  delectat,  etc.  ?    For  verbs  of  asking,  etc.  ?    What  prepositions 
take  the  accusative  ? 

78.  When  the  active  voice  takes  two  accusatives,  which  is  retained  after 
the  passive  voice  ?     What  is  said  of  peto  ?     Of  id  temporis  ?     What  is  the 
Synecdochical  accusative  ?     Is  this  an  illustration  of  it :  inutile  ferrum 
cingitur  ?     In  what  ways  may  the  accusative  after  many  neuter  verbs  be 
explained "?     What  interjections  are  followed  by  the  accusative  ? 

79.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  Vocative  ? 

80.  Give  the  general  rule  for  the  Ablative  ;  for  the  ablative  of  separa- 
tion ;  for  opus  and  usus  ;  ablative  of  source  ;  of  cause  ;  ablative  after  diy- 
nus,  etc. ;  ablative  of  agent ;  of  comparison ;  of  means  ;    of  the  ablative 
after  utor,  etc. ;    of  quality  ;    of  price ;    of  specification ;   for  the  locative 
ablative ;  for  the  ablative  absolute. 

81.  What  is  said  of  compounds  of  a,  ab,  etc.?     What  is  said  of  egeo 
and  indiyeo  ?     When,  after  verbs  denoting  origin,  is  the  preposition  ex- 
pressed ?     How  is  the  agent  sometimes  expressed  ?     What  is  said  of  plus, 
minus,  etc.  ? 

82.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  time  when  and  how  long  ?   For  space  ?   For 
place  ?     What  is  said  of  domi,  etc.  ?     What  is  said  of  the  use  of  preposi- 
tions before  names  of  towns  ?     Before  names  of  other  places  1 

83.  Mention  the  prepositions  that  govern  the  accusative ;  those  that 
govern  the  ablative.     What  is  said  of  in,  sub,  super,  subter  ?     Of  preposi- 
tions used  in  dates  ?     Of  the  adverbs  pridie,  etc.  ?     What  prepositions 
often  follow  their  nouns  ? 

84.  Name  the  Moods,  and  define  each.     How  is  the  hortatory  subjunc- 
tive used  ?      The  optative  subjunctive  ?      The  concessive  subjunctive  ? 
Define  the  Infinitive  mood ;  as  a  subject ;  the  complementary  infinitive ; 
with  subject  accusative ;  the  historical  infinitive. 

85.  Into  what  two  classes  are  Tenses  divided  ?     Mention  those  of  the 
first  class ;  of  the  second  class.    Define  the  tenses  of  the  indicative.    How 
many  tenses  has  the  subjunctive  7     Give  the  primary  tenses ;   the  sec- 
ondary.     In  compound  sentences  by  what  tense  is  the  primary  tense 
followed  ?     Illustrate  by  examples.     When  is  the  perfect  definite  followed 
by  a  secondary  tense  ?     When  is  the  present  ? 

86.  What  time  is  denoted  by  the  Infinitive1?     How  is  the  infinitive 
translated  in  indirect  discourse  ?     Illustrate. 

87.  What  is  a  Conditional  Sentence  ?     How  are  conditional  sentences 
classified  1     Give  the  different  forms  of  particular  suppositions,  and  one 
example  of  each.     When  is  the  indicative  used  in  both  clauses  ?     When 
the  future  indicative  ?     Define  general  suppositions.     Give  examples. 

88.  What  is  an  implied  condition  ?    Define  and  illustrate  a  disguised 
condition  ;  condition  omitted ;  potential  subjunctive. 

89.  What  are  Temporal  clauses  ?  Mention  the  temporal  adverbs.  Give 


192  LATIN    LESSONS. 

the  rule  for  the  mood  of  temporal  clauses  ;  for  cum  temporal ;  for  ante- 
quam,  etc. ;  for  dam,  etc. ;  for  cum  causal. 

90.  What  are  Causal  clauses  ?     Give  the  causal  particles  and  the  rules 
for  the  mood  following  them. 

91.  What  is  a  Final  clause  ?     Give  the  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses.     In 
how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  in  Latin  ?     Illustrate. 

92.  What  are  Consecutive  clauses  ?      Give   the   rule  for  consecutive 
clauses  after  ut ;  after  quin ;  for  relative  clauses ;  clause  after  units,  etc. ; 
after  quam  ;  after  dignus. 

93.  What  is  the  rule  for  the  mood  in  Intermediate  clauses  ?     Give  ex- 
amples in  which  the  subjunctive  and  indicative  are  used. 

94.  What  is  meant  by  Direct  Discourse?     By  Indirect?     Write  these 
sentences  in  Latin  and  give  the  rule:  /  am  writing;  fie  says  I  am  writing  ; 
if  you  should  say  that,  you  would  be  mistaken  ;  he  thinks  that  you  would  be 
mistaken  if  you  should  say  that. 

95.  What  is  an  Indirect  Question  ?     What  mood  does  the  imperative 
take  in  indirect  discourse  ? 

96.  Give  the  rule  for  Wishes  and  Commands. 

97.  When  do  Relative  clauses  take  the  indicative  ?     When  do  they  take 
the  subjunctive?     Classify  them,  and  give  one  example  of  each. 

98.  What  is  a  Substantive  clause  ?     How  are  they  classified  ?    Mention 
four  kinds,  and  give  examples  of  each. 

99.  How  are  Questions  introduced  ?     Mention  the  interrogative  parti- 
cles.    Give   illustrations   of  their  use.     How  is   a   double   question   ex- 
pressed ?     How  is  the  Answer  expressed  in  Latin  ? 

100.  What  is  a  Participle?    What  is  said  of  the  time  of  the  participle  ? 
How  are  the  present  and  perfect  participles  used  ?     What  is  said  of  the 
future  participle? 

101.  What  is   a   Gerund?      Followed   by  what  cases?      Instead  of 
the  gerund  of  a  transitive  verb,  what  construction  may  be  used  ?     What 
is  said  of  the  participles  of  ittor,  etc.  ?     When  the  participle  in  dus  is  used 
for  a  gerund,  what  is  it  called  ?     What  is  the  rule  for  the  genitive  of  ger- 
unds and  gerundives  ?     For  the  dative  ?     For  the  accusative  ?     For  the 
ablative  ? 

102.  What  is  a  Supine  ?     By  what  cases  are  gerunds  followed  ?     What 
do  they  follow  ?     What  is  the  rule  for  the  supine  in  um  ?     In  u  '? 

103.  What  is  the  order  of  words  in  a  Latin  sentence?     Where  do  nu- 
merals generally  stand  ?     Where  demonstrative  pronouns  ?     Relative  pro- 
nouns ?     What  connectives  occupy  the  second  or  third  place  ?     Where  is 
a  modifier  of  a  noun  and  adjective  placed  ?     What  is  the  position  of  ne 
and  quidem  ?     Of  inquam  ?    How  can  the  subject  and  predicate  be  made 
emphatic  ? 


QUESTIONS    FOR    GENERAL   REVIEW.  193 


QUESTIONS  FOR  GENERAL  REVIEW. 

104.  Decline  mea  filia,  meus  jilius,  bona  dea.    Mark  the  quantity  of 
the  penultimate  and  final  syllables. 

105.  What  are  Epicenes  1     What  is  meant  by  the  Copula?    Decline 
Anchises,  ^Kneas. 

106.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  sto,  duco,  vinco,  morior,  oportet,  jacio, 
jaceo. 

107.  Decline  bonus  vir,  Orpheus,  alia  turris,  Tiberis,  Achilles,  canis,  ju- 
venis.     Give  the  gender  of  each  with  the  rule,  and  mark  all  the  long 
vowels. 

108.  How  are  adjectives  compared?     Compare  hebes,  humilis,  inops,  dex- 
ter, juvenis  ;  mark  the  quantity  of  all  the  penults. 

109.  Form  adverbs  from  the  following,  and  compare  them  :  levis,  latus, 
audax,  bonus,  miser,  facilis,  grains. 

110.  By  what  case  or  cases  are  peto,  qucero,  do,  circumdo,  postulo,  Iceto, 
ulor,  consulo,  facio,  faveo,  jubeo,  nubo,  followed  ? 

111.  Give  the  participles  of  conor,  sequor,  ccedo,fateor,  loquor,fido,  domo, 
veto,  sto,  plico. 

112.  Write  the  compounds  formed  from  con  and  ago,  con  and  lego,  in 
and  ludo.     How  is  text  formed  from  tego  ?  nupsi  from  nubo  ?  passus  from 
patior  ?  maximus  from  magnus  ? 

113.  Decline  and  mark  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate  and  final  sylla- 
bles of  caro,  bos,  nix,  os,  vis,  Dido,  Jupiter,  iter,  poema,  fructus. 

114.  Give  the  meaning  of  the  following  words  in  the  singular  and  plu- 
ral :  copia,  sal,  locus,  impedimentum,  littera,  forum,  finis,  playa,  opera. 

115.  Decline  together  Tullia  minor;  Publius  Cornelius  Scipio  Africanus ; 
alter  ille  puer. 

116.  Write  in  Latin,  we  are  reading ;  I  and  you  are  reading ;  you  and 
that  boy  are  reading ;  he  and  that  boy  are  reading.     What  is  the  quantity  of 
monosyllables ? 

117.  What  are  Patronymics?    Form  masculine  and  feminine  patro- 
nymics from  Tantalus,  dZneas,  Priamus.   Mark  the  quantity  of  the  penulti- 
mate syllable. 

118.  Enumerate  the  chief  uses  of  the  Genitive?     What  is  the  distinc- 
tion between  the  use  of  nostrum  and  nostri  ?  vestrwn  and  vcstri  ? 

119.  Explain  the  meaning  of  the  terminations  of  the  following  words  : 
lumen  (from  luc-men ) ,  andacia,  laresso,  cantillo,  csurio,  viator,  collegium.   Mark 
the  quantity  of  the  final  vowels. 

120.  What  is  an  Intensive  verb?    Form  one  from  each  of  the  following 
words  :  dico,  facio,  clamo,  finbeo,  and  lego. 

121.  Give  all  the  infinitives  and  imperatives  of  the  following  .  capio, 
tollo,  qucero,  nosco,  posco,  pango,  labor,  juvo,  veto,  gero. 

13 


194  LATIN'    LESSONS. 

122.  Explain  and  illustrate  the  partitive  genitive  with  numerals;  with 
neuter  adjectives.     Would  nihil  memoriabilis  be  correet  ? 

123.  Give  the  principal  parts,  and  explain  how  the  perfect  is  formed,  of 
the  following  verbs  :  dico,  colo,  gigno,  augeo,Jinio. 

124.  Form  nouns  to  express  the  male  agent  from  amo,  audio,  vinco  ;  the 
female  agent  from  vinco,  venor,  lego. 

125.  Distinguish  in  meaning  between  the  following  with  the  dative  and 
with  the  accusative  :  consulo,  mttuo,  caveo,  tempero,  moderor. 

126.  How  may  a  sentence  in  the  active  voice  be  converted  into  the  pas- 
sive ?     Apply  the  rule  to  the  following  :  Romulus  urbem  muris  cinxit ;  Re- 
mus fratrem  liberal- it. 

127.  What  arc  Interjections  ?     Mention  the  principal  ones,  with  the 
cases  that  follow  them.     What  is  the  quantity  of  final  as,  es,  os  ? 

128.  Parse  the  following:  imitatus,  vixisset,  aitulisset,  edisceret,  uteretur, 
scriptam  esse,  jussi,  aitsi  simus,  mansi. 

129.  What  are  the  derivations  of  Romanus,  oratio,  orator,  and  the  mean- 
ing of  the  derivative  terminations  in  each  ?     What  suffixes  must  be  at- 
tached to  a  noun  to  express  the  office  of  a  person  ?  A  collection  of  trees  ? 

130.  Enumerate  the  chief  uses  of  the  Dative  case.     What  is  the  pri- 
mary meaning  of  the  dative  ? 

131.  Give  the  gender  of  the  following  words,  with  the  rules  under  which 
they  come,  or  to  which  they  are  exceptions  :  matjister,  arbor,  Jinis,  dens, 
oratio,  caput,  dies,  inanity,  amms,  lepus,  mus,  tei/us,  iaus,  palus,  genu,  collis, 
ensis,  lex. 

132.  Enumerate  the  cliief  uses  of  the  accusative  case.     What  is  the 
rule  for  the  accusative  of  time  and  space  ?     In  what  other  case  are  nouns 
denoting  time  and  space  often  put  ?     To  denote  a  place  by  its  distance 
from  another,  which  case  is  used  ?     Is  a  preposition  ever  expressed  with 
this  accusative  ?     Explain  the  accusative  in  the  following  :  ferire  foedus,  to 
strike  a  treaty.     What  impersonal  verbs  are  followed  by  the  accusative  ? 

133.  Decline  veter,judicum,ordo,  Paris,  vimen,  lapis,  Lysiaa,  Tholes. 

134.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  the  following  :  rapio,  facio,  curro,  lego, 
tfxo,  tero,  queror. 

135.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  fero  when  compounded  with  ab,  ad,  con, 
d.s,  ex,  in,  ob,  sub,  and  explain  the  euphonic  changes.     Mark  the  quantity 
of  each  vowel. 

136.  Enumerate  the  cliief  uses  of  the  Ablative.     What  is  the  rule  for 
the  voluntary  agent  after  a  passive  verb  ?     Of  the  voluntary  agent  after 
neuter  verbs  ?     What  is  said  of  the  involuntary  agent  ?     What  construc- 
tion arises  from  the  want  of  a  present  participle  of  esse? 

I'j7.  How  is  the  perfect  stem  of  the  third  conjugation  funned  ?  When 
reduplicated,  what  vowel  may  the  prefix  take  ?  What  verbs  retain 
their  reduplication  in  their  compounds?  Illustrate  with  the  following: 
rat/o,  do,  mordco,  tundo,  spondeo,  sto  ;  in  and  cado ;  in  and  mordeo  ;  re-  and 


QUESTIONS    FOR    GENERAL    REVIEW.  195 

spondpo ;  circum  and  do ;  con  and  sto ;  con  and  disco ;  ex  and  posco ;  con 
and  cnrro  ;  ob  and  aedo. 

138.  Compare  the  following :   adolescens,  novus,  egenus,  dives,  diligens, 
leviter,  din.     What  is  the  quantity  of  final  is,  us,  ys  ? 

139.  Decline  respublica,  ambo,  (es,  moenia,  os,  lacus,  deus. 

140.  Classify  the  tenses,  and  illustrate  the  rule  for  sequence  of  tenses 
by  examples. 

141.  How  is  the  place  to  which,  at  which,  from  which,  expressed  in  Latin  ? 

142.  What  is  meant  by  the  Locative  case  (or  form)  ?     With  what  case 
is  it  usually  identical  in  form  ?     Write  the  locative  of  Karthago,  Athetne, 
Roma.      Explain   the  following :    Albce,  constituerunt  in  urbe  munita  (see 
§  46,  2  b). 

143.  Give  examples  of  Inceptive  and  Diminutive  verbs,  and  the  rule 
for  their  formation. 

144.  How  is  the  time  how  long,  the  time  when,  the  time  within  which,  an 
event  occurs,  expressed  ? 

145.  Explain  the  mode  of  reckoning  time  used  by  the  Romans.     Ex- 
press in  Latin,  May  2,  7,  16;  January  4,  9,  25.     Give  a  rule  for  convert- 
ing English  dates  into  Latin  and  Latin  into  English. 

146.  What  cases  following  peto,  in,  sub,  poenitet,  utor,  indigeo,  do,  post, 
similis,  proximus,  propior  ? 

147.  Classify  Conditional  sentences.  Write  the  different  forms  in  Latin, 
using  the  following  sentence :  if  he  does  this,  it  is  well      Write  each  form 
of  particular   suppositions   after   the  word  dixit,   making   the   necessary 
changes  to  convert  it  into  the  indirect  discourse. 

148.  Give  a  synopsis  of  the  present  stem  in  both  voices  of  capio,fero, 
audio,  veho. 

149.  Decline  together  aula  ampla,  ipse  tu,  gravis  idem  senex.     When  is 
is  final  long  ? 

150.  In  a  negative  final  or  consecutive  clause  would  you  use  ne  quis  or 
non  ullus  ? 

151.  Explain  the  use  of  cum  temporal  and  cum  causal. 

152.  In  final  clauses,  how  is  the  tense  of  the  subjunctive  determined  ? 

153.  How  is   the  want  of   a   perfect    active    participle    supplied    in 
Latin  ? 

154.  Illustrate  the  use  of  the  infinitive  in  indirect  discourse  by  using 
the  following  sentences  :  he  sat/s  that  he  is  writing ;  he  says  that  he  ivas 
writing  ;  he  says  that  he  has  written  ;  he  says  that  he  will  write  ;  he  said  that 
he  was  writing,  etc. 

155.  Write  two  intermediate  clauses,  in  one  of  which  the  subjunctive  is 
used,  and  one  the  indicative. 

156.  In  how  many  ways  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  in  Latin  ?     Illus- 
trate by  examples. 


19G  LATIN    LESSONS. 

157.  Mention  the  different  kinds  of  Substantive  Clauses.     Explain  the 
following  :  post  ejus  mortem  nihilo  minus  Helvetii  id,  quod  const  it  iterant,  fa- 
cere,  conantur,  ut  efinibus  suis  exeunt. 

158.  Distinguish  between  the  use  of  Hie,  iste,  and  hie.     When  is  final  a 
long? 

159.  Mention  some  deponent  verbs  whose  perfect  participle  is  used  in  a 
passive  sense. 

160.  Decline  (marking  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate  and  final  sylla- 
bles) littera,  donum,  nostra  domus,  genus,  litus,  scelus. 

161.  How  is  a  Wish  conceived  as  possible  expressed  ?     How  a  hopeless 
wish  ?     Illustrate  by  examples. 

162.  What  perfect  participles  are  used  in  the  sense  of  a  present 7    How 
is  the  place  of  the  present  passive  participle  supplied  ? 

163.  What  is,  the  distinction  in  the  use  of  the  interrogatives  quis,  qui ; 
quid,  quod  ? 

164.  What  is  the  potential  subjunctive?     The  optative  subjunctive ?  / 

165.  When  do  Causal  sentences  take  the  subjunctive?     What  are  in- 
definite relatives  ?     What  mood  do  they  generally  take  ? 

166.  What  verbs  govern  two  accusatives  ? 

167.  Explain  the  use  of  the  gerund  and  gerundive  ;  examples.     What 
is  the  use  of  the  gerundive  in  connection  with  euro,  loco,  trado  ? 

168.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  vfnio,  CM/TO,  disco,  rinco,  vincio,  rapio. 

169.  How  is  a  Question  asked  in  Latin  ?     Give  examples,  using  differ- 
ent interrogative  particles.     How  is  the  answer  expressed  ? 

1 70.  Give  examples  of  the  use  of  ut  and  ne  after  verbs  of  fearing. 

171.  Distinguish  between  non  nemo  and.  nemo  non ;  translate  nemo  non 
audiet. 

172.  Decline  and  give  the  gender  of  insula,  hortus,  sannuis,frons,  vulgus, 
sal,  lapis,  tempi  nm,  animal,  gens,  finis,  nox,  fides,  areas. 

173.  What  is  meant  by  elision,   ellipsis,   arsis,  hiatus,   stanza,   foot, 
metre  ? 

174.  Explain  the  following  :  c&sural  pause,  catalectic,  synapheia. 

175.  Mark  the  quantity  of  the  vowels  in  the  following  words,  to  which 
the  rules  apply  (give  the  rules) :  amare,  regitur,  auditur,  monetur,  datum, 
juvi}  tuli,  didici,  occido,  nego,  nequam. 


EXAMINATION  PAPEES. 


The  following  have  been  used,  in  past  years,  in  examinations  for  admission  to  Harvard 
College. 


1 .  Give  the  gender  of  each  of  the  following  nouns,  and  the  rule  for  it : 
pax,  pactio,  manus,  salus,  ager,  pes. 

2.  Decline  the  following  nouns,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  penulti- 
mate and  final  syllables  in  each  form  :  filius,  tier,  domus,  dies. 

3.  Decline  solus,  fortis,  idem,  quidam.     Compare  ingens,  similis,  sacer. 
Give  the  meaning  of  the  following  endings  of    nouns   and   adjectives : 
-ula  (cornicula),  -ium  (ministerium) ,  -etum  (saxetum),  -icius  (patricivs). 

4.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  the  verbs  fundo,  veto,  verto,  voveo,  sancio, 
ccedo.     Give  the  third  person  singular  of  the  present  subjunctive  active 
and  of  the  future  indicative  passive  of  veto,  verto,  and  sancio.     Inflect  the 
imperfect  subjunctive  passive  offacio,  and  the  future  indicative  active  of 
transeo. 

5.  By  what  cases  respectively  are  these  words  followed :  occurro,  con- 
demno,  sub,fruor,  doceo,  noceo  ? 

II. 

1.  Write  down  the  following  words  and  mark  the  quantity  of  the  pe- 
nult, giving  the  rules  of  prosody :  tempora,  res/tonderunt,  dederint,  discedo, 
inifjuus,  oceanus,  rcmanet,  egi,  impedit,  manus,  brevis,  cervices,  protulit,  nolite, 
vectigal. 

2.  Meaning  of  termination  :  -etum  in  rosetum  ?   Of  -olus  in  fiUolus  ?     Of 
-ax  in  (oquax  ?     Of  -mentum  in  tegumentum  ? 

3.  Write  the  perfects  and  supines  of  diligo,  reperio,  maneo,  perfundo,  in- 
dufgeo,  cedo,  ccedo,  cado,  moveo,  cognosco. 

4.  Compare  acer,  bene,  magnus,  similis,  gravis. 

5.  Give  the  present  subjunctive  and  future  indkative,  third  person  sin- 
gular, of  sum,  cerno,  eo,  malo,  caveo,  venw. 

6.  Decline  aliqms,  alter,  ipse. 

7.  What  is  the  Latin  for  Jive?  for  fifth  ?  for  Jive  times  ?  forjijlytjijli- 
eth  ?  fifty  times  ?     Write  in  Latin,  one  man  in  every  ten. 


198  LATIN    LESSONS. 

III. 

1.  Decline  soror,  vir,  vis,  vulnus,  animal.     Give  the  gender  of  each  of 
these  nouns,  with  the  rule.     Mark  the  quantity  of  all  the  penultimate  and 
final  syllables  you  write  in  this  section.     Give  the  genitive  plural  of  gens, 
and  hostis,  with  rules. 

2.  Decline  sacer,  acer,  alius.     Compare  similis,  superus,  parvus,  juvenis. 
Form  and  compare  adverbs  from  acer,  altus.     Decline  idem,  tu,  aliquis. 
Give  the  Latin  numerals  for  sixty,  seventy,  eighty,  six  hundred,  seven  hun- 
dred, eight  hundred. 

3.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  vinco,  vincio,  spondeo,  domo,  lacesso,  caedo, 
audeo.     All  the  participles  and  infinitives  of  adipiscor  and  fero.     The  sec- 
ond person  singular  of  the  future  indicative  and  of  the  imperfect  subjunc- 
tive of  audeo,  audio,  fugio,  eo,  possum,  voh.     Mark  all  the  penultimate  and 
final  syllables  you  write  in  this  section. 

4.  How  is  the  price  or  value  expressed  in  Latin  ?  time  in  which  ?  place 
where  ?     What  case  or  cases  follow  the  verbs  miseret,  oUiviscor,  ignosco, 
fungor,  rogo,  respectively? 

5.  What  is  a  spondee  ?    An  iambus  ?     What  is  an  heroic  hexameter  ? 

IV. 

1.  Decline  dens,  ah'us,  tu,  si  qws,  and  audax,  marking  the  quantity  of 
penultimate  and  final  syllables.      Compare  audax,  iiudtus,  and  nequam. 
Compare  adverbs  formed  from  audax,  l>onus,  miser,  and  honorijicus.     Give 
the  rule  for  the  gender  of  formido,  caput,  pax,  fas,  and  Tiberis. 

2.  Inflect  the  future  indicative  and  present  subjunctive  of  teneo,  gero,  sto, 
and  fio,  marking  the  quantity  of  all  the  syllables.     Give  the  infinitives  of 
tollo  and  scribo.     Give  all  the  participles  of  hauno  and  orior.     Give  the 
principal  parts  of  uro,  vendo,  paro,  pario,  pareo,  memini,  and  nanciscor. 

3.  What  case  or  cases  follow  Jido,  jubeo,  memini,  existimo,  poemtet,  con- 
tra, clam,  and  the  interjection  0  ?     By  what  two  cases  may  price  or  value 
be  expressed,  and  when  is  one  used,  and  when  the  other  ?     What  case  fol- 
lows the  comparative  when  auam  is  omitted  ?     When  is  it  necessary  that 
cjuam  be  expressed  ?     Give  five  important  rules  for  the  ablative  without 
a  preposition  after  verbs. 

4.  When  is  ut  omitted  before  the  subjunctive?     Give  the  rules  for  the 
subjunctive  in  relative  clauses.     Translate  into  Latin  the  plan  of  setting  the 
city  on  Jire,  using  first  the  gerund  and  then  the  gerundive.     (Plan,  concil- 
ium, to  set  on  Jire,  injlammare.) 

y. 

1.  Decline  mare,  pignus,  cor,  fructus.  Give  the  gender  of  these  nouns, 
with  the  rules.  Mark  the  quantity  of  any  increments  that  occur  in  their 
declension. 


EXAMINATION     PAPERS.  199 

2.  Compare  humilis,  niyer,  malus.     Give  the  synopsis  of  morior  and  gau- 
deo.     Give  the  second  person  of  the  future  indicative,  and  of  the  present 
imperfect  and  perfect  subjunctive  of  spero,  fero,  volo,  in  the  active  voice. 
The  same  of  facio  and  audio  in  the  passive.     Give  the  principal  parts  of 

fateor,  tono,  peto,  vincio,  colo,  tango. 

3.  Compare  diu.     Form  and  compare  an  adverb  from  brevis.   What  are 
the  meanings  of  the  terminations  of  copiosus,   civilis,  audacia,  victrix  ? 
What  cases  follow  infero,  poenitet,  parco,  careo,  fruor,  tenax,fretus,  in,  ante, 
super? 

4.  How  is  the  place  to  which,  the  price,  the  agent  of  a  passive  verb,  ex- 
pressed in  Latin  ? 

5.  How  is  a  condition  contrary  to  the  fact  expressed  in  Latin  ?     State 
one  case  in  which  a  relative  clause  requires  the  subjunctive.     One  case 
where  the  subjunctive  is  used  in  principal  clauses.     What  is  a  gerundive  1 
Give  an  example. 

VI. 

1.  Decline  Penelope,  mons,  cubile,  and  give  the  gender,  with  the  rule. 
Mark  the  quantity  of  penults  and   final  syllables  of  the  above  words. 
Decline  uterque.    Decline  acer,  and  compare  it.     Form  an  adverb  from  it, 
and  compare  it. 

2.  Compare  senex  and  munificus.     Give  the  derivation  of  filiolus,  docu- 
mentum,  quercetum,  audax,  capesso,  and  the  meaning  of  the  terminations. 
Give  all  the  participles  and  infinitives  of  vereor  and  caedo,  and  mark  the 
quantity  of  the  penults.  Inflect  the  imperatives  of  fero,  ordior,  nolo,  fateor. 
Give  the  present  and  imperfect  subjunctive,  first  person  singular,  of  ad- 
juvo,  eo,  soleo,  andfugio,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  penults.     Give  the 
principal  parts  of  pario,  pareo,  paro,  reddo,  redeo,  surgo,  and  the  compounds 
of  ab  and  fero. 

3.  What  case  or  cases  follow  refert,  'irascor,  circumdo  ?     How  do  the 
constructions  of  names  of  towns  differ  from  those  of  other  words  ?     How 
is  the  degree  of  difference  expressed  in  Latin  ?     How  the  agent  of  the  par- 
ticiple in  -dus  ?     What  construction  is  used  after  verbs  of  saying  ?  verbs 
of  fearing  ?     How  may  a  purpose  be  expressed  ?     How  does  a  gerund  re- 
semble a  noun  ?     How  does  it  resemble  a  verb  ?     How  does  the  gerundive 
differ  from  it  1 

VII. 

1 .  Decline  the  following  words,  and  give  their  genders  respectively : 
onus,  collis,  salits,  qradits.     Decline  felix,  quidam,  senex.     Compare  parvus, 
benejicus.     Form  and  compare  an  adverb  from  acer. 

2.  Give  the  synopsis  of  mordeo,  scio,  in  the  active  voice,  and  of  hortor, 
orior,  polliceor,  nolo.     Give  the  principal  parts  of  paro,  pario,  pareo,  ulciscor, 
panijo,  tollo. 


200  LATIN    LESSONS. 

3.  What  arc  the  meanings  of  the  derivative  terminations  in  acritudo, 
damito,  w'nculum,  parvulits  ? 

4-  What  case  or  cases  follow  moneo,  prosum,  rogo,  in,  praeter  ?  What  is 
the  force  of  num  in  a  question  ?  Of  -ne  ?  Explain  the  mood  and  tense 
of  mansisset  in  mansissetque  utinam  fortuna.  Explain  the  mood  of  esset,  and 
the  case  of  fronde,  in  nos  delubra  miseri,  quibus  ultimus  esset  ille  dies,  velamus 
fronde.  Explain  the  mood  of  polliceantur  in  ad  eum  legati  veniunt,  qui  polli- 
ceantur  obsides  dare. 

5.  What  is  the  use  of  the  supine  in  -urn  ?  In  -u  ?  Explain  construc- 
tion of  usui  and  fore  in  magno  si6i  usui  fore  arbitrubatur.  Describe  the  feet 
of  two  syllables.  Mark  the  quantity  of  the  penults  and  last  syllables  in 
the  above  extracts. 

vni. 

1.  Decline  jilius,  pectus,  manus,  animal.    Give  the  genders,  and  mark  the 
quantity  of  all  the  penultimate  and  final  syllables.     Give  the  gender  and 
the  ablative  singular  and  the  genitive  plural  of  imago,  mons,  ins,  turns, 
sedile.     Decline  capax,  aeger,   and  the  comparative  of  miser.     Compare 
facilis,  acer,  and  an  adverb  formed  from  piger.    Decline  uterque. 

2.  Give  the  first  person  of  the  future  indicative,  and  all  tenses  of  the 
subjunctive  of  possum,  pario,  sono,  vereor,  eo,  soleo.     Mark  quantities  of 
penults.     Give  the  infinitives  and  participles,  active  and  passive,  of  spon- 
deo,  morior,  paro,  quaero,  queror,  adipiscor. 

3.  Explain  the  force  of  the  derivative  terminations  in  longitudo,  tenax, 
vehiculum,  Priamides,  damito,  vinolentus,Jiliolus. 

4.  What  is  the  construction  in  Latin  of  the  place  in  which  (including 
names  of  towns)  ?  the  price  or  value?  the  degree  or  measure  of  difference 
between  objects  compared  ?  the  agent  of  the  passive  voice  ? 

5.  What  case  or  cases  follow  credo,  pudet,  fungor,  refert,  aptus,  avidus, 
dignus,  in,  pro,  propter,  doceo,  condemno,  circumdo  ? 

6.  How  is  a  future  condition  with  its  conclusion  expressed  ?    How  a 
condition  contrary  to  fact  ?  How  an  object  clause  after  a  verb  of  fearing  ? 
of  commanding "?  of  saying  ? 

7.  Translate  cave  eas,  and  explain  the  peculiarity.    When  can  you  use 
the  gerundive  for  the  gerund  ?     Give  an  example  of  each.    Give  an  ex- 
ample of  the  use  of  the  supine. 

IX. 

1.  Decline  together  in  the  singular  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  senex.  In  the 
same  way  decline  (both  in  the  singular  and  plural),  with  the  adjective  an- 
nexed in  the  proper  gender,  dies  (fastus),flnmen  (aureus) ;  in  the  plural, 
anna  (victrix),  dea  (immortal**).  Mark  the  quantity  of  all  the  vowels  in 
the  above  nouns  and  adjectives. 


EXAMINATION     PAPERS.  201 

2.  State  the  signification  of  the  terminations  -men  (in  jftumen),  -eus  (in 
aureus),  -trix  (in  victrix).     What  classes  of  words  of  the  third  declension 
form  their  ablative  in  i  only  ? 

3.  Give  the  principal  parts  of  adjuvo,  noh,  vcnio,  paciscor,  sperno,  foveo, 
mordeo,  scindo,  marking  the  quantity  of  the  penultimate  vowel. 

4.  Give  synopsis  of  mordeo  and  paciscor ;  give  all  the  infinitives  and 
participles,  and  inflect  the  imperatives. 

5.  Give  all  the  rules  you  remember  for  verbs  that  govern  the  dative. 
State  the  case  or  cases  by  which  the  price,  the  source,  time  when,  and 
place  where  (including  names  of  towns),  are  expressed,  and  give  the 
rules. 

6.  Give  the  rule  for  the  subjunctive  in  the  following  sentences  : 
Quid  enim,  Catilina,  est  quod  te  jam  in  hac  urbe  delectare  possit  ? 
Nunc  ego  mea  video  quid  inter  sit. 

Suppiicatio  decreta  est  his  verbis  quod  urbem  incendiis  liberassem. 

C.  Sulpicium  misi  qui  ex  aedibus  Cethegi,  si  quid  telorum  esset,  eff&ret. 

0  fortunate  adolescens  qui  Homerum  prceconem  inveneris. 


VOCABULARY, 


I.     LATIN   AND   ENGLISH. 


ABBREVIATIONS. 


NOUNS.  — M.  masculine, •  F.  feminine;  N.  neuter;  c.  common. 

VERBS.  — The  figures  1,  2,  3,  4,  signify  the  Conjugations.  In  those  of  the 
1st  and  4th,  where  only  one  form  is  given,  the  conjugation  is  regular,  like  amo 
or  audio.  In  the  others,  the  Perfect  and  the  Supine  stem-endings  are  given  — 
as  rego,  rexi,  rect-.  When  compound  verbs  are  divided  .by  a  hyphen,  the 
conjugation  may  be  found  under  the  simple  form.  — A.  active;  N.  neuter; 
p.  passive. 

Vowels  not  marked  are  to  be  reckoned  short. 

The  References  are  to  the  Sections  of  Allen  &  Greenough's  Latin  Grammar. 


a,  ab,  /Vora,  by,  on  the  side  of. 
abalieno,  1,  estrange,  alienate. 
abdo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  hide. 
abeo,  ire,ii,  it-,  (§  37,  6),  depart, 

go  away. 

abesse,  sec  absum. 
abjicio,  jeci,  ject-,   3,    [jacio,] 

throw  away,  abandon. 
abscindo,  soldi,  sciss-,  3,  tear 

away. 

absens,  tis,  (absum,)  absent. 
absimilis,  e,  very  unlike. 
absolve,  solvi,  solut-,  3,  acquit, 

discharge. 

absorbeo,  ui,  2,  suck  in,  swallow. 
absque,  without,  but  for. 
abstineo,  tinui,  tent-,  2,  [teneo,] 

abstain,  refrain.  [tant.  \ 

absum,  esse,  fui,  be  absent,  dis-  \ 
absumo,    sumpsi,    sumpt-,    3,  ; 

waste,  destroy. 
ac=atque,  and,  as. 
accedo,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  approach, 

be  added. 
acceptus,  a,  um,  acceptable. 


accido,  cidi,  3,  [cadoJ/aZZ  upon, 

befall,  happen. 

accingo,  cinxi,  cinct-,  3,  gird. 
accipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  [capio,] 

get,  receive,  undertake. 
acclamo,  1,  shout,  applaud. 
accurro,  cucurri,  curs-,  3,  run 

towards. 

accuse,  1,  accuse,  inform  against. 
Acarnania,  as,  F.,  Acarnania,  in 

western  Greece. 
acer,  acris,   acre,  keen,   eager, 

vigorous. 

acerbe,  bitterly,  sharply. 
acerbus,  a,  um,  bitter,  harsh. 
acervus,  i,  M.,  heap,  pile. 
acetum,  i,  N.,  vinegar. 
acidus,  a,  um,  sour. 
acies,  ei,  F.,  edge,   line-of-battle. 
acriter,  keenly ,  fiercely . 
Actium,  i,  N.,  promont.  of  Epi- 

rus,  scene  of  Antony's  defeat, 

B.  c.  31.    Adj.  Actiacus. 
acuo,  acui,  acutum,  3,  sharpen, 


204 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


acus,  us,  ubus,  F.,  needle,  pin. 
acutus,  a,  uni,  skarp. 
ad,  to,  towards,  near,  at,  besides. 
adamo,  1,  begin  to  loce. 
addo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  add,  join. 
addubito,  1,  incline  to  doubt. 
adduce,    duxi,    duct-,   3,    lead 

along,  briny  toward*. 
adeo,  to  that  degree,  so,  so  far, 

truly. 
adeo,   ire,   ii,    itum,    approach. 

undergo. 

adficio,  see  afficio. 
adhibeo,  hibui,  hibit-,  2,    [ha- 

beo,]  summon,  have  near. 
adhuc,  hitherto,  besides,  as  yet. 
adipiscor,  adeptus,  o,  win,  get, 

obtain. 

aditus,  us,  M.,  approach. 
adjicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  add,  put 

upon. 

adjumentum,  i,  x.,  help. 
adjungo,  junxi,  junct-,  3,  join, 

brimj  nt'i.r. 

adjuvo,  juvi,  jut-,  1,  aid,  help. 
administro,  1 ,  manage,  attend. 
adniiratio,  ouis,  F.,  wonder. 
admiror,  1,  iconder  at,  admire. 
admitto,  misi,  miss-,  3,  admit, 

commit,  spur  on. 
admodum,  vert/,  quite. 
adinoueo,    monui,    monit-,.  2, 

admonish,  warn. 
admoveo,  rnovi,  mot-,  2,  bring 

near,  apply. 

adolescens,  tis,  c.,  a  youth. 
adolesco,  evi,  ult-,  3,  grow. 
adoperio,  operui,  opert-,  4,  to 

cover. 

adopto,  1,  adopt. 
adorior,  ortus,  4,  attack,  begin. 
adsceusus,  see  ascensus. 
adsum,  adesse,  adfui,  be  near. 
adultus,  [adolesco,]  grown  up. 
advenio,  veni,  vent-,"  4,  arrive, 

approach. 

adveuto,  1,  advance. 
adventus,  us,  M.,  coming,  arrival. 
adversarius,   a,    um,   fronting, 

opposed;  (as  noun),  enemy. 
adversor,  1,  oppose,  thwart. 


adversus,  against,  towards. 

adversus,  a,  um,  contrary,  oppo- 
site. 

adverto,  verti,  versum,  3,  turn 
tniftrds,  direct ;  animuin 
adv.,  observe,  attend  to  ;  auim. 
adv.  in,  proceed  against,  pun- 
ish. 

advocatio,  onis,  F.,  advocacy. 

advocatus,  i,  M.,  counsel,. advo- 
cate* 

aedes,  is,  F.,  temple;  pi.  house. 

aedificium,  i,  x.,  a  building. 

aedifico,  1,  build,  construct. 

aeger,  aegra,  aegrum,  sick,  weary, 
sad. 

aegre,  aegrius,  aegerrime,  with 
difficulty. 

aegroto,  1,  to  be  sick. 

JEgyptus,  i,  F.,  Egypt. 

aequalis,  e,  equal  in  age,  like. 

aeque,  equally,  just  so. 

aequor,  oris,  x.,  an  even  surface, 
the  sea. 

aequus,  a,  um,  equal,  just,  right. 

aer,  is,  a,  M.,  the  air,  mist. 

aerarium,  i,  x.,  treasury. 

aes,  aeris,  x.,  copper,  money, 
wage*  ;  aes  alienum,  debt. 

aestas,  atis,  F.,  summer. 

sestimo,  1,  estimate,  value. 

eestivus,  a,  um,  belonging  to  sum- 
mer;  N.,  pi.  summer-quarters. 

aetas,  atis,  F.,  age  (time  of  life) . 

aeternitas,  atis,  F.,  eternity. 

aeternus,  a,  um,  eternal. 

aevum,  i,  x.,  age  (period). 

affecto,  1,  strive  for,  reach. 

afiero,  afferre,  attuli,  allat-, 
bring,  announce,  procure,  be- 
take, allege. 

|  afficio,  feci/fect-,  3,  affect,  dis- 
turb, visit  (with  punishment, 
6c.)< 

affigo,  fixi,  fix-,  o,  fasten,  join. 

affiuis,  e,  adjacent,  kindred. 

afflnitas,  atis,  F.,  alliance,  near- 
ness. 

affirmo;  1,  confirm,  maintain. 

affllgo,  flixi,  fiict-,  3,  strike,  dis- 
tress, cast  down. 


VOCABULARY.  — I. 


205 


afore,  (absum,)  be  away. 
Africa,  ae,  F.,  Africa,  especially 

the  country  near  Carthage, 
ager,  agri,  M.,  field,  territory. 
agger;  aggeris,  M.,  heap,  mound, 

embankment. 
aggredior,  gressus,  3,  approach, 

attack. 
agmen,   inis,    N.,   flock,    troop, 

body  of  troops  (on  march), 
agnosco,    novi,    nit-,    3,    own, 

recognize. 

agnus,  i,  M.,  lamb. 
ago,  egi,  act-,  3,  act,  do,  lead? 

drive,  deal,  treat.  - 
agrarius,  a,  um,  of  fields  or  pub- 
lic lands. 

agricola,  ae,  M.,  farmer. 
agricultura,  ae,  F.,  husbandry. 
aio  (defect.  §  38,  2,  a),  say. 
ala,  alae,  F.,  wing. 
alacer,  cris,  ere,  eager,  active. 
alacritas,  atis,  F.,  eagerness. 
alarms,  a,  urn,  of  a  wing. 
Alba,  se,  an  ancient  town  of  La- 

tium,  20  miles  S.  E.  of  Rome. 
Albanus,  Alban. 
albus,  a,  um,  white,  fair. 
alea,  ae,  F.,  a  die,  game,  risk. 
ales,  alitis,  winged ;  a  bird. 
Alexander,  dri,  k.  of  Macedon 

and    conq.     of    Asia ;     B.  c. 

356-323. 
Alexandria,  ae,  a  city  of  Egypt, 

founded   by  Alexander,  B.  c. 

332. 
alienus,  a,  um,  another's,  foreign, 

hostile ;  aes  alienum,  debt. 
aliquamdiu,/br  some  time. 
aliquando,  some  time,  at  length. 
aliquaiitus,    a,    um,    somewhat, 

considerable;     -to,    in    some 

degree. 
aliqui  (quis),  qua,  quod  (quid), 

some  (§  21,  2,  d ) ;    N.,  some- 
thing^ somewhat. 
aliquot,  some,  several. 
aliquoties,  several  times. 
alius,  a,  ud,  other,  (§  16,  1,  6)  ; 

alius  .  .  .  alius,  one  .  .  .  an- 
other. 


allicio,  lexi,  lect-,  3,  allure,  entice. 

aliigo,  I,  fasten  to,  bind,  detain. 

alloquor,  Idcutus,  3,  address, 
speak  to. 

almus,  a,  um,  [alo,]  nourishing, 
benign,  propitious. 

alo,  alui,  alt-  (alit-),  3,  feed, 
nourish. 

Alpes,  ium,  F.,  the  Alps. 

alte,  on  high,  deeply. 

alter,  era,  um,  (§  16,  1,  6),  other 
(of  two) ,  second ;  alter . . .  al- 
ter, one  .  .  .  the  other. 

altercor,  1,  contend,  wrangle. 

altiusculus,  rather  high  or  deep. 

altus,  a,  um,  high,  deep. 

alveus,  i,  M.,  channel,  trough. 

ambio,  4,  go  about,  solicit. 

ambitio,  oiiis,  F.,  ambition,  can- 
vassing. 

ambo,  ae,  o,  (§  18,  1,  6),  both. 

ambulo,  1,  to  ivalk. 

amens,  tis,  insane,  distracted. 

amicitia,  ae,  v.,  friendship. 

amicus,  a,  um,friendly ;  a  friend. 

amitto,  amisi,  amiss-,  3,  lose, 
let  go. 

amiiis,  is,  M.,  river  (a  large  deep 
stream). 

amo,  1,  love,  be  fond  of. 

amor,  61  is,  M.,  love,  desire. 

amplector,  plexus,  3,  embrace. 

amplius,  more,  farther,  [ample.] 

arnplus,  a,  um,  large,  grand. 

amputo,  1,  prune,  cut  off. 

Amulius,  i,  myth.  k.  of  Alba, 
gr.-uncle  of  Romulus. 

an,  'whether,  or  ;  (interrog.  §  71). 

anas,  atis,  F.,  duck. 

aiiceps,  cipitis,  doubtful,  critical. 

ancilla,  ae,  F.,  maid-servant. 

ango,  auxi,  anct-,  3,  choke,  stran- 
gle. 

anguis,  is,  c.,  snake. 

angustiae,  arum,  F.,  pi.  narrow 
past,  defile. 

angustus,  a,  um,  narrow,  scanty. 

anima,  ae,  F.,  air,  breath,  life. 

animadverto,  ti,  sum,  3,  attend 
to ;  in  (with  ace.),  punish, 
chastise. 


206 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


animal,  alls,  x.,  lie  ing  creature. 

animus,  i,  M.,  soul,  mind,  tem- 
per, thought. 

annon,  or  not. 

annona,  ae,  F.,  harvest,  price  of 
corn,  provision. 

annus,  i,  M.,  year. 

ante,  (ace.),  before,  in  front. 

ante-curro,  3,  i-un  before. 

ante-eo,  2,  go  before,  exceed. 

ante  .  .  .  quam,  before  (that). 

antlquus,  a,  urn,  ancient,  old. 

Antonius,  M.,  the  triumvir,  de- 
feated at  Actium,  B.  c.  31. 

autrum,  i,  x.,  cave,  grotto. 

anus,  us,  F.,  old  woman. 

anxius,  a,  um,  anxious,  unquiet. 

aper,  apri,  M.,  wild  boar. 

aperio,  aperui,  apert-,  4,  open. 

apertus,  a,  um,  open. 

apis,  is,  F.,  bee. 

Apollo,  inis,  god  of  light,  music, 
&c.,  son  of  Jupiter  and  La- 
tona. 

appareo,  ui,  it-,  2,  appear. 

appellatio,  onis,  F.,  address, 
appeal. 

appello,  1,  accost,  call,  name. 

appendo,  di,  sum,  3,  weigh  out. 

appeteus,  tis,  eager,  desirous. 

applaudo,  si,  sum,  3,  applaud. 

applico,  join,  fasten,  apply. 

ap-pono,  3,  put  near. 

ap-prehendo,  3,  seize. 

appropinquo,  1,  approach. 

Aprliis,  is  (adj.),  April. 

aptus,  a,  nrc^fit. 

apud,  near,  af,  among. 

aqua,  ae,  F.,  water. 

aquila,  se,  F.,  eagle,  army-stand- 
ard. _^+ 

aquilifer,  feri,  M^  standard- 
bearer. 

Aquitania,  ae,  F.,  dist.  of  S.  W. 
Gaul. 

Aquitanus,  a,  um,  Aquitanian. 

Arar,  aris,  the  Saone,  a  branch 
of  the  Rhone  in  S.  E.  Gaul. 

arbitrium,  i,  N.,  judgment,  domin- 
ion, power. 

arbitror,  I,  judge,  think. 


arbor,  oris,  F.,  tree. 

area,  se,  F.,  chest. 

arceo,  arcui,  2,  keep  off,  con- 
strain, confine. 

arcesso,  ivi,  It-,  3,  summon, 
invite. 

arete,  closely. 

arcus,  us,  (i),  M.,  arcli. 

ardeo,  arsi,  arsum,  2,  burn. 

arena,  ae,  F.,  sand. 

areo,  ui,  2,  be  dry. 

argentum,  i,  x.,  silver,  money. 

aridus,  a,  um,  dry. 

aries.  etis,  M.,  ram. 

arma,  orum,  x.,  arms,  defensive 
weapons. 

armo,  1,  a>*m,  equip,  call  to 
arms. 

aro,  1,  plough. 

arripio,  ripui,  rept-,  3,  [rapio,] 
snatch,  seize. 

arrogans,  tis,  haughty,  arrogant. 

arroganter,  haughtily. 

arrogo,  1,  claim. 

ars,  artis,  F.,  skill,  art. 

arundo,  inis,  F.,  reed. 

arvum,  i,  X.,  Jitld,  ploughed 
land. 

arx.  arcis,  F.,  tower,  citadel. 

as,  assis,  M.,  unit  of  weight  or 
coin  (§  85),  As. 

ascendo,  di,  sum,  3,  climb, 
ascend. 

ascensus,  us,  M.,  ascent. 

Asia,  ae,  F.,  Asia;  generally, 
Asia  Minor,  the  large  penin- 
sula south  of  the  Black  Sea. 

asinus,  i,  M.,  an  ass. 

asper,  era,  um,  harsh,  rough. 

aspicio,  aspexi,  aspect-,  3,  view, 
behold. 

f  aspis,  idis,  F.,  asp,  shield. 

assideo,  sedi,  sess-,  2,  [sedeo,] 
sit  near,  besiege. 

assurgo,  surrexi,  surrect-,  3,  rise 
np. 

at,  but,  but  yet. 

ater,  atra,  atrum,  black. 

Athenae,  arum,  F.,  Athens,  cap- 
ital of  Attica,  made  a  repub- 
lic, B.  c.  510. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


207 


atque,  (ac),  and,  as,  than. 

atrium,  i,  N.,  [ater,]  hall,  court. 

atrox,  ocis,  Jierce,  stern,  cruel* 

attentus,  a,  urn,   attentive. 

Atticus,  a,  urn,  of  Attica,  a 
dist.  in  eastern  Greece. 

attingo,  tigi,  tact-,  3,  [tango,] 
touch  upon,  lie  near,  reach. 

auceps,  cupis,  c.,  [avis  capio,] 
bird-catcher.  . 

auctoritas,  atis,  F.,  authority. 

auctus,  [augeo,]  great,  rich, 
ample. 

aucupium,  i,  N.,  bird-catching. 

audacia,  ae,  F.,  boldness,  daring. 

audacter,  -citer,  boldly. 

audax,  acis,  bold,  violent. 

audeo,  ausus,  dare,  (§  35, 
2,  a). 

audieins,  tis,  obedient. 

audio,  4,  hear. 

aufero,  auferre,  abstuli,  ablat-, 
(§  37,  4)  bear  away,  remove. 

aufugio  fugi,  3.  flee  away, 

augeo,  auxi,  auct-,  increase,  en- 
large. 

augur,  uris,  M.,  augur,  diviner. 

augurium,  i,  N.,  augury. 

augustus,  a,  urn,  majestic,  au- 
gust, an  Imperial  title. 

Augustus,  i,  Octavius  Caesar, 
adopted  son  of  Julius,  em- 
peror from  B.  C.  31,  to  A.  D. 
14. 

aula,  ae,  F.,  hall,  court. 

aura,  ae,  F.,  air. 

aureus,  a,  um,  golden. 

auris,  is,  F.,  ear. 

aurum,  i,  N.,  gold. 

auspex,  icis,  c.,  diviner  (by 
birds). 

auspicium,  i,  N.,  token,  omen. 

auster,  tri,  M.,  south  wind, 
south. 

aut,  either,  or,  else. 

autem,  but,  however,  besides. 

auxilium,  i,  N.,  aid,  assistance  £ 
pi.  auxiliary  troops. 

avaritia,  ae,  F.,  avarice. 

avarus,  a,  um,  greedy,  covetous. 

ave,  hail,  farewell. 


avello,  velli  (vulsi),  vuls-,  3, 
rend  away,  pull  apart. 

averto,  ti,  sum,  3,  turn  aside, 
avert,  withdraw. 

avidus,  a,  um,  greedy,  covetous. 

avis,  is,  F.,  bird. 

avoco,  1,  call  off,  recall. 

avuuculus,  i,  M.,  uncle. 

avus,  i,  M.,  grandfather. 


B. 

Babylon,  onis,  F.,  ancient  capital 
of  the  East,  on  the  Euphrates. 

Baleares,  ium,  F.,  a  group  of 
small  islands  east  of  Spain. 

balneum,  i,  N.,  pi.  ae,  arum,  F., 
bath. 

barba,  ae,  F.,  beard. 

barbarus,  a,  um,  foreign,  bar- 
barous. 

beatus,  a,  um,  happy,  fortu- 
nate. 

Belgae,  arum,  people  of  Bel- 
gium. 

bellum,  i,  N.,  war. 

bene,  (melius,  optime,)  well. 

benefactor,  oris,  M.,  benefactor. 

beneficium,  i,  i^.,  favor,  benefit. 

benevolentia,  ae,  F.,  good-will. 

benignus,  a,  um,  kind. 

bestia,  ae,  F.,  beast.  ^/ 

bibo,  bibi,  bibit-,  3,  drink. 

biduum,  i,  N.,  space  of  two  days. 

bini,  ae,  a,  two  and  two,  by  twos. 

bipartite,   in  two  divisions. 

bis,  twice. 

blandus,  a,  um,  gentle. 

bonitas,  atis,  F.,  goodness. 

bonus,  a,  um  (melior,  optimus); 
good,  kind,  jit,  prosperous, 
virtuous;  N.  pi.  riches,  goods. 

bos,  bovis,  (§  ll,  4,  6),  ox, 
cow. 

brachium,  i,  N.,  arm. 

brevi,  shortly. 

brevis,  e,  short,  small,  brief. 

Brundisium,  i,  N.,  a  seaport  in 
S.  E.  Italy,  nearest  Greece. 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


Brutus,  L.  Juiiius,  a  founder  of 
t  !K-  lioinan  Republic,  B.  c.  509 ; 
Marcus,  friend  of  Cicero,  a 
conspirator  against  Caesar,  d. 
at  Philippi,  B.  c.  42. 


C,  the  prasnonien  Caius  (Gaius)  ; 
as  numeral,  100. 

cadaver,  eris,  N.,  carcass,  corpse. 

cado,  cecidi,  cas-,  3,  fall. 

csecus,   a,  urn,  blind,  dark. 

csedes,  is,  p.,  slaughter,  massacre. 

caedo,  cecidi,  cses-,  3,  cut,  strike, 
kill. 

cselum,  i,  N.  ;  pi.  i,  M.,  sky. 

Csesar,  aris,  C.  Julius,  the  Dicta- 
tor, B.  c._  100-44. 

calamitas,  atis,  F.,  mischief,  dis- 
aster. 

calamus,  i,  M.,  reed,  stalk. 

calceameutum,  i,  N.,  shoe. 

calendse=kaleudse,  first  of  the 
month. 

caleo,  calui,  2,  be  hot. 

calidus,  a,  urn,  hot,  warm. 

callidus,  a,  um,  cunning,  skilful. 

calor,  oris,  M.,  heat. 

calvitiurn,  i,  N.,  baldness. 

calvus,  a,  urn,  bald. 

canielus,  i,  M.,  camel. 

Campania,  se,  F.,  the  dist.  of 
S  W.  Italy,  near  Naples. 

campester,  tris,  tre,  of  the  plain. 

campus,  i,  M..  pi  <  tin,  field,  level 
surface  ;  C.  Martius,  an  open 
field  at-  *Rome,  outside  the 
north  wall,  where  elections 
were  held. 

cams,  is,  (g.  pi.  um),  c.  dog. 

cano,  cecini,  cant-,  sing,  blow 
(as  signal). 

cantus,  us,  M.,  singing,  playing, 
song,  prophecy,  screeching. 

capelia,  se,  F.,  kid.  she-goat. 

capiUus,  i,  M.,  [caput,]  hair.  ^ 

capio,  cepi,  capt-,  3,  take,  receive, 
contain. 


Capitolium,  i,  M.,  citadel,  capital, 
temple  of  Jupiter  on  the  cen- 
tral hill  of  Rome. 

capra,  se,  F.,  she-goat. 

captivus,  a,  um,  captured,  cap- 
tive, prisoner. 

capto,  1,  catch  at,  strive  after. 

capulus,  i,  M.,  handle,  hilt. 

caput,  itis,  N.,  head. 

career,  eris,  M.,  dungeon,  prison. 

carmen,  inis,  N.,  song,  oracle. 

carnifex,  ficis,  M.,  executioner. 
I  caro,  carnis,  F.,  Jlesh. 

carpo,  psi,  pt-,  3,  pluck,  gather. 

carrus,  i,  M.,  cart,  wagon. 
\  Carthago, aginis,  F.,  (Karthago), 
Carthage. 

cams,  a,  um,  dear,  precious. 

casa,  ae.  F.,  cottage,  tent. 

cassis,  idis,  F.,  helmet  (of  brass). 

Cassius,  C,  chief  conspirator 
against  Csesar,  d.  at  Philippi, 
B.C.  42. 

castellum,  i,  x.,fort. 

castigo,  1,  chastise. 

castra,  orum,  N.,  camp. 

castrum,  i,  N.  ,  fortress. 
|  casus,  us,  M.,  fall,  chance,  ca- 
lamity. 

catena,  se,  F.,  chain,  fetter. 

Catilina,  se.  L.  Sergius,  head  of 
the  conspiracy,  B.  c.  ilo. 

Cato,  M  Porcius,  the  younger, 
enemy  of  Ctesar,  B.  c.  93-45, 
d.  at'Utica. 
i  catulus,  i,  M.,  whelp,  cub. 

Catulus,  a  Roman  statesman. 
died  B.  C.  60. 

cauda,  se,  F.,  tail. 

causa,  (caussa),  se,  F.,  cause, 
reason  ;  (abl.),/o>-  the  sake  of. 

caveo,  cavi,  caiit-,  2,  beware, 
take  heed,  guard  against. 

cavus,  a,  um,  hollow. 

cedo,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  yield,  give 
way,  go. 

celebro,  1,  celebrate.  [a,  D). 

celer,  eris,  ere,  swift,  (§  16,  2, 

celeritas,  atis,  F.,  swiftness, 
speed. 

celeriter,  swiftly,  hastily. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


209 


celo,  1,  7ii.de,  conceal. 

Celtae,  arum,  people  of  W.  Eu- 
rope;  also,  of  central  and 
southern  Gaul. 

cena=coena,  supper. 

ceno,  1,  sup. 

censeo,  censui,  cens-,  2,  think, 
vote. 

centum,  a  hundred. 

centuria,  se,  F.,  a  century,  divi- 
sion (of  a  hundred),  company. 

centurio,  onis,  M.,  centurion  (cap- 
tain of  100) . 

cerno,  crevi,  cret-,  3,  sift,  dis- 
cern, perceive,  decide,  resolve. 

certamen,  inis,  N.,  contest,  battle. 

certiorem  facere,  inform. 

certus,  a,  um,  sure,  fixed. 

cervix,  Icis,  F.,  neck. 

cervus,  i,  M.,  stag,  deer. 

cesso,  1,  cease,  linger. 

ceterus,  a,  um,  other,  the  rest. 

ceu,  like,  as  it  were. 

charta,  ae,  F.,  paper,  ivriting. 

cibaria,  N.  pi.,  food,  allowance 
of  corn. 

cibus,  i,  M.,food. 

cicatrix,  Icis,  F.,  scar. 

cicer,  eris,  N.,  vetch,  chick-pea. 

Cicero,  M.  Tullius,  the  Roman 
orator,  B.  c.  106-43. 

ciconia,  se,  F.,  stork. 

ciugo,  cinxi,  cinct-,  3,  gird, 
wreathe,  surround. 

cinis,  eris,  M.,  F.,  ashes. 

circa,  about,  around. 

circiter,  about. 

circuitus,  us,  M.,  circuit. 

circum,  about,  around. 

circumdo,  dedi,  dat-,  1,  put 
or  set  round,  encompass. 

circumeo,  Ivi,  (ii),  it-,  4,  encom- 
pass, go  about,  canvass. 

circumpono,  posui,  positum,  3, 
place  around. 

circunisto,  steti,  1,  stand  about, 
beset,  surround. 

cis,  on  this  side. 

citerior,  citimus,  [citra,]  hither, 
nearer,  this  side. 

cito,  citius,  citissime,  quick. 
14 


citra,  this  side,  within. 

civicus,  a,  um,  civic. 

civilis,  e,  of  citizens,  courteous. 

civis,is,  c.,  citizen,  fellow-citizen. 

civitas,  atis,  F.,  city,  state,  citi- 
zenship,  freedom  of  the  city. 

clades,  is,  F.,  disaster,  slaughter. 

clam,  secretly,  without  the  knowl- 
_  edge  of. 

clamo,  1,  cry  out,  call,  proclaim. 

clamor,  oris,  M.,  a  shout,  ap- 
plause, clamor. 

clarus,  a,  um,  bright,  clear,  fa- 
mous. 

classis,  is,  F.,  fleet. 

claudo,  si,  sum,  3,  shut,  close. 

claudus,  a,  um,  lame. 

clausula,  se,  F.,  clause. 

clavis,  is,  F.,  key. 

Clemens,  tis,  merciful,  gentle. 

clementer,  gently,  calmly. 

dementia,  se,  p.,  mercy,  mild- 
ness. 

Cleopatra,  se,  the  last  queen  of 
Egypt,  B..  c.  69-30. 

cliens,  tis,  M.,  client  (one  attached 
to  a  patron,  and  protected  by 
him). 

clipeus  (um),  i,  M.,  a  brazen 
shield. 

Clodius,  the  enemy  of  Cicero, 
killed  by  Milo,  B.  c.  52. 

coelum^rcaelum,  sky. 

coe'mo,  emi,  empt-,  3,  buy  up. 

ccena  (cena),  se,  F.,  supper  (the 
chief  meal  of  the  Romans) . 

ccenatus,  a,  um,  having  dined. 

cceno,  (-ito),  dine,  sup. 

ccepi  (§  38,  1,  a),  began;  p., 
cceptus. 

coerceo,  ercui,  ercit-,  2,  restrain, 
confine,  repress. 

cogito,  1,  think,  reflect,  intend. 

cognatio,  onis,  F.,  relationship. 

cognomen,  inis,  N.,  surname. 

cognomino,  1,  surname. 

cognosco,  novi,  nit-,  3,  know, 
find  out,  investigate. 

cogo,  coegi,  coact-,  3,  gather, 
compel,  bring  together. 

Conors,  tis,  p.,  cohort  (600  men). 


210 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


cohortor,  i,  cheer,  exhort. 

coiens,  euntis,  [eo,]  meeting. 

colaphus,  i,  M.,  cuff,  blow. 

collega,  se,  M.,  associate,  col- 
league. 

colligo,  1.  fasten,  bind. 

colligo,  legi,  lect-,  3,  [lego,] 
collect,  gather. 

collis,  is,  M.,  hill. 

colloco,  1,  set,  establish,  give  in 
marriage. 

colloquium,  i,  N.,  conference. 

colluna,  i,  N.,  neck. 

colo,  colui,  cult-,  3,  cultivate, 
worship. 

colonia,  ae,  F.,  colony. 

coluinba,  ae,  F.,  dove,  pigeon. 

comedo,  edi,  es-  (est-),  3,  eat 
up. 

comes,  itis,  c.,  companion,  com- 
rade. 

comis,  e,  courteous,  kind. 

comitas,  atis,  F.,  courtesy. 

comitatus,  us,  M.,  retinue,  escort. 

comitia,  N.  pi.,  voting  assembly. 

comitor,  1,  accompany,  attend. 

commeatus,  us,  M.,  supplies. 

commemoro,  1,  call  to  mind,  tell. 

commendo,  1,  commit,  commend. 

cornmeo,  1,  go  to  and  fro,  resort. 

commilito,  onis,  M.,'  fellow-sol- 
dier. 

committo,  misi,  miss-,  3,  set  to- 
gether, engage,  commit. 

commode,  duly,  fitly. 

comrnodus,  a,  um,  fit,  advanta- 
geous, serviceable. 

commone-facio,  3,  warn,  advise. 

commoueo,  monui,  monit-,  2, 
remind,  advise. 

commoveo,  movi,  mot-,  2,  dis- 
titrb. 

communis,  e,  common. 

coramuto,  1,  exchange,  alter. 

corno,  compsi,  compt-,  3,  comb, 
dress  the  hair. 

comparo,  1,  get,  compare. 

compello,  puli,  puls-,  3,  con- 
N  '  i  -'tin ,  force,  drive. 

complector,  plexus,  3,  embrace, 
comprehend. 


compleo,  plevi,  plet-,  2,  fill  up, 
complete. 

comploratio,  onis,  F.,  lamenta- 
tion. 

complures,  ia,  several,  very  many. 

compouo,  posui,  posit-,  3,  put 
together,  arrange,  compare. 

comporto,  1,  bring,  collect. 

compos,  otis, partaking,  sharing. 

comprehend©,  di,  sum,  3,  seize, 
perceive,  contain. 

comprimo,  pressi,  press-,  3, 
restrain. 

concede,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  go, 
withdraw,  submit. 

concido,  cidi,  cis-,  [csedo,]  3, 
cut  to  pieces,  destroy. 

concilio,  1,  reconcile,  procure. 

concilium,  i,  N.,  council,  assem- 
bly. 

concio  (tio),  onis,  F.,  meeting, 
speech,  place  of  speaking. 

conclamo,  1,  cry  out,  exclaim. 

concordia,  se,  F.,  harmony. 

concupisco,  Hvi  (ii),  it-,  3, 
desire,  long  for,  strive  after. 

concurro,  curri,  curs-,  3,  meet, 
fiock  together,  contend. 

concursus,  us,  M.,  running  to- 
gether, crowd,  onset. 

condemn o,  [damno,]  1,  con- 
demn. 

condiscipulus,  i,  M.,  fellow- 
learner. 

conditio,  onis,  F.,  condition,  rank, 
term  (of  agreement),  match. 

condo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  lay  up,  found, 
build,  hide. 

conduce,  duxi,  duct-,  3,  leadt 
hire,  gather. 

confero,  ferre,  tuli,  collat-,  bring 
together,  compare,  betake. 

confertus,  a,  um,  close,  crammed. 

confestim,  at  once,  forthwith. 

couficio,  feci,  feet-,  3,  [facio,] 
finish,  accomplish,  make  out. 

coufido,  fisus,  3,  trust,  rely. 

configo,  fixi,  fix-,  3,  pierce. 

confirino,  1,  establish,  strengthen. 

confiteor,  fessus,  2,  [fateor,] 
confess. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


confligo,  fiixi,  flict-,  3,  struggle,  \ 

contend. 

confodio,  fodi,  foss-,  3,  dig,  stab. 
confugio,  fugi,  3,  flee  for  refuge. 
congredior,  gress-,  3,  [gradio'r,] 

meet,  encounter,  contend. 
congruo,  grui,  3,  agree,  Jit,  coin- 
cide. 
conjicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,   [jacio,] 

cast,  hurl. 
conjungo,  junxi,  junct-,  3,  join, 

couple. 

conjuratus,  i,  M.,  conspirator. 
cciijuro,  1,  swear  together,  con- 
spire. 
conjux  (nx),  jugis,  c.,  husband 

or  wife,  betrothed. 
conor,  1,  endeavor,  try. 
conquiro,    quisivi,    quisit-,    3, 

inquire,  seek. 

consanguineus,  a,  um,  kindred. 
conscendo,  di,  sum,  3,  [scando,] 

climb,  mount,  embark. 
conscisco,  scivi,  scit-,  3,  vote, 

approve. 

conscius,  a,  um,  conscious,  privy. 
coiiscribo,  scrips!,  script-,  3, 

register,  enrol,  appoint. 
consensio,   onis,   F.  ;    -sus,  us, 

M.,  consent,  plot. 
consequor,   secutus,    3,  follow 

close,  reach,  attain.  ' 
consero,   semi,  sert-,    3,  join, 

bring  together  (as  for  battle) . 
conserve,  1,  keep,  preserve. 
considero,  1 ,  consider,  ponder. 
consido,  sedi,  sess-,  3,  sit  down, 

settle,  encamp. 
consilium,  i,  N.,  advice,  counsel, 

prudence,  council.  ~ 
consisto,    stit,    stit-,    3,    stand 

fast,  continue. 

consobrinus,  a,  um,  cousin,  kin. 
conspectus,  us,  M.,  sight,  view, 

survey. 
conspicio,  spexi,  spect-,  3 ;  -spi- 

cor,  1,  view,  behold. 
conspicuus,  a,  um,  easy  to  see, 

distinguished; 

conspiratio,  onis,  F.,  conspiracy. 
coiispiro,  1,  conspire. 


constans,  tis,jirm,  constant. 

constantia,  ae,  F.,  firmness,  har- 
mony. 

coiistanter,  steadily,  firmly. 

constituo,  stitui,  stitut-,  3,  de- 
termine, set  in  order. 

consuesco,  suevi,  suet-,  3,  be- 
come accustomed. 

consuetudo,  inis,  F.,  custom,  in- 
tercourse. 

consul,  ulis,  M.,  Consul,  the  chief 
executive  officer  of  Rome,  of 
whom  two  were  chosen  yearly. 

consularis,  e,  of  the  consul;  M., 
of  consular  rank,  ex-consul. 

consulatus,  us,  M.,  consulship. 

consulo,  sului,  suit-,  3,  consider, 
reflect ;  (with  ace.)  consult ; 
(with  dat.)  favor,  considt,  or 
have  regard  for. 

consultum,  i,  N.,  a  decree,  re- 
solve. 

contemno,  tempsi,  tempt-,  3, 
scorn,  despise. 

contendo,  teiidi,  tent-,  3,  con- 
tend, hasten. 

contentio,  onis,  F.,  strife. 

contentus,  content,  satisfied. 

coiitestor,  1,  call  to  witness. 

continenter,  uninterruptedly. 

contineo,  tinui,  tent-,  2,  [teneo,] 
hold  close,  restrain,  contain, 
bound. 

contingo,  tigi,  tact-,  3,  [tango,], 
touch,  reach,  take  hold. 

continuus,  a,  um,  constant,  con- 
tinuous. 

contio,  onis,  F.,  assembly. 

contra,  against,  opposite,  on  the 
other  hand. 

contraho,  traxi,  tract-,  3,  gather, 
contract. 

contrarius,  a,  um,  opposite,  hos- 
tile. 

controversia,  ae,  F.,  dispute,  de- 
bate. 

contubernalis,  is,  (adj.),  of  one 
mess;  M.,  tent-companion,  com- 
rade. 

contumelia,  EC,  F.,  taunt,  re- 
proach, insult. 


21-2 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


convenio,  v§.il,  vent-,  4,  meet, 

O.  <jr  •:>.',    Vixit. 

conventus,  us,  M.,  meeting,  com- 

pa  //. 
converto,  verti,  vers-,  3,  turn, 

change: 
convince,  vici,  vict-,  3,  convict, 

convince. 
convoco,    1,    assemble,    call   to- 

gether. 

convolo,  ltjly  together. 
cophinus,  i,  M.,  basket. 
copia,  se,  p.,  abundance  ;  pi.  sup- 

pi  i  s,  troops,  wealth, 
copiose,  abundantly. 
cop.osus,  a,  um,  plentiful,   co- 

pious. 

cor,  cordis,  N.,  heart,  mind. 
coram,  openly  ;  in  presence  of. 
Corinthus,  i,  p.,  Corinth,  on  the 

Isthmus  of  Greece,  taken  by 

Mummius,  B.C.  146. 
cornu,   us    (u),   N.,  horn,    icing 

(of  an  army). 
corpus,  oris,  x.,  body. 
corripio,  ripui,  rept-,  3,  [rapio,] 

seiz1,  snatch,  attack. 
corcex,  icis,  M.  or  F.,  bark. 
corvus,  i,  .-\r.,  raven. 
eras,  to-in 
Crassus,  M.  Licinius,  the  trium- 

vir, perished  in  the  Parthian 

war,  B.  c.  •')'.}. 
crebsr,   bra,    um,    thick,    close, 

frequent 
credo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  intrust,  con- 

Ji'le,  be/iece. 

cremD,  1,  burn,  consume. 
creo,  1,  create,  beget,  ef'-rf. 
Ores,  -etis,  M.  ;    Cressa,  se,  F., 

Ci'ttun. 
cresco,    crevi,    cret-,    3,    grow, 

!/icre<ise. 
crlmen,  iuis,  x.,  criminal  charge, 

crtfne. 

crlnis,  is,  M.,  hair. 
cruciamentum,  i,  N.,  and 
cruciatus,    us,   M.,   torture,    tor- 

men?. 


crucio,  1. 

crudelis,  c.  .>/?,  fierce. 


crudelitas,  atis,  F.,  cruelty. 
crueutus,  a,  um,  bloody,  jierce. 
crunieiia,  £e,   F.,  pur.^e,   ntoney- 

pouck. 
crus,  cruris,  N.,  leg  below   the 

knee),  #hin. 

crux,  crucis,  F.,  cross,  torment. 
crystallinus,  a,  um,  of  crystal. 
crystallus,  i,  M.,  (-um,  x.), 

crystal. 

cubiculum,  i,  x.,  bed-chamber. 
cubo,  cubui,  cubit-,  1,  lie  down. 
cujus,  whose  (gen.  of  qui). 
culcita,   ae,    F.,    mattress,    bed. 
culpa,  se,  F.,  fault,  mischief. 
culpo,  1,  blame. 
cultellus,  i,  M.,  little  knife. 
culter,  tri,  M.,  knife. 
cultus,  us,  M.,  culture,  ornament, 

dress. 

cum  (abl.)»  with,  among. 
cumr^quurn,  u'hen.  since,  though  ; 

cum  . .  .  turn,  both  .  .  .  and. 
cunctor,  1,  delay,  linger. 
cupide,  eagerly,  passionately. 
cupiditas,    atis,    F.,    eagerness^ 

longing,  avarice. 
cupido,  inis,  F.,  eager  desire. 
cupidus,  a,  um,  eager,  desirous, 

greedy. 
cupio,  cupivi,  cupit-,  3,  desire, 

favor. 
cur,  icltij. 
cura,  se,  F.,  care. 
curia,  se,  F..  senate-house. 
euro,  1,  f7,v --for,  cure. 
curro,  cucnrri,  curs-,  3,  run.- 
cursus,  us,  >,i.,  running,  course. 
custodia,  se,  F  ,  rust'tdy,  guard. 
custodio,  4,  guard,  keep. 
custos,  odis,  M.,  keeper,  guard. 


D. 

damno,  1,  condemn. 

de,  of.fi-<-iin,  during,  concerning, 

,1,11-n  i'r<>ui.  ,ti;>,>r<ling  to,  at. 
dea,  ae,  abus,  F.,  g<> •/ 
deambulo,  1,  walk,  xtroll. 


VOCABULARY.  — I. 


213 


debeo,  ui,  it-,  2,  owe;  ought.  ^> 

debilis,  e,  weak,  frail. 

decedo,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  depart, 
yield,  die. 

decem,  ten. 

December,  bris,  (adj.),  December. 

decerno,  crevi,  cret-,  3,  decree, 
determine,  contend. 

decerpo,  cerpsi,  cerpt-,  3,  [car- 
po,]  pluck  off,  gather. 

decerto,  1,  contend,  strive. 

decet,  decuit,  2,  it  is  Jit,  becom- 
ing. 

decies  (ens),  ten  times. 

decimus  a,  um,  tenth. 

decipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  [capio,] 
cheat,  deceive. 

declaro,  1,  make  manifest. 

decor,  oris,  M.,  grace,  beauty, 
charm. 

decretum,  i,  N.,  [cerno,]  decree. 

decus,  6ris,  N.,  ornament,  honor. 

dedignor,  1,  disdain. 

deditio,  onis,  r.,  surrender. 

dedo,  dedidi,  dedit-,  3,  surren- 
der, yield,  devote. 

deduce,  duxi,  duct-,  3,  with- 
draw, conduct,  spin  out. 

deesse,  see  desum. 

defatigatio,  onis,  F.,  exhaustion. 

defendo,  fendi,  fens-,  3,  ward 
off,  defend. 

defensor,  oris,  M.,  defender., 

defero,  tuli,  lat-,  3,  convey,  de- 
liver, report. 

deficio,  feci,  feet-,  3,  [facio,] 
fail,  desert,  cease. 

deflecto,  flexi,  flexum,  3,  bend, 
turn  off. 

deformitas,  atis,  F.,  ugliness. 

defungor,  fimct-,  3,  fulfil,  finish. 

dein,  then,  moreover. 

deinceps,  thereupon,  next. 

deinde,  then,  secondly,  after- 
ward. 

dejicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  [jacio,] 
cast  down,  drive  out. 

delecto,  1,  delight. 

delectus,  [deligo,]  chosen. 

deleo,  levi,  let-,  2,  blot  out,  de- 
stroy. 


delibero,  1,  weigh,  discuss. 

deliciae,  arum,  F.,  delight. 

deligo,  1,  bind  fast. 

deligo,  legi,  lect-,  3,  [lego,] 
choose  out,  select. 

delitesco,  litui,  3,  [lateo,]  lie 
hid. 

Delphi,  orum,  a  town  of  Pliocis, 
famous  for  an  oracle  of  Apollo. 

deminuo,  iiiinui,  minut-,  3,  les- 
sen. 

demitto,  misi,  miss-,  3,  let  or 
bring  down,  dismiss. 

demonstro,  1,  show  forth,  desig- 
nate. 

demum,  at  length,  only. 

denarius,  a,  um,  of  ten ;  M.,  sum 
of  10  asses  ( 16  cents), penny. 

denego,  1,  deny,  refuse. 

deni,  se,  a,  ten  each,  by  tens,  ten. 

dens,  dentis,  M.,  tooth. 

densus,  a,  um,  thick,  close. 

depono,  posui,  posit-,  3,  lay 
aside,  deposit. 

depopulo  (or),  I, plunder, devas- 
tate. 

deporto,  1,  carry  away. 

deposco,  poposci,  3,  demand. 

deprecator,  oris,  M  ,  intercessor* 

deprecor,  1,  beg,  deprecate. 

descendo,  scendi,  scens-,  3, 
[scando,]  climb  or  go  down, 
descend. 

descisco,  scivi  (ii),  scit-,  3,  re- 
volt. 

desero,  serui,  sert-,  3,  forsake, 
quit. 

designo,  1,  assign,  appoint. 

desilio,  silui,  siilt-,  4,  leap  down. 

desisto,  stiti,  stit-,  3,  cease,  de- 
sist. 

desperatio,  onis,  F.,  despair. 

despero,  1,  despair,  give  up  hope. 

despondeo,  spondi,  spousum, 
2,  betroth. 

destringo,  strinxi,  strict-,  3, 
unsheathe. 

desum,  deesse,  defui,  fail,  be 
wanting  or  absent. 

detego,  texi,  tect-,  3,  uncover, 
discover,  betray. 


214 


LATIX    LESSONS. 


deterreo,terrui,territ-,  2,  fright- 
en off,  deter. 

detineb,  tinui,  tent-,  2,  [teneo,] 
hinder,  detain. 

detraho,  traxi,  tract-,  3,  draw 
away,  take  from. 

detrimentum,  i,  x.,  loss,  damage. 

deus,  i,  M.,    (§  10,  4,  /),  god, 
divinity. 

devasto,  1,  lay  waste. 

devinco,  vici,  vict-,  3,  vanquish. 

devolo,  l,fly  down. 

devoro,  1,  devour,  swallow. 

dexter,   tra    (tera),   um,    right, 
fortunate;  F.,  right  hand. 

diadema,  atis,  diadem. 

die,  iraper.  of  dico,  say. 

dicax,  acis  (-culus),  keen,  sar- 
castic. 

dico,  dixi,  diet-,  3,  say.  call,  tell, 
mean. 

dictator,  oris,  M.,  Dictator,  with 
absolute  power  for  ^ix  months. 

dictatura,  ae,  F.,  dictatorship. 

dictito,  1,  say  or  plead  often. 

dicto,  1,  say  often,  dictate,  pre- 
scribe. 

dictum,  i,  N.,  word,  sailing,  jest. 

dies,  ei  (e),  day,  daylight  (§  13, 
2,  x.). 

differo,  differre,  distuli,  dflat-, 
delay,  differ. 

difficilis,  0,  difficult. 

difficultas,  atis,  F.,  trouble,  diffi- 
culty. 

digitus  i,  if.,  jSogrer,  toe. 

dignus,  a,  um,  worthy. 

diligens,  tis,  attentive,  diligent. 

diligenter,  carefully. 

diligentia.ee,  F.,  diligence,  thrift. 

diligo,  lexi,  lect-,  3,  love,  esteem. 

diluo,  dilui,  dilut-,  3,  dissolve. 

dimico,  1,  light,  contend. 

dlmitto,    misi,    miss-,    3,    send 
forth,  let  no. 

dimoveo,   movi,   mot-,   2,  put 
aside,  dismiss. 

dirigo,   rexi,   rect-,    3,    [rego,] 
guide,  strait/hfen. 

diripio,  ripui,  rept-,  3,  [rapio,] 
tear  to  pieces. 


dims,  a,  um,  dreadful,  ill-boding. 
dis,  ditis,  rich,  fertile  =dives. 
discedo,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  depart. 
disco,  didici,  3,  learn. 
discordia,  ae,  F.,  variance,  strife. 
discors,  dis,  discordant,  harsh. 
disertus,   [dissero,]  Jluent,  elo- 

quent. 
disjicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,   [jacio,] 

scatter. 
dispergo,  persi,  pers-,  3,  [spar- 

go,]  scatter. 
displiceo,  plicui,  2,    [placeo,] 

displease. 
dispono,  posui,  posit-,  3,  set  in 

array,  distribute. 
disputo,  1,  dispute,  debate. 
dissensio,  onis,  F.,  disagreement. 
dissimilis,  e,  unlike. 
dissimulo,  1,  conceal,  disguise. 
disto,  1,  be  distant  or  apart,  dif- 

fer. 

ditior,  [dis,]  richer. 
diu,  diutius,  diutissime,  long  (in 
time),   long  ago,  in  the  day- 
time. 

diuturnus,  a,  um,  long-continued. 
diuturnitas,  atis,  F.,  long  dura- 

tion. 

diversus,  a,  um,  unlike,  apart. 
dives,  itis,  rich. 
divido,  visi,  vis-,  3,  divide,  sep- 

arate. « 

divinus,  a,  um,  divine. 
do,  dare,  dedi,  datum,  1,  give. 
doceo,   docui,    doct-,  2,   teach, 

tell. 

doctor,  oris,  M.,  teacher. 
doctus,  a,  um,  learned,  skilled. 
dclso,   dolui,   dolit-,  2,  grieve, 

suffer  pain. 

dolor,  oris,  M.,  pain,  grief. 
dolus,  i,  M.,  deceit,  craft,  guile. 
domicilium,     i,     N.,     dwelling, 

abode. 
dominatio,    onis,   F.,    lordship, 

dominion. 
dominus,    i,    N.,    lord,    master, 


domo,  dornui,  domit-,  1,  iumc, 
subdue. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


215 


domus,  us,  (i),  F.,  house,  home, 
family  (§  12,  8,  c") ;  domi 
(uij,  at  home. 

donee,  until,  while. 

donum,  i,  N  ,  gift. 

dormio,  4,  sleep. 

Drusus,  i,  a  Roman  statesman, 
died  B.  c.  90. 

dubitatio,  onis,  F.,  doubt,  hesita- 
tion. 

dubito,  1,  [duo,]  doubt,  waver. 

dubius,  a,  um,  doubtful;  N., 
doubt. 

ducenti,  ae,  a,  two  hundred. 

duco,  duxi,  duct-,  3,  lead,  guide, 
marry  (a  wife) . 

dulcis,  e,  sweet,  pleasant. 

dum,  while,  until,  provided. 

dumrnocfo,  provided  that. 

Dunmorix,  igis,  a  Gaul,  an  en- 
emy of  the  Romans. 

dumtaxat,  however,  at  least. 

duo,  ae,  o  (§  18,  1,  6),  two. 

duodecim,  twelve. 

duode-viginti,  eighteen. 

duplex,  icis,  double,  crafty. 

durus,  a,  um,  hard, -cruel. 

dux,  duels,  M.,  leader,  guide, 
chief. 

Dyrrachium  (Gr.  Epidamnus), 
Durazzo,  on  the  coast  of  Epi- 


E. 


e  (ex),  out  of,  from. 

ebur,  6ris,  N.,  ivory. 

ecce,  behold! 

ecquis,  qua,  quid,  whether  any. 

edico,   dixi,   diet-,    3,    declare, 

publish,  ordain. 
edictum,  i,  N.,  ordinance. 
edo,  edidi,  edit-,  3,  give  forth, 

publish,  produce. 
edo  (esse,  §  37,  o) ,  edi,  es-,  3,  eat. 
ecluco,  1,  educate,  train. 
educo,  duxi,  duct-,  3,   lead  or 

draw  forth. 
effeminatus,  a,  um,  womanish. 


effero,  efferre,  extuli,  elat-,  bear 

forth,  exalt. 
effi'cio,   feci,   feet-,    3,    [facio,] 

bring  to  pass,  make. 
effugio,  fugi,  3,  Jlee,  escape,  shun. 
effundo,    fudi,     ius-,     3,    pour 

forth. 

egenus,  a,  um,  destitute,  needy. 
egeo,  ui,  2,  need,  lack,  want. 
ego,  mei,  mihi,  me,  /. 
egredior,  gress-,  3,  go  forth. 
egregius,  a,  um,  [grex, j  excellent. 
ejicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  [jacio,]  cant 

out,  throw  forth. 
elabor,  lapsus,  3,  slip  aivay,  e— 

cape. 

elatus,  [effero,]  proud,  lofty. 
elegaiitia,  ae,  F.,  elegance,  grace. 
elephantus,  i,  M.,  elephant. 
eligo,  legi,  lect-,  3,  [lego,]  select. 
eloquentia,  ae,  F.,  eloquence. 
eluceo,  luxi,  2,  shine  forth. 
emitto,  misi,  miss-,  3,  send  forth. 
emo,  emi,  empt-,  3,  buy. 
en !  behold !  come ! 
enim,  for. 
ensis,  is,  M.,  sword. 
enuntio,  1,  declare,  report. 
eo,  ire,  ivi,  itum  (§  37,  6),  go. 
eo  (abl.),  as,  by  so  much. 
eo,  thither,  on  it,  on  them. 
eodem,  tlie  same  way. 
epigramma,  tis,  N.,  epigram. 
Epirus    (os),  i,  F.    (mainland), 

the  N.  W.  district  of  Greece, 
epistola  (ula),  ae,  F.,  letter. 
eques, itis, M.,  horseman;  pi  cav- 
alry, knights  (an  order  in  the 

Roman  state), 
equester,  tris,  e,  of  the  cavalry 

or  knight*,  equestrian. 
equidem,  indeed,  no  doubt.          r 
equitatus,  us,  M.,  cavalry. 
equito,  1.  ride. 
equus,  i,  M.,  horse. 
erga,  towards. 

ergo,  therefore  (§  43,  3),  then. 
erigo,  rexi,  rect-,  3,  rouse,  cheer. 
eripio,  ripui,  rept-,  3,    [rapio,] 

snatch  away. 
erro,  1,  wander,  roam. 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


error,  oris,  M.,  wandering,  error. 

erubesco,  erubui,  3,  blush. 

erudio,  4,  train,  polish. 

erualtus,  a,  um.  educated,  skilled. 

esca,  se,  F.,food,  bait. 

et,  and,  also,  even;  et  .  .  .  et, 
both  .  .  .  and. 

etiam,  even,  also,  yes. 

etsi,  ei'en  if,  although. 

Eubcea,  ee,  F.,  a  large  island  near 
the  coast,  north  of  Athens. 

evado,  vasi,  vas-,  3,  go  forth, 
turn  out,  escape. 

evello,  velli,  vuls-,  3,  pluck  away. 

evenio,  veni,  vent-,  4,  come 
forth,  happen. 

eventum,  i,  N.  ;  eventus,  us,  M.. 
event. 

everto,  verti,  vers-,  3,  over- 
throw. 

ex  =  e,  out  of,  from. 

exardesco,  arsi,  ars-,  3,  blaze  out. 

exaro,  1,  plough  up,  inscribe. 

exaspero,  1,  roughen,  sharpen. 

excelsus,  a,  um,  lofty. 

excidio,  onis,  F.,  downfall,  de- 
struction. 

excipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  [capio,] 
take  out  or  up,  catch. 

exclamo,  1,  cry  aloud. 

exclude,  clusi,  clus-,  3,  [claudo,] 
shut  out,  exclude. 

excolo,  colui,  cult-,  3,  cultivate. 

exemplum,  i,  N.,  example. 

exeo,  ire,  ii  (ivi),  It-,  go  forth, 
expire. 

exerceo,  exercui,  exercit-,  2, 
exercise — - 

exercitatio,  onis,  F.,  exercise. 

exercitus,  us,  M.,  host,  army. 

exhibeo,  hibui,  hibit-,  2,  [ha- 
beo,]  hold  forth,  display. 

exhorreo,  2 ;  exhorresco,  hor- 
rui,  3,  dread  extremely,  shud- 
der at. 

exigo,  egi,  act-,  3,  [ago,]  drive 
out,  exact. ^finish. 

exiguus,  a,  um,  scanty,  small. 

exirnius,  a,  um,  select,  excellent. 

existimatio,  F.,  judgment,  opin- 
ion, reputation. 


existimo  (-umo),  \,  judge,  think, 
reckon. 

exitium,  i,  N.,  destruction,  ruin. 

exitus,  us,  M.,  end,  death. 

exorior,  ortus,  4,  arise,  spring 
up. 

expedio,  4,  bring  out,  arrange. 

expeditio,  F.,  excursion. 

expeditus,  a,  um,  disengaged, 
light-armed. 

expello,  puli,  puls-,  3,  thrust  out 
or  away,  reject. 

expergiscor,perrectus,3,  awake. 

experior,  expertus,  4,  to  try, 
test. 

expio,  1,  expiate,  atone. 

explorator,  oris,  M.,  scout. 

explore,  1,  search,  reconnoitre. 

expono,  posui,  posit-,  3,  set 
forth,  expose. 

expositio,  F.,  exposing,  expound- 
ing. 

exprimo,  pressi,  press-,  3.  [pre- 
mo,]  press  or  force  out. 

exprobro,  1,  reproach,  upbraid. 

expugno,  1,  take  by  assault. 

exquiro,  quisivi,  quisit-,  3, 
[quaero,]  search  out,  inquire. 

exsecror,  1,  curse,  swear  sol- 
emnly. 

exsequor,  secutus,  3,folloic  out, 
accomplish. 

exsilio,  silui,  suit-,  4,  leap  forth, 
spring  up. 

exsisto,  stiti,  stit-,  3,  come  or 
stand  forth,  exist. 

exspecto,  1,  wait  for,  antici- 
pate, expect. 

exspiro,  1,  breathe  out,  expire. 

exstinguo,  stinxi,  stinct-,  3, 
quench,  extinguish. 

exstruo,  struxi,  struct-,  3,  heap 
up.  build. 

exsugo,  suxi,  suet-,  3,  suck  out. 

exsul,  ulis,  c.,  exile. 

exsulto,  1,  leap  up,  exult. 

exterreo,  terrui,  territ-,  2,  strike 
with  terror. 

extra,  outside  of,  except,  beyond. 

extraho,  traxi,  tract-,  3,  draw 
forth,  protract. 


VOCABULARY.  — I. 


217 


extraordinarius,  a,  um,  beyond 

the  ranks,  uncommon. 
exuo,  exui,  exut-,  3,  put,  strip 

or  cast  off,  despoil. 


F. 

faba,  ae,  F.,  bean. 

faber,  bri  (g.  pi.  brum),  M.,  smith, 

maker. 
faber,  bra,  brum,  skilful,  ingeni- 

0118. 

fabricor  (-co),  1,  fashion,  con- 
struct. 

fabula,  se,  F.,  fable,  tale. 

facetiae,  arum,  F.,  wit,  fun. 

facetus,  a,  um,  elegant,  fine, 
funny. 

facies,  ei,  F.,  figure,  face,  as- 
pect. 

facilis,  e,  [facio,]  easy. 

facile,  easily. 

facinus,  oris,  N.,  bold  deed,  crime. 

facio,  feci,  fact-;  p.,  fio,  fieri, 
factus,  make,  do  ;  fit,  it  hap- 
pens, is  usual ;  fiat,  so  be  it. 

factio,  onis,  F.,  faction. 

factus,  [facio,]  'done;  N.,  deed. 

facultas,  atis,  F.,  opportunity, 
power,  abundance. 

falsus,  a,  um,  deceitful,  false. 

fama,  ae,  F.,  fame,  report  (good 
or  evil),  reputation. 

fames,  is,  F.,  hunger. 

familia,  ae,  F.,  body  of  slaves, 
family. 

familiaris,  e,  of  servants  or  fam- 
ily, intimate;  M.,  friend. 

familiaritas,  atis,  F.,  intimacy. 

far,  f arris,  N.,  spelt  (a  grain), 
meal. 

fas  (indecl.),  right  (by  divine 
law) . 

fascis,  is,  M.,  bundle;  fasces, 
(]>!.),  rods-and-axe  (symbol 
of  office,  with  power  of  life 
and  death). 

fatum,  1,  N.,  [for,]  destiny,  doom. 

fauces,  ium,  F.,  throat. 


Faustulus,  i,  the  shepherd  who 
brought  up  Romulus. 

faveo,  favi,  faut-,  2,  favor.  ' 

favor,  oris,  M.,  good-will. 

fax,  facis,  F.,  torch,  firebrand. 

Februarius  (adj.),  February. 

files,  is,  and  felis,  F.,  cat,  thief. 

feliciter,  auspiciously. 

felix,  icis,  auspicious,  happy. 

femina,  ae,  F.,  woman, female. 

femur,  oris  (inis),  N.,  thi'jli. 

fera,  ae,  F.,  wild  beast. 

fere,  almost,  generally. 

ferine  =  fere,  nearly. 

fero,  ferre,  tuli,latum  (§  37,  4), 
bear,  bring,  say. 

ferox,  ocis,  bold,  fierce. 

ferrum,  i,  N.,  iron,  steel  (sword). 

ferus,  a,  um,  wild,  rude. 

fessus,  a,  um,  weary. 

festmo,  i,  Jiasten. 

ficus,  i  (us),  i\,j%. 

fidelis,  e,  trusty,  faithful. 

fides,  ei,  F.,  trust,  belief,  credit, 
promise,  word. 

fido,  fisus,  3,  tntst,  confide. 

figo,  fixi,  fix-,  3,  fix,  pierce. 

filia,  ae  (d.  pi. abus),  F.,  daughter. 

filius,  i  (v.  fili),  M.,  son. 

finio,  4,  limit,  end. 

finis,  is,  M.,  end,  border;  pi., 
territory. 

finitimus,  a,  um,  bordering,  neigh- 
boring ;  pi.,  neighbors. 

fio,  fieri,  fact-,  p.  of  facio,  make. 

firmo,  1,  strengthen,  establish. 

firmus,  a,  um,  stable,  strong. 

fisus,  [fido,]  having  trusted. 

fixus,  [figo,]  fixed. 

flagito,  1,  demand  vehemently. 

flatus,  us,  M.,  blowing,  blast. 

flecto,  fiexi,  flex-,  3,  to  bend,  turn. 

fleo,  flevi,  flet-,  2.,  weep. 

fletus,  us,  M.,  weeping. 

flo,  1,  blow. 

floreo,  ui,  2,  bloom,  flourish. 

flos,  floris,  M.,floiver. 

fluctuosus,  a,  um,  billowy. 

fluctus,  us,  M.,  wave. 

flumeii,  inis,  N.,  river,  stream. 

fluo,  fluxi,  flux-,  3,  flow. 


218 


LATIN    LESbOXS. 


fluvius,  i,  M.,  river,  stream. 

fodio,  f5di,  foss-,  3,  dig. 

fcedus,  a,  um./ow/,  ugly. 

fcsdus,  eris,  x.,  league,  treaty. 

folliculus,  i,  M.,  hollow  ball  for 
tennis. 

fons,  tis,  yL.,  fountain,  source. 

for,  fatus,  1  (§  38),  speak,  say. 

foramen,  inis,  N.,  aperture. 

fore,  fut.  infin.  of  sum,  be. 

foris,  is,  F.  (gen.  pi.  um),  door. 

forma,  se,  F.,  shape,  beauty. 

formica,  se,  F.,  ant. 

fors,  tis,  F.,  chance,  fortune. 

forte,  jierhaps. 

fortis,  e,  strong,  brave. 

fortiter,  boldly. 

fortuna,  se,  F.,  fortune. 

forum,  i,  x.,  public  square,  mar- 
ket;  a  square  in  Rome,  the 
chief  place  of  public  business. 

fossa,  se,  F.,  ditch,  trench. 

foveo,  fovi,  fot-,  '2,  cherish. 

frango,  fregi,  fract-,  3,  break. 

frater,  tris,  M.,  brother. 

fraternus,  a,  um,  brotherly,  of  a 
brother. 

fraus,  dis,  F.,  deceit,  crime. 

frequento,  1,  resort,  frequent. 

fretus,  a,  um,  relying. 

frigus,  oris,  x.,  coldness,  chill. 

frons,  dis, F.,  leaf. 

frons,  tis,  F.,  brow,  forehead. 

fructuosus,  a,  um,  fruitful,  pro- 
fitable. 

fructus,  us,  M.,  fruit. 

frugalitas,  atis/F.,  thrift. 

fruges,  F.,  [fru.x,']  fruits  (of  the 
earth). 

frumentarius,  a,  um,  of  corn ; 
res  frumentaria,  grain,  sup- 
ply of  corn. 

frumeiitum,  i,  x.,  con?,  grain. 

frustra,  in  vain,  -without  reason. 

fuga,  se,  Y.,  flight,  exile. 

fugio,  fugi,  fugit-,  3,  fee,  pass, 
escape. 

fulgor,  orio,  M.,  flash,  gleam. 

fulgur,  mis,  x.,  lightning. 

funditor,  oris,  M.,  slincjcr. 

fundo,  fudi,  fus-,  o,  pour,  rout. 


fungor,  funct-,  3,  perform,  fulfil. 
fiiniculus,  i,  M.,  slender  cord. 
funus,    eris,  x.,   burial,  funeral 

rites. 

fur,  furis,  M.,  thief. 
furor,  oris,  M.,  raging  madness. 


G. 

Gallia,  se,  F.,  Gaul,  including 
Belgium,  France,  and  Swit- 
zerland. 

Gallicus  (-canus),  a,  um,  Gal- 
lic, of  the  Gauls. 

gallina,  se,  F.,  hen. 

Gallus,  i,  M.,  a  Gaul. 

garrulitas,  atis,  F.,  chattering. 

garrulus,  a,  urn,  talkative. 

gaudeo,  gavlsus,  i>  ^§  35,2),  re- 
joice, be  glad. 

gaudium,  i,  x..joy  (at  heart). 

gelu,  us,  x.,  frost. 

gemiiiatus,  double. 

geminus,  a,  ura,  ticin,  double. 

gemma,  se,  F.,  gem. 

gemo,  ui,  it-,  o,eigh,  moan. 

gener,  eri,  M.,  son-in-law. 

Geneva,  se,  F.,  a  city  on  the  Hel- 
vetian boundary  of  Gaul. 

genitus,  [gigno,]  begotten. 

gens,  tis,  F.,  clan,  race,  house. 

genu,  us,  x.,  knee. 

genus,  eris,  birth,  race. 

Germanus,  a,  um,  German. 

gero,  gessi,  gest-,  3,  bear,  wear, 
waf/e  (war)  ;  gerere  morem, 
to  humor  ;  se  gerere,  conduct 
one's  self. 

gesto  (-tito),  1,  bear,  carry. 

gestus,  [gero,]  borne;  res  gestse, 
deeds,  exploits. 

gigno,  genui,  genit-,  3,  beget, pro- 
duce. 

glacies,  ei,  F.,  ice. 

gladius,  i,  M.,  sword. 

glans,  dis,  F.,  acorn,  nut,  bullet. 

gloria,  ae,  F.,  glory. 

glorior,  1,  boast,  pride  one's 
sdf. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


219 


Gracchus  Ti,  tribune,  B.C.  133; 
C.  id.,  123,  authors  of  popular 
laws,  and  slain  by  the  nobility. 

gradus,  us,  M.,  step,  degree. 

Graecus  (ulus),  a,  urn,  Greek. 

grammatica,  se,  F.,  grammar. 

granum,  i,  N.,  grain. 

graphium,  i,  N.,  writing-style. 

gratia,  se,  F.,  favor,  grace',  pi., 
thanks  ;  gratias  agere,  give 
thanks. 

gratia  (abl.),/or  the  sake  of. 

gratulor,  1,  congratulate. 

gratus,  a,  um,  grateful,  agreeable. 

gravis,  e,  heavy,  deep,  weighty. 

graviter,  weightily,  seriously. 

grex,  gregis,  F.,  jlock,  herd. 

gubernator,  or  Is,  M.,  pilot,  steers- 
man, governor. 

guberno,  1,  steer,  govern. 


H. 


habeo,  habui,  habit-,  2,  have, 

hold,  regard. 
habito,  1,  dwell. 

hasdus,  i,  M.,  kid.  [fast. 

heereo,  heesi,  haes-,  2,  cling,  stick 
hamus,  i,  M.,  hook. 
Hannibal,   alia,  a  Carthaginian 

chieftain,  B.C.,  247-183. 
Hamio,  onis,  a  general  of  Carth- 

age, enemy  of  Hannibal. 
hasta,  ae,  F.,  spear. 
liaud  (hau,  haut),  not  at  all. 
haurio,  hausi,  haust-,  4,  drain. 
Helvetii,  orum,  people  of  Hel- 

vetia (Switzerland). 
herba,  se,  F.,  grass,  herbage. 
!ieres,edis,M.,  heir. 
herl  (here),  yesterday. 
heu!  alas! 
hibernus,  a  um,  of  winter,  wintry; 

N.,  pi.,  winter-quarters. 
hie,  haec,  hoc,  this,  the  latter. 
hie,  here,  hereupon. 
Memo,  1,  pass  the  winter. 
.hiems  (pa),  hiemis,  F.,  winter, 

storm. 


hilaris,  e;  -us,  a,  um,  cheerful, 
merry. 

hilaritas,  atis,  F.,  cheer,  mirth. 

hinc,  hence. 

Hispania,  se,  F.,  Spain. 

hodie,  to-day. 

Homerus,  Homer,  a  Greek  poet. 

homo,  inis,  c.,  a  man. 

honestus,  a,  um,  honorable. 

honor,  oris,  M.,  honor,  dignity. 

honorificus,  a,  um,  doing  honor. 

honoro,  I,  honor. 

hora,  se,  F.,  hour,  season. 

Horatius,  a  Roman  family 
name. 

hordeurn,  i,  N.,  barley.     > 

horreo,  ui,  2,  shudder  at,  be  rough. 

horror,  oris,  M.,  bristling,  trem- 
bling, dread. 

hortor,  1,  cheer,  exhort,  urge. 

hortus,  i,  M.,  garden. 

hospes,  itis,  host,  guest,  stranger. 

hostis,  is,  c.,  stranger,  enemy. 

hue,  hither,  thus  far. 

humaiiitas,  atis,  F.,  refinement. 

humaiius,  a,  um,  human,  humane, 
refined. 

humerus.  i,  M.,  shoulder. 

humidus,  a,  um,  moist,  wet. 

humilis,  e,  low,  humble. 

humus,  i,  F.,  ground. 


ibi,  there,  thereupon,  at  that  time. 

ico,  Ici,  ict-,  3,  strike. 

ictus,  us,  M.,  bloio,  stroke. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  same,  very. 

ideo,  so,  therefore. 

idoneus,  a,  um,^,  apt. 

idus,  uum,  F.  pi.   Ides    (§  84). 

igitur,  therefore,  then  (§  43,  3,  e). 

ignis,  is,  M.,ftre. 

ignosco,  novi,  not-,  3,  pardon, 

overlook. 

ignotus,  a,  um,  unknown. 
ille,  ilia,  illud,  that,  the  former, 

the  well-known  (§  20,  2,  6). 
illic,  there,  yonder. 


220 


LATIN    LESSOXS. 


illico,  there,  on  the  spot. 

illustris,  e,  bright,  clear,  famous. 

imago,  inis,  p.,  image, 

imbellis,  e,  unwarlike. 

imber,  bris,  M.,  rain-storm. 

imbuo,  bui,  but-,  3,  saturate, 
imbue. 

imitor,  2,  imitate,  copy. 

immaturus,  a,  urn,  untimely, 
premature. 

immo,  nay,  surely,  on  the  con- 
trary. 

immortalis,  e,  deathless,  endless. 

immotus,  [moveo,]  unmoved. 

immuto,  1,  change,  alter. 

impar,  paris,  unequal. 

impatiens,  tis,  not  enduring. 

impediment  urn,  i,  x.,  hindrance; 
pi.,  baggage,  army-train. 

impedio,  4,  hinder. 

impeditus,  a,  um,  encumbered. 

impello,  puli,  puls-,  3,  push 
ayaiiist,  urge. 

impensa,  ae,  cost. 

imperator,  oris,  M.,  commander, 
general. 

imperfectus,  a,  um,  unfinished. 

imperitus,  a,  um,  inexperienced. 

imperium,  i,  x.,  military  author- 
ity, command,  dominion,  gov- 
ernment. 

impero,  1,  command.    *> 

impetro,  I,  obtain  by  request, 
effect. 

impetus,  us,  M.,  attack,  assault, 
vigor. 

impie,  impiously. 

impingo,  pegi,  pact-,  3,   strike. 

implore,  1,  entreat,  implore. 

impono,  posui,  posit-  (post-),  3, 
impose,  appoint. 

imprimis,  chiefly,  in  the  first 
piece* 

impubes,  is,  youthful,  beardless. 

impudens,  tis,  shameless. 

impugno,  1,  attack,  oppose. 

impunitus,  a,  um,  unfinished. 

imus,  a,  um,  [inferus,]  I  - 

in  (ace.),  into;  (abl.),  in,  on 
("$  56,  1). 

inanis,  e,  empty. 


incalesco,  calui,  3,  grow  hot. 

incedo,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  go,  ad- 
vance, march. 

incendium,  i,  x.,  conflagration. 

incendo,  cendi,  cens-,  3,  bum, 
kindle. 

inceptum,  i,  x.,  attempt,  under- 
taking. 

incido,  cidi,  cas,  3,  [cado,]/«M 
upon,  occur,  happen. 

incipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  [capio,] 
begin,  commence.- 

incite,  1,  hasten,  rouse. 

inclamo  (-ito),  1,  cry  out  upon. 

inclino,  1,  lean,  bend,  give  ic/nf. 

include,  clusi,  clus-,  3,  [claudo,] 
shut  up,  enclose. 

incola,  se,  c.,  inhabitant,  resident. 

incolo,  colui,  3,  dicdl,  inhabit.  > 

incolumis,  e,  safe,  unharmed. 

incommodus,  'a,  um,  trouble- 
some, inconvenient;  x.,  disaster. 

incredibilis,  e,  incredible. 

increpo  (ui,  it-),  1,  chide. 

incultus,  [colo,]  untilled,  rude. 

incuso,  1,  blame,  accuse. 

inde,  thence,  thereupon,  next. 

indecorus,  a,  um,  unbecoming. 

indico,  1,  point  out. 

indico,  dixi,  diet-,  3,  appoint, 
declare. 

indictus,  a,  um,  unsaid,  unsung. 

indignor,  1,  deem  unworthy,  be 
angry. 

indo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  put  into,  im- 
part. 

indoles,  is,  F.,  disposition,  talent. 

induce,  dnxi,  duct-,  3,  bring  in 
or  upon,  exhibit. 

indue,  dui,  dut-,  3,  put  on,  as- 
sume, clothe. 

industria,  ae,  F.,  industry,  de 
industria,  on  purpose. 

ineo,  ire,  ii  (ivi),  it-,  go  in, 
enter  upon,  begin. 

inermis,  e;  -us,  a,  um,  unarmed. 

iners,  tis,  [ars,]  unskilled,  slug- 
gish. 

infans,  tis,  speechlca  :  infant. 

infelix,  icis,  unhappy. 

infensus,  a,  um,  hostile. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


221 


inferior,  us  (§  17,  3),  lower, 
later. 

infero,  inferre,  intuli,  illat-, 
bring  in  or  upon. 

infesto,  1,  attack,  molest. 

infestus,  a,  urn,  hostile. 

iiiflammo,  1,  kindle,  inflame. 

inflecto,  flexi,  flex-,  3,  bend. 

inflo,  1,  blow  upon,  inflate. 

influo,  fluxi,  flux-,  3,  flow  in  or 
upon. 

informo,  1,  shape. 

infra,  beneath,  below, 

ingemo  (-isco),gemui,  3,  groan, 
lament. 

ingenium,  i,  N.,  disposition,  talent, 
temper. 

ingeiis,  tis,  huge,  vast. 

ingredior,  gress-,  3,  enter,  ad- 
vance upon. 

inimicus,  a,  um,  unfriendly  ;  (as 
noun),  personal  enemy. 

imquus,  a,  um,  unjust. 

initium,  i,  N.,  beginning. 

injicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  [jacio,] 
cast  upon  or  against. 

injuria,  ee,  F.,  injury,  wrong. 

injussu  (abl.),  without  orders. 

injustus,  a,  um,  unjust. 

innascor,  natus,  3,  be  born  in. 

imiitor,  ms-,  3,  lean  on. 

innocens,  tis,  innocent. 

imioxius,  a,  um,  harmless. 

innuo,  ui,  ut-,  3,  nod  to,  hint. 

inopia,  ee,  F.,  want,  need. 

inquam  (def.),  say  (§  38,  2,  &). 

inquietus,  a,  um,  restless. 

insanus,  a,  um,  insane,  crazy. 

iuscieiis,  tis,  without  knowledge. 

inscribe,  scripsi,  script-,  3, 
write  upon,  inscribe. 

insequor,  secutus,  3,  follow 
close,  pursue. 

insidiee,  arum,  F.,  ambush,  strat- 
agem, plot. 

insidior,  1,  lie  in  wait  for. 

insigne,  is,  N.,  sign,  badge. 

insigiiis,  e,  marked,  distinguished. 

insilio,  ui,  [salio,]  4,  leap  upon. 

insolens,  tis,  insolent. 

insolenter,  haughtily. 


iiisperans,  tis,  not  hoping  or  ex- 
pecting. 

instituo,  ui,  ut-,  3,  [statuo]  ap- 
point, establish,  teach. 

institutum,  i,  N.,  institution. 

insto,  stiti,  1,  stand  upon,  urge. 

instruo,  xi,  ct-,  3,  build,  instruct, 
draw  up. 

iiisuefactus,  a,  um,  accustomed. 

insula,  ee,  F.,  island. 

insusurro,  1,  whisper  to. 

intactus,  a,  um,  untouched. 

integer,  gra,  um,  sound,  whole. 

intellego,  xi,  ct-,  3,  understand. 

intendo,  di,  turn  (sum),  3, 
stretch,  aim  at,  intend. 

inter,  between,  among,  during. 

intercede,  cessi,  cess-,  3,  go  be- 
tween, protest  (as  tribune) . 

intercludo,  si,  sum,  [claudo,] 
3,  shut  off,  hinder. 

interdico,  dixi,  diet-,  3,  inter- 
fere, forbid,  interdict. 

interdiu,  by  day-time. 

inter dum,  at  times,  meanwhile. 

interea,  in  the  mean  time. 

interest,  there  is  difference  or  ad- 
vantage (§  50,  iv.  d). 

interfector,  oris,  M.,  slayer. 

interficio,  feci,  feet-,  <5,  kill. 

interim,  meanwhile. 

interior,  us  (§  17,  3),  inner. 

interpello,  1,  interrupt. 

interrogo,  1,  ask,  inquire. 

inter-rumpo,  3,  interrupt. 

intersum,  esse,  fui,  be  present  at 
or  among ;  differ. 

intervallum,  i,  N.,  interval. 

intra,  within,  inside  of. 

intro,  1,  enter,  penetrate. 

intumesco,  tumui,  3,  swell. 

inusitatus,  a,  um,  uncommon. 

inutilis,  e,  useless. 

invado,  si,  sum,  3,  attack. 

invalidus,  a,  um,  weak. 

inveho,  vexi,  vect-,  3,  bring  in 
or  upon  ;  P.,  attack,  charge. 

invenio,  veni,  vent-,  ^find,  dis- 
cover, invent. 

invicem,  by  turns. 

invictus,  a,  um,  unconquered. 


222 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


in  video,  vidi,  vis-,  3,  envy. 
invidia,  ae,  F.,  envy,  malice. 
invidus,  a,  um,  envious. 
invisus,  a,  um,  hated. 
invito,  1,  invite,  summon. 
invitus,  a,  um,  unwilling. 
invius,  a,  um,  pathless. 
invoco,  1,  call  upon,  invoke. 
involve,  volvi,  volut-,  3,  wrap. 
ipse,  a,  um  (§  20,  2,  e),  self. 
Ira,  ae,  F.,  rage,  anger. 
iracundus,  a,  um,  passionate. 
Irascor,  1,  be  angry. 
Iratus,  a,  um,  enraged,  angry. 
irrldeo,  ridi,  ris-,  '2,  laugh  at. 
irruo,  irrui,  3,  rush  or  pour  in. 
is,  ea,  id  (§  20,  2,  d),  that. 
iste,  a,  ud  (§  20,  2,  c),  *&a*. 
ita,  so,  thus. 
Italia,  ae,  F.,  /taZy. 
Italicus,  a,  um,  Italian. 
itaque,  and  so,  therefore. 
item,  50,  likewise,  also. 
iter,  itineris,  N.,  way,  march. 
itero,  1,  repeat,  relate. 
iterum,  a  second  time. 


j. 


jaceo,  ui,  jacit-,  2,  lie,  recline. 

jacio,  jeci,  jact-,  3,  throw. 

jactatio,  onis,  F.,  tossing,  boast- 
ing. 

jacto,  1,  toss,  hurl,  boast. 

jam,  now,  already,  presently. 

jamdiu,  already,  for  a  long  time. 

jampridem,  now,  long  since. 

janua,  ae,  F.,  door. 

Januarius,a,  um,  of  January. 

Janus,  i,  the  god  of  beginning. 

jejunus,  a,  urn,  hungry,  sterile. 

jocor,  1,  tojext. 

jocus,  i,  ~H.,joke,  jest,  fun. 

Jovis,  gen.  of  Juppiter. 

Juba,  ae,  k.  of  Numidia,  partisan 
of  Pompey ;  d.  B.C.  46. 

jubeo,  jussi,  juss-,  2,  order,  com- 
mand, bid. 

jiicundus,  a,  um,  pleasant. 


judex,  icis,  M.,  judge. 

judicium,  i,  N.,  judgment. 

judico,  judge. 

jugulum,  i,  N.,  throat. 

jugum,  i,  N.,  yul-e,  ridge. 

Julius,  a,  um,  of  July  ;  a  Gens, 
including  the  family  of  Caesar. 

jumentum,  i,  N.,  beast  of  burden. 

jungo,  nxi,  net-,  3,  join,  yoke. 

junior,  oris,  younger  (§  17,  3,  I/). 

Juppiter,  Jovis,  Jupiter,  son  of 
Saturn,  king  of  gods. 

Jura,  ae,  M.,  the  mountain  range 
west  of  Helvetia. 

juramentum,  i,  N.,  oath. 

jure  (abl.),  justly. 

juro  (or),  1,  swear,  take  oath. 

jus,  juris,  N.,  law,  right,  justice. 

jusjurandum  (§  14,  2,  d),  oath. 

jussum,  i,  N.  ;  -us,  us,  M.,  com- 
mand. 

jussus,  [jubeo,]  ordered. 

justitia,  ae,  F.,  justice. 

Justus,  a,  urn,  just,  right. 

juvenca,  ae,  F.,  heifer. 

juveiiis,  is  (um),  c.,  a  youth. 

juventus,  tutis,  F.,  youth. 

juvo,  juvi,  jut-,  1,  hdp. 


Kalendae,  arum,  F.,  kalends,  1st 

of  the  month. 
Karthago,  inis,  F.,  CartJiage ;  a 

powerful  city  of  North  Africa. 


labes,  is,  i?.,fall,  ruin. 
labor,  oris,  M.,  toil,  distress. 
laboro,  1,  labor,  strive,  suffer. 
lac,  lactis,  N.,  milk. 
lacer,  era,  um,  mangled,  torn. 
lacesso,   ivi,   it-,    3,     challcn</c, 

harass. 
lacrima,  ae,  F.,  tear.  -~ 
lacus,  us,  M.,  lake. 


VOCABULARY  — 


223 


laedo,  laesi,  lass-,  3,  hurt. 

laetitia,  ae,  Y.,joy. 

laetor,  1,  rejoice. 

laetus,  a,  uin,  t^a^. 

laeva,  se,  F.,  /e/2  Aand 

laevus,  a,  um,  the  left,  awkward. 

lambo,  bi,  bit-,  3,  lick,  lap. 

lamina,  ae,  F.,  leaf,  layer. 

lana,  ae,  F.,  wool,.doicn. 

lapis,  idis,  M.,  stone. 

laqueus,  i,  M.,  noose,  snare. 

Larentia  (Acca),  wife  of  Faus- 
tulus,  nnrse  of  Romulus. 

largitio,  onis,  F.,  liberality,  bri- 
bery. 

lassus,  a,  um,  weary. 

latebra,  as,  F.,  hiding-place. 

lateo,  latui,  2,  be  hid  (with  ace.). 

later,  eris,  M.,  brick. 

lateritius,  a,  um,  made  of  brick. 

latibulum,  i,  M.,  lurking-place*. 

Latinus  a,  um,  of  Latium,  Latin. 

latitude,  inis,  F.,  breadth. 

latro,  1,  bark.  , 

latro,  onis,  M.,  robber.  * 

latus,  [fero,]  borne,  carried. 

iatus,  a,  um,  broad,  wide. 

latus,  eris,  N.,  side,  flank,  body. 

laurea,  ae,  F..  laurel  wreath. 

laudo,  1,  praise,  eulogize. 

laurus,  i  (us),  F.,  laurel. 

laus,  laudis,  F.,  praise. 

lavo,  lavi,  laut-  (lot-),  1,  wash. 

laxitas,  atis,  F.,  slackness. 

laxo,  1,  open,  slacken. 

lectica,  SB,  F.,  litter. 

lector,  oris,  M.,  reader. 

lectus,  i,  M.,  bed,  couch. 

legatio,  onis,  F.,  embassy. 

legatus,  i,  M.,  [lego,]  ambassa- 
dor, lieutenant. 

legio,  onis,  F.,  legion. 

legionarius,  a,  um,  of  a  legion. 

lego,  1,  send,  appoint. 

lego,  legi,  lect-,  3,  gather,  select, 
read. 

Lemannus,  i,  M.,  Lake  Geneva. 

lenis,  e,  smooth,  mild. 

lenitas,  atis,  F.,  gentleness, 
smoothness. 

lentus,  a,  um,  slow,  tough. 


leo,  leonis,  M.,  lion. 
lepus,  oris,  M.,  hare. 
levis,  e,  smooth. 
levis,  e,  light,  easy. 
levo,  1,  lighten,  relieve. 
lex,  legis,  F.,  law,  condition. 
libellus,i,M.,  [liber,]  little  book. 
libeiis,  tis,  willing,  glad. 
libeiiter,  gladly. 
liber,  era,  um,  free. 
liber,  bri,  M.,  bark,  book. 
liberalis,  e,  of  freemen,  liberal. 
liberalitas,  atis,  F.,  liberality. 
libere,  freely. 
libero,  1,  deliver,  release. 
libertas,  atis,  F.,  freedom. 
libertus,  i,  u.,freedman. 
libet,  uit,  2,  it  pleases. 
libido,  inis,  F.,  desire,  lust. 
libra,  se,  F.,  pound,  balance. 
liceor,  itus,  2,  bid  (at  auction), 
licet,  uit,  2,  it  is  permitted. 
licet,  although. 
lictor,  oris,  M.,  lictor  (attendant 

on  a  magistrate) . 
lignum,  i,  N.,  wood. 
lilium,  i,  N.,  lily. 
lineamentum,  i,  N.,  line. 
lingua,  as,  F.,  tongue,  language. 
litigator,  oris,  M.,  disputant. 
littera,  ae,  letter  (§  14,  2,  c). 
litterarius,    a,    um,    of  letters; 

ludus,  a  school. 
litus  (littus),  oris,  N.,  shore. 
locus,  i,  M.,  pi.,  loca,  N.  (§  14, 

2,  a) ,  place. 

locutus,  [loquor,]  having  spoken, 
lou^e,  far,  by  far. 
longus,  a,  um,  long. 
loquor,  locutus,  3,  speak,  talk. 
luceo,  luxi,  2,  shine. 
lucidus,  a,  um,  bright,  clear. 
lucrum  i,  F.,  gain. 
lucta,  ae,  F.,  wrestling. 
luctus,  us,  M.,  grief,  mourning. 
Lucullus,  i,L.  Licinius,  a  wealthy 

Roman     noble,     commaiuk-r 

against  Mithridates. 
lucus,  i,  M.,  grove. 
ludicer  (-crus),  a,  um,  sportive. 
ludiSco  (-cor),  1,  make  sport  of. 


224 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


ludo,  si,  sum,  3,  play,  deceive. 
ludus,  i,  M.,  yarne,  school. 
lugeo,  luxi,  luct-,  2,  mourn. 
lumen,  inis,  N..  light. 
lima,  ee,  F.,  moon. 
luo,  lui,  3,  wash,  expiate. 
lupa,  ae,  F.,  she-wolf. 
lupus,  i,  M.,  wolf. 
lux,  lucis,  F.,  light. 
luxus,  us,  M.,  luxury. 


M. 

Macedonia,  ae,  F.,  a  dist.  north- 
east of  Greece. 

xnacer,  era,  um,  lean. 

machina,  ae,  P.,  engine. 

macilentus,  a,  um,  lean. 

Maecenas,  atis,  a  friend  and  coun- 
sellor of  Augustus. 

maereo,  2,  grieve,  mourn. 

maeror,  oris,  M.,  sadness. 

maestus,  a,  um,  sad,  gloomy. 

magis,  more. 

magister,  tri,  M.,  master,  teacher. 

magistrates,  us,  M.,  office,  mag- 
istrate. 

magnificus,  a,  um,  grand. 

magnitude,  inis,  F.,  greatness, 
size. 

magnopere  (magno  opere),  very 
much,  greatly. 

magnus  a,  um  (comp.  major, 
superl.  maximus),  great. 

Maius,  a,  um,  of  May. 

majestas,  atis,  F.,  majesty. 

major,  us,  oris  (comp.  of  mag- 
nus), greater. 

majores,  um,  ancestors. 

male,  HI,  badly. 

maleficium,  i,  N.,  injury. 

rnalo  (§  37,  3),  choose  rather. 

malum,  i,  N.,  evil,  misfortune. 

malus,  a,  um  (comp.  pejor,  su- 
perl. pessimus),  bad. 

mandatum,  i,  N.,  order. 

mane,  morning,  early. 

maueo,  mansi,  mans-,  2,  wait. 

manifestus,  a,  urn,  manifest. 


manipulus,  i,  M.,  handful,  in- 
fantry company,  maniple. 

marsuetudo,  inis,  F.,  mildness. 

manu-mitto,  3,  ^d  free. 

manus,  us,  F.,  hand,  band  (of 
troops) . 

mare,  is,  N.,  sea,  esp.  the  Medi- 
terranean. 

margo,  inis,  F.,  edge,  margin. 

maritus,  i,  M.,  husband. 

Marius,  C.,  B.C.  157-86,  c<  n- 
queror  of  Jugurtha,  and  cLi.  f 
of  the  popular  party  in  Rom.-. 

marmor,  oris,  N.,  marble. 

marmoreus,  a,  um,  of  marble. 

Mars,  tis,  the  god  of  War. 

Martius,  a,  um,  of  Mars,  March. 

mater,  tris,  F.,  mother. 

matrimonium,  i,  x.,  marriage. 

matrona,  ae,  F.,  a  married  woman. 

mature,  early,  speedily. 

maturitas,  atis,  F.,  ripeness,  ma- 
turity. 

mature,  1,  ripen,  hasten. 

maturrimus  (superl.),  earliest. 

maturus,  a,  um,  ripe,  early. 

maxime,  chiefly,  very  greatly. 

maximus,  a,  um,  [magnus,] 
greatest ;  maximus  natu, 
eldest. 

me,  ace.  or  abl.  of  ego,  /. 

mecurn,  with  me. 

medeor,  2,  heal,  relieve. 

medicamen,  inis;  -mentum,  i, 
N.,  remedy,  drug. 

medico  (-cor),  1,  heal,  cure. 

medicus,  a,  um,  healing. 

medicus,  i,  M.,  physician. 
\  medius,  a,  um,  middle,  half-way. 
|  mel,  mellis,  N.,  honey. 

membrum,  i,  N.,  limb. 

memini,  imp.  memento  (§  38, 
1,  c),  remember. 

memor,  oris,  mindful. 

memorabilis,  e,  memorable. 

meinoria,  ae,  F.,  memory. 

mens,  mentis,  F.,  mi?id,  heart. 

mensa,  ae,  F.,  table. 

mensis,  is,  M.,  month. 

ineo,  1,  go,  puss. 

msrcator,  oris,  M.,  merchant. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


225 


merces,  edis,  F.,  pay,  wages. 

mereo,  ui ;  -eor,  itus,  2,  deserve. 

mergo,  si,  sum,  3,  plunge,  sink. 

meridies,  ei,  M.,  noon,  south. 

meritum,  i,  N.,  merit,  reward. 

mersus,  [mergo,]  plunged. 

merus,  a,  um,  pare,  unmixed. 

messis,  is,  P.,  harvest. 

Metellus,  a  Roman  general  and 
statesman. 

metier,  mensus,  4,  measure. 

meto,  messui,  mess-,  3,  reap. 

metuo,  metui,  3,  fear,  dread. 

metus,  us,  M.,fear,  dread. 

meus,  a,  um  (voc.  M.,  mi),  my. 

miles,  itis,  M.,  soldier. 

Milesius,  a,  um,  of  Miletus,  a 
port  in  Asia  Minor. 

milia  (pi.  ofmille),  thousands. 

militaris,  e,  of  soldiers ;  res,  mili- 
tary science. 

mille, thousand;  mille passuum, 
a  mile  (1000  paces). 

millies  (milies),  a  thousand 
times. 

mimus,  i,  M.,  mimic  actor. 

minimus,  a,  um,  [parvus,]  least. 

minister,  tri,  M.,  helper. 

rniiiitor,  1,  threaten,  menace. 

minor,  us,  [parvus,]  less. 

minor,  1,  threaten,  jut  out. 

minuo,  i,  ut,  3,  lessen,  diminish. 

minus,  [parum,]  less;  si  minus, 
if  not. 

minutus,  a,  um,  small,  petty. 

mirificus,  a,  um,  admirable. 

miror,  1,  wonder,  admire. 

mirus,  a,  um,  wonderful,  strange. 

misceo,  miscui,  mixt-.  2,  mix. 

miser,  era,  um,  wretched. 

miseresco,  3,  feel  pity. 

miseret,  uit,  it  stirs  pity. 

misericordia,  EC,  F.,  mercy. 

miseror,  1,  lament,  deplore,  pity. 

missus,  [mitto,]  sent^ 

Mithridates,  is,  king  of  Pontus, 
conquered  by  Pompey. 

Mithridaticus,  a,  um,  of  or  con- 
cerning Mithridates. 

mitis,  e,  mild,  gentle. 

mitto,  misi,  miss-,  3,  send,  throv\ 
15 


moderatio,  oiiis,  P.,  moderation. 
moderatus,  a,  um,  moderate. 
modicus,  a,  um,  moderate. 
modo,  only,  just  now ;  modo .  .  . 

modo,  now . .  .  again. 
modus,  i,  M.,  measure,  manner; 

ejus  modi,  of  that  sort. 
mcenia,  mm,  N.,  city  walls. 
mcereo=m£ereo,  grieve." 
mceror— maeror,  grief. 
m51es,  is,  p.,  mass,  burden. 
moleste,  with  difficulty. 
molestia,  ee,  P.,  vexation. 
molesto,  1,  trouble,  annoy. 
moiestus,  a,  um,  irksome. 
molior,  4,  toil,  endeavor. 
mollis,  e,  soft,  mild. 
molo,  niolui,  molit-,  3,  grind. 
moneo,  monui,  monit-,  2,  warn, 

remind* 

moiiitio,  onis,  P.,  admonition. 
mons,  moiitis,  M.,  mountain. 
monstro,  1,  show. 
mora,  ae,  P.,  delay. 
morbus,  i,  M.,  disease. 
mordeo,  momordi,    mors-,    2, 

bite. 

moriturus,  a,  um,  about  to  die. 
morior,  mortuus,  3,  die. 
moror,  1,  delay. 
mors,  mortis,  p.,  death. 
mortuus,  a,  um,  [morior,]  dead. 
mos,  rnoris,  M.,  manner,  custom; 

pi.,  character. 
motus,  us, M.,  movement,  emotion, 

tumult. 
moveo,   movi,  mot-,   2,    move, 

disturb,  stir. 

mox,  presently,  soon  nff.er. 
mucro,  onis,  M.,  edge,  blade. 
mulier,  eris,  P.,  woman. 
multitude,  inis,  p.,  multitude. 
multo  (mulcto),  I,  punish. 
multo,  by  much  (with  compar.). 
multum,  much. 
multus,  a,  um  (plus,  plurimus), 

much;  pi.,  many. 
mmidus,  i,  M.,  the  world. 
munio,  4.  fortify,  build. 
munus,  eris,  N.,  office,  gift. 
mursena,  se,  p.,  Zawprcy (sea-eel). 


226 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


murus,  i,  M.,  wall. 
mus,  muris,  c., 
musca,  ae,  p.,  Jiy. 
Mutiua,  ae,  F.^  Modena,  in  north- 
ern Italy. 

Mutinensis,  e,  of  Mutina. 
muto,  1,  alter,  change. 
mutus,  a,  tun,  dumb,  silent. 


N. 

nacttis,  [nanciscor,]  having. 
nam,  namque,  for  (§  43,  3,  d). 
uanciscor,  nactus,  3,  get,  find. 
nans,  naiitis,  [no,]  swimming. 
narro,  1,  tell,  relate. 
nascor,  natus,  3,  be  bom,  grow, 

spring  forth. 
Nasica,  ae,  P.  Scipio,  slaver  of 

Gracchus,  a  Roman  noble, 
nasus,  i,  M.,  nose. 
natalis,  e,  of  birth,  birthday. 
nato,  1,  swim,  float. 
natura,  ae,  F.,  nature. 
natus,  a,  um,  born,  (with  ace.  of 

time)  old ;  M.,  son. 
natus,  us,  M.,  birth,  growth. 
naufragium,  i,  N.,  shipwreck. 
nauta,  ae,  M.,  sailor. 
navaiis,  e,  of  ships;  N.,  dock. 
navicula,  ae,  F.,  bout,  skiff. 
navigatio,  onis,  F.,  sailing. 
navigium,  i,  N.,  shi}?,  raft. 
navis,  is,  em    (im),   F.,   sJn'p ; 

longa,  a  ship  of  war. 
ne,    lest;    (with   imperat.),   not; 

ne  . .  .  quidem,  not  even. 
-ne,  interrog.  part.  (§  71),  whether. 
necessario,  necessarily. 
necessitas,  atis,  F.,  necessity. 
necessitudo,  inis,  F.,  intimacy. 
necue,  or  not. 
neco,  cavi  (cui),  cat-  (-ct),  1, 

km-. 

necto,  xi  (xui),  xum,  3,  bind. 
nedum,  much  less,  not  to  say. 
nefas,  N.,  wrong,  crime. 
negligo,  glexi,  gleet-,  3,  neglect. 
nego,  1,  deny,  refuse. 


negotium,  i,  N.,  business,  trouble, 

charge. 
nemo,  inis,  c.,  no  one. 
nempe,  an  rely,  why  ! 
neo,  uevi,  net-,  3,  spin,  weave. 
nepos,  otis,  M.,  grandson. 
neptis,  is,  F.,  granddaughter. 
nequam,  worthless,  vile. 
neque   (nee),  neither,  nor,  and 

not. 

nequeo  (§  37,  2,  g),  cannot. 
nequis,  qua,  quod  (quid),  lest 

any. 

Nervii,  orum,  a  Belgian  tribe, 
nervus,  i,  M.,  sinew^ string. 
uescio,  4,  be  ignorant. 
nescius,  a,  um,  ignorant. 
neve,  and  not,  and  lest. 
nex,  necis,  F.,  death  (violent), 
nidus,  i,  M.,  nest. 
niger,  gra,  um,  black,  dark. 
nihil,  nothing,  not  at  all. 
nihildum,  nothing  yet. 
nihilominus,  none  the  less. 
ml  =  iiihil,  nothing. 
nimbus,  i,  M.,  rain-cloud,  storm. 
nimis,  too  much. 
nimius,  a,  um,  excessive. 
nisi  (ni),  unless,  if  not. 
niteo,  nitui,  2,  shine. 
mtor,  nisus    (nixus),  3,  st.-ive, 

rely. 

nix,  nivis,  F.,  snow. 
no,  1,  swim. 

nobilis,  e,  famous,  noble. 
nobilitas, "atis,  F.,  nobility. 
nocens,  tis,  guilty. 
uoceo,  nocui,  nocit-,  2,  Jiurt. 
noctu  (-te),  by  night. 
noctua,  ae,  F.,  owl. 
nocuus,  a,  um,  harmful. 
nodus,  i,  M.,  knot. 
Nola,  se,  F.,  a  town  in  Cam}  a- 

nia,  east  of  Naples. 
nolo,  nolle,  nolui  (§  37,  2),  be 

iin  willing. 

nonien,  inis,  N.,  name  (§  15). 
nominatim,  by  name. 
nomino,  1,  call  by  name,    nom- 
inate. 
lion,  not,  no. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


227 


nonae,  arum,  F.  pi.,  Nones  (§  84). 
noiidum,  not  yet. 
noiiae  (interrog.),  nott 
iioiinullus,  a,  um,  some. 
iionuumquain,  sometimes. 
norms,  a,  urn,  ninth. 
no3,  nostrum,  iiobis,  we. 
nosco,  novi,  not-,   3,    learn,    be 

acquainted;  perf.  know. 
noster,  tra,  trum,  our. 
noto,  1,  designate,  mark. 
notus,  [uosco,]  known. 
novem,  nine. 

november.bris  (adj.),  November. 
novi,  [nosco,]  /  know. 
novissimus,  a,  um,  latest,  last; 

agmen,  the  rear. 
novitas,  atis,  F.,  novelty. 
novus,  a,  um,  new,  strange ;    res 

novae,  revolution. 
nox,  noctis,  F.,  night. 
nubes,  is,  F.,  cloud. 
nubo,  psi,  pt-,  3,  veil,  marry. 
nudo,  1,  strip,  make  bare. 
nudus,  a,  um,  naked,  bare. 
iiullus,  a,  um  (gon.ius),  no,  none. 
num,  lohether  (§  71). 
Numa,  ae,  Pompilius,  second  k. 

of  Rome,  B.C.  713-679. 
numero,  1,  count,  reckon. 
numerus,  i,  M.,  number. 
Numida,  ae,  Numidian. 
Nuniidia,   ae,  P.,   a  dist.     of  N. 

Africa,  W.  of  Carthage. 
Numitor,   oris,    grandfather     of 

Romulus. 

nummus,  i,  M.,  coin,  money. 
numquam,  never. 
numquis,  whether  any. 
nunc,  now. 

nunquam— numquam,  never. 
iiuntio,  1,  announce,  declare. 
iiuiitius,  i,  M..  messenger,  tidings. 
nuper,  lately,  just  now. 
iiuptiae,  arum,  p.,  marriage. 
iiurus,  us,  F.,  daughter-in-law. 
nusquam,  nowhere. 
nutrix,  Icis,  F.,  nurse. 
mix,  nucis,  F.,  nut. 


0. 


ob,  on  account  of. 
obaeratus,  i,  M.,  debtor. 
obediens,  tis,  [audio,]  obedient. 
obeo,  ire,  ii,  it-,  go  towards,  per- 
ish, meet  (death),  die. 
objicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,   [jacio,] 

cast  in  the  way,  expose. 
objurgo,  1,  chide,  rebuke. 
obliquus,  a,  um,  indirect,  oblique. 
oblitus,  a,  um,  forgetful. 
oblivio,  onis,  ~F.,forgetfulness. 
obliviscor,  oblitus,  3,  forget. 
obiioxius,  a,  um,  liable. 
obruo,  rui,  rut-,  3,  overwhelm. 
obscurus,  a,  um,  dark,  obscure. 
obsecro,  1,  beseech,  implore. 
obsequor,  secutus,   3,  gratify, 

obey,  comply  with. 
obseivo.  1,  note,  regard. 
obses,  iciis,  c.,  hostage. 
obsideo,  sedi,  sess-,  2,  besiege. 
obcidio,  onis,  F.,  siege. 
obsigiio,  1,  seal,  attest. 
obsisto,  stiti,  stit-,  3,  oppose. 
obsto.    stiti,    stat-,     1,     stand 

against,  oppose. 
obstringo,   strinxi,    strict-,    3, 

bind  close,  pledge. 
obtempero,  1,  comply,  conform. 
obtineo,  tinui,  tent-,  2,  [teneo,] 

hold,  get,  maintain. 
obtrecto,  1,  detract,  injure. 
obtusus,  [tundo,]  blunted,  dull. 
obviam  (with  dat.),  in  the  way. 
obvius,    a,  urn,  meeting,  in  the 

way. 
obvolvo,  volvi,  volut-,  3,  wrap, 

cover. 

occasio,  onis,  F.,  occasion,  op- 
portunity. 
occasus,  us,  M.,  fall,  downfall, 

setting,  the  west. 
occido,   cidi,   cis-,   3,    [caedo,] 

kill,  cut  down. 
occido,    cidi,   cas-,  3,   [cado,] 

fall,  set. 
occulo,  cului,  cult-,  3,  hide. 


228 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


occultus,  a,  urn,  hidden,  secret. 
occumbo,  cubui,  cubit-,  3,  fall, 

sink,  pei*ish. 

occupo,  1,  seize,  occupy. 
oc-curro,  3,  run  to  meet,  oppose, 

happen. 

oceauus,  i,  M.,  ocean. 
ocior,  us,  ocissimus,  swifter. 
Octavia,  ee,  sister  of  Augustus. 
Octavius  (-anus),  i,  family  name 

of  Augustus. 
octavus,  a,  um,  eighth. 
octiugenti,  as,  a,  eight  hundred. 
octo,  eight. 

October,  bris,  M.  (adj.),  October. 
octodecim,  eighteen. 
octogiuta,  eighty. 
oculus,  i,  M.,  eye. 
odi,  osus  (§  38, 1),  hate,  dislike. 
odor,  oris,  M.,  odor,  fragrance. 
offendo,  di,  sum,  3,  strike,  offend. 
offero,   offerre,   obtuli,    oblat-, 

offer,  show. 
officio,  feci,  feet-,   3,     [facio,] 

hinder,  obstruct,  injure. 
officiosus,  a,  um,  dutiful. 
ofHcium,  i,  x.,  service,  duty. 
oleum,  i,  x.,  olive-oil. 
olim,  once,  ever,  some  day. 
oliva,  38,  F.,  olive. 
omen,  inis,  x.,  omen,  portent. 
omitto,   misi,  miss-,  3,  neglect, 

let  go,  omit. 

omnino,  altogether,  at  all. 
omiiis,  e,  all,  every. 
onus,  eris,  x.,  load,  burden. 
opera,  se,  F.,   task,  day's  work; 

(abl.),  by  means.  [hide. 

operio,  operui,  opert-,  3,  cover, 
opertus,  a,  um,  hidden,  secret-. 
opes,  [ops,]  F.  (§  14, 1,  c) ,  wealth. 
opifex,  icis,  M.,  craftsman. 
opimus,    a,    um,    rich,    noble; 

spolia   opima,    spoils    taken 

by  a  general  from  the  general 

of  the  defeated  enemy, 
opinic,  onis,  F.,  opinion. 
oportet,  uit,  2,  it  must  be. 
op-peto,  3,  go  to  meet  (death), 
oppidanus,  a,  um,  of  a  town ;  M., 

townsman. 


oppidum,  i,  x.,  town  (fortified). 

oppono,  posui,  posit-,  3,  oppose. 

opportuuitas.  atis,  F.,  opportu- 
nity, advantage. 

opportunus,  a,  uni.jfa,  seasonable. 

opprimo,  pressi,  press-,  3, 
[premo,]  crush,  overcome. 

oppugno,  1,  attack,  assault. 

optimates,  um,  aristocracy. 

optirae,  excellently. 

optimus,  a,  um,  [bonus,]  best. 

opto,  1,  desire,  wish,  choose. 

opus,  eris,  x.,  work,  task. 

opus,  need,  needful. 

ora,  SB,  F.,  shore. 

oratio,  onis,  F.,  speech,  eloquence. 

orator,  oris,  M.,  orator,  envoy. 

orbis,  is,  M.,  circle,  ring. 

orbo,  1,  bereave,  deprive. 

orbus,  a,  um,  bereft. 

ordior,  orsus,  4,  begin,  undertake. 

ordo,  inis,  M.,  order,  rank. 

oriens,  tis,  rising,  the  east. 

origo,  inis,  F.,  source,  origin. 

orior,  ortus,  oriturus,  4,  arise. 

oriundus,  a,  um,  descended. 

ornamentum,  i,  x.,  equipment, 
decoration. 

ornatus,  a,  um,  adorned. 

orno,  I,  Jit  out,  embellish. 

6ro,  1,  plead,  pray. 

orsus,  [ordior,]  begun. 

ortus,  us,  M.,  rising,  origin,  birth. 

6s,  oris,  x.,  mouth,  face. 

os,  ossis,  x.,  bone. 

ostendo,  di,  sum  (turn),  3,  show, 
declare. 

ostento,  1,  display,  reveal. 

osus,  a,  um,  [odi,]  hating,  hated. 

otium,  i,  x.,  ease,  quiet. 

ovis,  is,  F.,  sheep. 

ovo,  1,  trimnph,  celebrate. 

ovum,  i,  x.,  egg. 


p. 

pabulum,  i,  M.,  food,  fodder. 
paciscor,  pactus,  3,  tujrie,  I  r 
gain. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


229 


pactio  onis,  F.,  compact. 

paedagogus,  i,  M.,  boifs  attendant. 

psene,  almost. 

pagus,  i,  M.,  country-district. 

palam,  openly,  publicly. 

palatium,  i,  N.,  palace. 

palleo,  ui,  2,  be  pale. 

pallor,  5ris,  M.,  paleness. 

palma,  es,  F.,  palm,  hand. 

paludamentum,  i,  N.,  military 
cloak,  a  general's  cloak. 

palus  udis,  F.,  marsh,  swamp. 

pando,  di,  sum  (passum),  3, 
spread,  open,  expand. 

panis,  is,  M.,  bread,  loaf. 

par,  paris,  equal',  N.,  a  pair. 

parabilis,  e,  easy  to  get. 

paratus,  [pax  o,]  ready,  equipped. 

parco,  peperci,  parcit-,  3,  spare, 
refrain,  forbear.  .^ 

parcus,  a,  um,  frugal. 

parens,  tis,  c.,  [pario,]  parent. 

pareo,  ui,  parit-,  2,  appear,  obey. 

paries,  etis,  M.,  house-wall. 

pario,  peperi,  parit-  (part-),  3, 
produce,  bring  forth,  lay. 

pariter,  equally,  alike. 

paro,  1,  prepare,  procure. 

pars,  partis,  F.,  part,  share,  por- 
tion, party,  direction. 

Parthi,  oruni,  people  of  Parthia, 
the  dist.  near  the  Caspian. 

partior,  4,  divide,  distribute. 

partus,  us,  M.,  birth. 

parum,  not  enough,  too  little. 

parvus  (-ulus),  a,  um;  (minor, 
minimus),  small,  little,  petty . 

pasco,  pavi,  past-,  3,  feed,  pas- 
ture. 

passer,  eris,  M.,  sparrow. 

passim,  here  and  there. 

passus,  [patior,]  having  suffered. 

passus,  us,  M.,  step,  pace  (five 
feet)  ;  mille  passuum,  a  mile. 

pastor,  oris,  M.,  shepherd. 

pateo,  ui,  2,  lie  open,  extend,  be 
manifest. 

pater,  tris,  M.,  father,  senator. 

paternus,  a,  um,  of  a  father. 

patiens,  tis,  patient,  enduring, 
capable  of. 


patientia,  se,  F.,  patience. 

patior,  passus,  3,  suffer,  endure. 

patria,  ee,  F.,  native  land. 

patricius,  a,  urn,  of  noble  rank. 

patrimoiiium,  i,  N.,  inheritance. 

patrius,  e,  of  a  father  or  fathers. 

patrociiiium,  i,  N.,  defence. 

patrorius,  i,  M.,  patron,  defender. 

patruus,  i,  M.,  uncle. 

pauci,  £e,  a,  few ;  N.,  a  few  words. 

paulo,  by  a  little. 

paulus  (paullus),  a,  um,  little. 

pauper,  eris,  poor. 

paupertas,  atis,  F.,  poverty. 

paveo,  pavi,  2,  fear,  dread. 

pavidus,  a,  urn,  fearful,  timid. 

pavo,  onis,  M.,  peacock. 

pavor,  oris,  M.,/e«r,  dread. 

pax,  pacis,  F.,  peace,  favor. 

pecco,  1,  sin.  . 

pecto,  pexi,  pex-  (pectit-),  3, 
comb. 

pectus,  oris,  N.,  breast,  heart. 

pecunia,  ae,  F.,  money. 

pecus,  Sris,  N.,  cattle,  focJc. 

pecus,  udis,  F.,  a  sheep. 

pedes,  itis,  M.,  one  on  foot,  foot- 
soldier  ;  pi.  infantry. 

pejor,  us,  [malus,]  worse. 

pellis,  is,  F.,  skin. 

pello,  pepuli,  puls-,  3,  drive, 
expel,  set  aside. 

pendeo,  pependi,  2,  hang,  over- 
hang. 

pendo,  pependi,  pens-,  3,  weigh, 
pay,  estimate. 

penes,  in  the  power  of. 

penitus,  inwardly,  utterly. 

penna,  se,  v.,  feather,  wing. 

per,  through,  during,  by. 

per-,  thoroughly,  very. 

perago,  egi,  act-,  3,  drive  on, 
carry  through,  finish. 

peragro,  1,  traverse,  wander. 

percunctatio,  onis,  F.,  inquiry. 

percunctor,  1,  inquire,  investi- 
gate. 

percussor,  oris,  M.,  slayer. 

percutio,  cussi,  cuss-,  3,  strike, 
pierce,  kill. 

perditus,  ruined,  desperate. 


230 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


perdo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  lose,  ruin. 
perduco,  duxi,  duct-,  3,  briny 

through,  protract. 
pereo,  ire    (ivi),  it-,  perish,  be 

ruined,  spent. 
perfero,   ferre,  tuli,  lat-,  carry 

through,  endure. 
perfidia,  ae,  F.,  treachery. 
perfidus,  a,  um,  treacherous. 
perfringo,  fregi,  fract-,  o,  [fran- 

go,J  shatter. 

perfruor,  uct-,  3,  enjoy. 
pergo,  perrexi,  perrect-,  3,  pro- 
ceed. 

periclitor,  1 ,  try,  risk. 
periculosus,  a,  um,  perilous. 
periculum,  i,  N.,  danger. 
peritus.  a,  um,  skilled. 
permitto,  rnisi,  miss-,  3,  let  go, 

let  loose,  permit. 
per-moveo,  2,  stir  greatly. 
perniciosus,  a,  um,  ruinous. 
perpauci,  ae,  a,  very  few. 
perpetuo  (-um),  constantly. 
perpetuus,  a,  um,  constant. 
perrumpo,  rupi,  nipt-,  3,  break 

through,  overcome. 
persaepe,  very  often. 
persequor,  secutus,  3,  pursue. 
persevere,  1,  persist,  persevere. 
Persia,   ae ;     Persis,    idis,    the 

country    eastward    of    Syria, 

Persia. 

persisto,  stiti,  stit-.  o,  persist. 
persolvo,  solvi,  solut-,  o,  pay 

in  full. 
perstriugo,  strinxi,  strict-,   3, 

bind,  graze  against. 
persuadeo,  si,  sum,  2,  persuade. 
pertinacia,  ae,  F.,  obstinacy. 
pertinaciter,  stubbornly. 
pertiuax,  acis,  stubborn. 
pertineo,  ui,  2,  reach,  belong. 
per  turbo,  1,  disturb,  confuse. 
pervenio,  veni,  vent-,  4,  arrive. 
pes,  pedis,  *i.,foot. 
psssimus,  a,  um,  [malus,]  worst.  \ 
pestis,  is,  F.,  destruction,  ruin. 
petmo,  ouis,  F.,  request, petition. 
peto,  petivi  (ii),  petit-,  3,  seek, 

aim  at,  attack. 


phalanx,  gis,  phalanx. 

phalerae,  arum,  F.,  trappings. 

Pharnaces,  k.  of  Pontus,  de- 
feated by  Cjcsar,  B.C.  46. 

Pharsalicus,  a,  um,  ofPharsalus. 

Pharsalus,  i,  F.,  a  town  in  Thes- 
saly,  famous  for  the  defeat  of 
Pompey,  B.C.  48. 

Philippi,  orum,  M.,  a  city  of 
Macedonia,  where  Brutus  and 
Cassius  were  defeated,  B.C.  42. 

philosophia,  ae,  F.,  philosophy. 

philosopher,  1,  philosophize. 

philosophus,  i,  M.,  philosopher. 

pietas,  atis,  -y.t  piety,  affection. 

piger,  gra,  um,  sluggish,  dull. 

piget,  uit-,  2,  it  vexes,  annoys. 

pigiius,  oris,  N.,  pledge. 

pila,  ae,  F.,  ball. 

pflum,  i,  N.,  heavy  javelin. 

pingo,  pinxi,  pict-,  3,  painf, 
embroider. 

pinguis,  e,fat,  rich,  dull. 

pinus,  us  (i),  F.,  pine. 

pirata,  ae,  M.,  pirate. 

piraticus,  a,  um,  of  pirates. 

piscina,  ae,  F.,  fish-pond. 

piscis,  is,  *i.,Jish. 

piscor,  1,  catch  fish. 

pius,  a,  um  (comp.  magis  pius), 
pious,  tender. 

pix,  picis,  F.,  pitch. 

placeo,  ui,  it-,  2,  please,  satisfy. 

placidus,  a,  um,  mild,  gentle. 

placo,  1,  soothe,  appease. 

plaga,  ae,  F.,  blow,  stroke. 

plane,  clearly,  wholly. 

planities,  ei,  F.,  level  surface. 

planus,  a,  um,  ecen,  level. 

plebs,  plebis,  F  ,  the  commonalty. 

plecto,  xi  (xui),  xum,  3,  weave. 

plecto,  3,  punish  (generally  in  P.). 

plenus,  a,  um,/uW. 

plerusque  (generally  plur.),  very 
many,  most. 

pluit,  pluvit,  it  rains. 

plumbeus,  a,  um,  of  lead. 

plumbum,  i,  N.,  had. 

plurimus,  a,  urn,  [multus,]  very 
much,  most. 

pluvia,  ae,  F.,  rain. 


VOCABULARY. 


231 


poculum,  i,  N.,  cup,  bowl. 
podagra,  se,  F.,  gout. 
poema,  atis,  N.,  poem. 
poena,  ae,  F.,  punishment. 
poenitet,  uit,  2,  it  repents  (§  39, 

b). 

poeta,  ae,  F.,  poet. 
pollens,  tis,  powerful. 
pollex,  icis,  M.,  thumb. 
polliceor,  itus,  2,  promise. 
ponipa,  ae,  Y.,  procession, parade. 
Pompeiamis,  a,  uni,  of  Pompey. 
Pompeius,  i,  a  Roman  general, 

rival   of    Csesar,   defeated  at 

Pharsalus,  B.C.  48. 
pomum,  i,  ~x.,  fruit. 
pondus,  eris,  N.,  weight,  load. 
pono,  posui,  posit-,  3,  put,  place. 
pons,  pontis,  M.,  bridge. 
pontifex,  ficis,  M.,  priest./ 
Pontus,  i,  M.,  the  Black  Sea;  also, 

a  dist.  on  its  S.  shore. 
populor,  1,  devastate,  pillage. 
populus,  i,  M.,  people,  multitude. 
porrigo,  rexi,  rect-,  3,  reach. 
porta,  ae,  F.,  gate. 
porto,  1,  carry,  convey. 
portus,  us,  M.,  harbor,  port. 
posco,  poposci,  poscit-,  3,  de- 
mand, ask,  require. 
positus,  [pono,]  situated,  placed. 
possessio,  oiiis,  F.,  possession. 
possum,  posse,  potui,  can,  have 

power  (§  29,  6). 
post,  after,  behind. 
postea,  afterwards. 
posteaquam,  after  (that),  when. 
posterior,  us  (§  17,  3,  a),  after, 

later. 

post-habeo,  2,  esteem  less. 
postquam,  after  (that),  when. 
postremo, ///w////. 
postremus,  [posterus,]  last. 
postridie,  next  day. 
postulatum,  i,  N.,  demand. 
postulo,  1,  ask,  demand. 
potens,  tis,  powerful. 
poteiitatus,  us,  M.,  dominion.   . 
potentia,  ae,  F.,  power,  authority. 
potestas,  atis,  F.,  power,  ability. 
potior,  4,  get  possession  of. 


potius,  rather. 

prae,  in  comparison  with,  in  front 
of,  by  reason  of. 

praebeo,  ui,  it-,  2,  furnish,  afford. 

praecaveo,  cavi,  caut-,  2,  be- 
ware. 

prae-cedo,  3,  go  before,  surpass. 

praeceps,  cipitis,  headlong. 

praecepturn,  i,  N.,  rule,  precept. 

praecido,  cidi,  cis-,  3,  [caedo,] 
cut  off. 

praecipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  take  in 
advance,  enjoin. 

praecipue,  especially. 

praecipuus,  a,  urn,  principal,  dis- 
tinguished. 

praeclarus,  a,  um,  glorious,  ex- 
cellent. 

praeco,  onis,  M.,  crier,  herald. 

praeda,  ae,  F.,  pillage,  prey. 

praedico,  1,  proclaim,  boast. 

praedico,  xi,  ct-,  3,  predict. 

praeditus,  a,  um,  endowed. 

praedo,  orris,  M.,  robber. 

praedor,  1,  plunder,  rob. 

prsefectus,  i,  M.,  governor. 

prae-fero,  prefer,  display. 

praeficio,  feci,  feet-,  3,  [facio,] 
set  over,  appoint. 

praemitto,  misi,  miss-,  3,  send  in 
advance. 

praernium,  i,  N.,  reward,  profit. 

praeparatis,  onis,  F., preparation. 

praepono,  posui,  posit-,  3,  set 
over,  appoint. 

praeripio,  ripui,  rept-,  3,  snatch 
away. 

praescribo,  scripsi,  script-,  3, 
appoint,  prescribe. 

praescripturn,  i,  N.,  precept. 

praesens,  tis,  present. 

praesentia,  ac,  F.,  presence;  in 
prsssentia,  at  present. 

praesertim,  especially. 

praesideo,  sedi,  sess-,  2,  [sedeo,] 
guard,  preside. 

praesidium,  i,  N.,  defence,  aid, 
garrison. 

praesto,  at  hand. 

praesto,  iti,  it-,  1,  surpass,  ex- 
hibit ;  praestat,  it  is  better. 


232 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


prae-sum,  have  charge  of. 
praeter,  beyond,  besides. 
praeterea,  besides,  beyond. 
praeter-eo,  4,  pass  by. 
praeteritus.  a,  um,  past,  bygone; 

N.  pi.,  the  past. 
praetexta  (toga),  ae,  F.,  manlle 

with  purple  border,  worn  by 

magistrates  and  children, 
praetextatus,  wear  ing  the  mantle; 

hence,  a  boy. 
praetor,  oris,  M.,  prcetor  (officer 

of  justice),  chief,  commander. 
praetoriurn,  i,  N.,  general's  tent. 
praetorius,  a,  um,  of  the  prcetor. 
praetura,  ae,  i\,  prcetordup. 
praevenio,  veni,  vent-,  -i,  antici- 
pate. 

prasvideo,  vidi,  vis,  2,  foresee. 
prandeo,  di,  sum,  2,  breakfast. 
pravus,  a,  um,  bad. 
preci,  cem,   ce;    pi.,   -ces,   F., 

prayer,  entreaty  (§  14,  1,  c). 
precor,  1,  beg,  pray. 
prehendo,  di,  sum,  3,  seize. 
premo,  pressi,  press-,  3,  press, 

oppress. 

prendo=prekendo,  take. 
pretiosus,  a,  um,  precious. 
pretiurn,  i,  N.,  value,  price. 
pridem,  long  ago,  formerly. 
piidie,  on  the  day  before. 
pnxao,  Jirst,  at  first. 
primum,  at  first,  Jirstly. 
primus,  a,  -am,  Jirst,  foremost. 
princeps,  cipis,  c.,  first,  chief. 
principatus,  us,  M.,  chief  rank. 
prior,  us,  former. 
pristinus,  a,  um,  former,  early. 
prius  .  . .  quam,  before,  sooner ; 

non.  .  .  not  until. 
privatus,  a,  um,  private. 
privo,  1,  deprive. 
pro,  in  front  of,  instead  of,  in 

behalf  of ,  according  to,  for. 
probe,  well,  fitly,  rightly. 
probitas,  atis,  F.,  honesty. 
probrum,  i,  N.,  disgraceful  deed. 
probus,  a,  um.  good,  excellent. 
procedo,  cess-,  3,  advance. 
procella,  ae,  F.,  tempest,  storm. 


procerus,  a,  um,  high,  tall. 

procingo,  ciuctus,  o,  yird,  equip. 

procul,  afar,  remote. 

pro-cunibo,  3, j'all forward,  sink. 

pro-curro,  3,  run  forward. 

prod-eo,  4,  go  forth,  advance. 

prodigus,  a,  um,  wasteful. 

prodo,  3,  give  forth,  betray. 

prcelium,  i,  N.,  battle. 

profectio,  onis,  F.,  departure. 

profectus,  [proficiscor,]  gone. 

pro-fero,  bring  forward,  produce. 

proficio,  3,  effect,  accomplish. 

proficiscor,  fectus,  3,  set  forth. 

profiteer,  fessus,  2,  promise. 
\  profligo,  1,  cast  down,  conquer. 

pro-fug/o,  3,  escape,  flee. 

pro-fundo,  3,  shed,  pour  forth. 

progredior,  gressus,  3,  proceed. 

prohibeo,  ui,  it-,  2,  forbid,  pre- 
vent. 

projicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  [jacio,] 
cast  forth,  reject. 

proles,  is,  um,  F.,  offspring. 

prominens,  tis,  overhanging. 

promineo,  ui,  2,  project. 

pro-mitto,  3,  promise. 

pro  moveo,  2.  move  forward. 

pronus,  a,  um,  bending  foru-ard, 
inclined. 

prope,  propius,  proxime,  near. 

proper o,  1,  hasten. 

propinquus,  a,  um,  near,  akin. 

pro-pono,  3,  set  forth,  propose. 

propositum,  i,  N.,  purpose. 

propter,  near,  by  reason  of. 

propterea,/br  that  reason. 

propulso,  1,  defend,  ward  off. 

proscribe,  3,  publish,  proscribe. 

proscriptio,  onis,  F.,  proscrip- 
tion. 

prosequor,  secut-,  3,  pursue. 

prosilio,  ui,  4.  spring  forth. 

prospectus,  us,  M.,  prospect. 

prospicio,  spexi,  spect-,  3,  look 
forth,  watch,  provide. 

prosum  (§  29,  6),  help,  profit. 

protendo,  di,  3,  stretch  forth,  ex- 
tend. 

protinus,  right  onward,  at  once. 

provelio,  si,  ct-,  3,  carry  forth. 


VOCABULARY.  — I. 


233 


pro-video,  2,  foresee,  provide. 

provincia,  as,  i«\,  province. 

provoco,  1,  call  forth,  appeal. 

proxime  (-imo),  next. 

proximus,  a,  urn,  nearest,  next. 

prudens,  tis,  prudent,  skilled. 

prudentia,  ae,  F.,  prudence. 

psittacus,  i,  M.,  parrot. 

Fsylli,  a  people  of  Africa. 

Ptolemaeus,  i,  a  general  of  Alex- 
ander, afterwards  k.  of  Egypt 
till  B.C.  283. 

pubes,  eris,  of  ripe  age. 

publice,  publicly. 

publicus,  a,  urn,  public. 

pudor,  oris,  M.,  sense  of  lionoi 
or  shame,  modesty. 

puella,  ae,  F.,  girl,  maiden. 

puellulus,  i,  M.,  little  boy. 

puer,  eri,  M.,  boy,  child  (till  17). 

puerilis,  e,  boyish,  childish. 

pugio,  onis,  M.,  dagger. 

pugna,  ae,  F.,  fight,  combat. 

pugno,  I,  fight,  contend. 

pulcher,  chra,  um,  beautiful. 

pulsus,  [pello,]  driven,  routed. 

pulvis,  eris,  N.,  dust. 

punctus,  us,  M.,  a  prick,  sting. 

pungo,  pupugi,  punct-,  3, pierce, 
sting. 

Punicus,  a,  um,  Carthaginian. 

punio,  4,  punish. 

purpureus,  a,  urn,  purple. 

purus,  a,  urn,  clean,  pure. 

puter,  tris,  tre,  rotten. 

puto,  1,  think,  consider. 


Q,  the  praenomen  Quintus. 
quadragesimus,  a,  um,  fortieth. 
quadraginta,  forty. 
quadrimus,  a,  um.,four  years  old. 
quadringeuti,  /bur  hundred. 
quaero,  sivi,  sit-.  3,  seek,  ask. 
quaeso,  ivi,  itum,  3,  seek,  beg. 
quaestor,  oris,  M.,  quaestor  (treas- 
urer or  quartermaster) . 
quseatura,  se,  F.,  gucestorship. 


qualis,  e,  of  what  sort ;  talis  .  .  . 
qualis,  such  .  .  .  as. 

quam,  how,  as,  than  (§  17,  5,  b} . 

quamobrem,  wherefore. 

quam  quam,  although. 

quam  vis,  however,  although. 

quantus,  a,  um,  as  or  how  great. 

quare,  why,  wherefore. 

quartana,  se,  F,,  quartan  ague. 

quartus,  a,  um,  fourth. 

quasi,  as  if,  as  it  were.  _ 

quater,  four  times. 

quattuor  (quatuor),  four. 

quattuordecim,  fourteen. 

-que,  and,  also. 

quemadmodum,  how,  as. 

quercus,  us,  F.,  oak. 

querela,  se,  F.,  complaint. 

queror,  questus,  3,  complain. 

questus,  us,  M.,  complaint. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  who,  which. 

quia,  because 

qui-cumque,  whoever. 

quid,  [quis,]  ivhat?  why? 

quidam,   a   certain    one    (§  21, 

2,C) 
quidem,  indeed,  at  least ;  ne  . . . 

quidem,  not  even.' 
quies,  etis,  F.,  rest,  quiet. 
quiesco,  evi,  etum,  3,  rest. 
quietus,  a,  um,  calm,  still. 
qui-libet,  any  one  you  will. 
quin,    that    not,    but  that,   wlut 

not1? 

quindecim,  fifteen. 
quinginti,  ee,'a,five  hundred. 
qumi,  ae,  a.,  five  each,  by  fives. 
quinquaginta,  fifty. 
quin  que,  five. 

quinquies  (ens),^ye  times. 
quint  us,  a,  um,  fifth. 
quippe,  indeed,  surely,  since 
quis,   quae,   quid,   whot 

any. 

quis-nam,  who  pray  ? 
quis-quam  (with  neg.),  any. 
quis-que,  each,  every >  whoever. 
quivis,  wlio  or  wliat  you  will. 
quo,  whither,  in  order  that  (§  64, 

1,  a). 
quoad,  how  long?  as  far  as. 


234 


LATIX    LESSONS. 


quod,   that,   because;    quod  si, 

but  if. 

quominus,  that  not  (§  65,  1,  a), 
quomodo,  how  1 
quondam,  once,  formerly. 
quoniam,  since,  whereas. 
quoque,  also. 

quorsum,  whither,  to  what  end. 
quot,  how  many,  as  many. 
quotannis,  yearly. 
quotidianus,  a,  um,  daily. 
quotldie,  ccery  day. 
quotus,  a,  um,  one  of  how  many. 


rabidus,  a,  um,  mad,  fierce. 

radix,  icis,  P.,  root,  foot  (of  hill). 

rado,  si,  sum,  3,  scrape,  shave. 

ramus,  i,  M.,  branch,  bough. 

rana,  ss,  v.,frog. 

rapax,  acis,  grasping,  greedy. 

rapidus,  a,  um,  rapid,  swift. 

raplna,  se.  p..  robbery,  plunder. 

rapio,  rapui,  rapt-,  3.  seize. 

raro,  seldom,  rarely. 

rarus,  a,  um,  rare,  sparse. 

ratio,  onis,  p.,  reason,  considera- 
tion. 

ratis,  is,  F.,  raft,  vessel. 

ratus,  a,  um,  [reor,]  supposing. 

rebello,  1,  revolt,  renew  hostilities. 

recens,  tis,  fresh,  new,  recent. 

recessus,  us,  M.,  act  or  place  of 
retreat,  recess,  departure. 

recipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  receive, 
undertake ;  se,  retreat. 

reconcilio,  1.  reconcile. 

recreo,  1,  restore,  refresh. 

rectus,  3,  \rego, ^upright,  straight. 

recupero,  1,  recover. 

recuso,  1,  refuse. 

reddo,  didi,  dit-f  3,  restore,  ren- 
der. 

red-eo,  4,  return,  go  back. 

redigo,  egi,  act-,  3,  [ago,]  bring 
bark,  reduce,  compel. 

rcdimo,  emi,  empt-,  3,  buy  back, 
buy  up,  redeem. 


\  redintegro,  1,  restore,  renew. 

reduco,  xi-,  ct-,  3,  bring  back, 
icifhdraw,  reduce. 

re-fero,  bring,  restore,  refer. 

refert  (§  50,  4,  d),  it  concerns. 

re-foveo,  ~2,  cherish,  restore. 

regalis,  e,  kingly. 

regina,  se,  F.,  queen. 

regius,  a,  um,  kingly. 

regno,  1,  reign. 

rego,  rexi,  rect-,  3,  rule,  direct. 

regredior,  gress-,  3,  return. 

rejicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,   [jacio,] 
throw  back,  reject. 

relabor,  laps-,  3,faU  back. 

religio,  onis,  F.,  religion. 

relinquo,  liqui,  lict-,  3,  leave. 

reliquiae,  arum,  p.,  reTTcs. 

reliquus,  a,  um,  remaining. 

re-maneo,  2,  stay,  remain. 

remedium,  i,  N.,  remedy. 

Remi,  a  tribe  of  north  Gaul. 

reminiscor,  3,  recall  to  mind. 

re-mitto,  3,  send  back,  remit. 

remus,  i,  M.,  an  oar. 

Remus,  i,  twin  br.  of  Romulus. 

renuntio,  1,  bring  back  word. 

renuo,  nui,  3,  deny,  refuse. 

reor,  ratus,  2,  believe,  suppose. 

repello,  puli,  puls-,  3,  push  backt 
reject,  repel. 

repens,  tis,  sudden,  recent. 

repente,  suddenly. 

repentinus,  a,  sudden. 

reperio,  peri,  pert-,  4,  find. 

re-peto,  3,  resume,  repeat. 

repleo,  plevi,  plet-,  2,  Jill  up. 

repo,  repsi,  rept-,  3,  creep. 

re-poiio,  3,  put  back,  restore. 

reporto,  1,  bring  back. 

repreheudo,  di,  sum,  3,  blame. 

repudio,  1,  divorce,  reject. 

repugno,  1,  oppose,  resist. 

repulsa,  se,  F.,  refusal,  repulse. 

reputo,  1,  think  over,  reckon. 

re-quiro,  3,  [queero,]  seek  again, 

demand,  require. 
j  res,  rei,  F.,  thing,  property. 

re-scindo,  3,  cut  away,  abolish. 

re-seco,  1,  cut  loose. 

reservo,  1,  keep  back,  save  up. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


235 


resisto,  stiti,  3,  stay,  resist. 

respicio,   spexi,  spect-,  3,  look 
back  on,  regard,  respect. 

respondeo,  di,  sum,  '2,  answer. 

responsum,  i,  N.,  a  reply. 

res-publica  (§  14,  2,   d),  com- 
monwealth. 

respuo,  ui,  3,  spit  bade,  reject. 

restituo,  ui,  ut-,  3,  restore. 

re-sumo,  3,  take  back,  resume. 

rete,  is,  N.,  net,  snare. 

retineo,  tinui,  tent-,  2,  retain, 
hold  back. 

re-traho,   3,   withdraw,   keep   or 
drag  back. 

retro,  backward,  back. 

retrorsum,  backward. 

reus,  rea,  arraigned,  on  trial,  de- 
fendant. 

re-veho,  3,  carry  back. 

revereiitia,  se,  F.,  reverence. 

revertor  (-to),  versus,  3,  return. 

revoco,  1,  recall,  revoke. 

rex,  regis,  M.,  king. 

Rhea  Sylvia,  daughter  of  Nu- 
initor,  mother  of  Romulus. 

rheda,  se,  F.,  carriage,  chariot. 

Rhenus,  i,  M.,  the  Rhine,  eastern 
boundary  of  Gaul. 

rhetor,  oris,  M.,  rhetorician. 

Rhodanus,    i,  M.,  the  Rhone,  a 
river  of  S.  E.  Gaul. 

Rhodus,  i,  F.,  the  island  Rhodes. 

rideo,  risi,  ris-,  2,  laugh. 

rigeo.  rigui,  2,  be  stiff,  numb. 

rigidus,  a,  um,  stiff,  rigid. 

lima,  se,  F.,  crack,  crevice. 

ripa,  89,  F.,  river-bank. 

risus,  us,  M.,  laughter. 

rivus,  i,  M.,  stream,  brook. 

rixa,  se,  F.,  quarrel. 

robur,  oris,  N.,  strength,  vigor. 

rodo,  rosi,  ros-,  3,  gnaw. 

rogo,  1,  ask,  propose  (a  law). 

Roma,  se,  Rome. 

Romamis,  a,  um,  Roman. 

Romulus,  i,  founder  and  first  k. 
of  Rome,  B.C.  753-717. 

ros,  roris,  M.,  dew. 

ros  a,  se,  F.,  a  rose. 

rostrum,  i,  N.,  bill,  ship^s  beak. 


ruber,  bra,  um,  red. 
ruber,  oris,  M.,  redness,  blush. 
rudis,  e,  raw,  rude. 
rugio,  4,  roar  (as  a  lion), 
ruina,  se,  ruin,  downfall. 
rumor,  oris,  M.,  talk,  rumor. 
rumpo,  rupi,  rupt-,  3,  break. 
ruo,  rui,  rut-  (ruit-),  3,  rush, fall. 
rursus  (sum),  backward,  again. 
rus,  ruris,  N.,  the  country ;  ruri, 

in,  rure,from  the  country. 
rusticus,  a,  urn,  rural. 


saccus,  i,  M.,  sack,  bag. 
sacer,  era,  crum,  sacred,  holy. 
sacerdos,  otis,  c.,  priest. 
sacrificium,  i,  N.,  sacrifice. 
sacrifice,  1,  offer  in  sacrifice. 
saepe,  often. 

saspenumero,  again  and  again. 
Scevio,  1,  rage,  be  fierce. 
sasvus,  a,  um,  fierce,  cruel. 
sagax,  acis,  sagacious. 
sagino,  I,  fatten,  pamper. 
sagitta,  se,  F.,  arrow. 
Sagittarius,  i,  M.,  archer. 
sagum    (-ulum),  i,  N.,  mantle, 

cloak.  \ 

sal,  salis,  M.,  salt ,  plur.,  wit. 
Salamis,  is,  F.,   an  island  near 

Athens. 

salio,  salui,  salt-,  4,  leap,  jump. 
saltern,  at  least. 

saltus,  us,  M.,  leap,  forest,  glade. 
salus,  utis,  F.,  healtli,  safety. 
salutatio,  onis,  F.,  greeting. 
salutator,  oris,  M.,  greet er. 
saluto,  1,  salute. 
salve,  hail!  or  farewell! 
salvus,  a,  um,  safe,  sound. 
sancio,  saiixi,  sanct-,  4,  sanction. 
sanctus,  a,  um,  sacred,  just. 
sane,  Iru/t/,  to-be-sure. 
sanguinoleiitus,  a,  um,  bloody. 
sanguis,  iiiis,  M.,  blood. 
sano,  1,  make  sound,  heat. 
sanus,  a,  um,  sound,  sane. 


236 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


sapiens,  tis,  wise,  discreet. 

sapientia,  ae,  F.,  wisdom. 

sarcina,  ae,  F.,  package. 

satelles,  itis,  c.,  attendant,  tool. 

satis,  enough. 

satis-facio,  3,  give  satisfaction. 

satius,  [satis,]  better,  rather. 

satur,  ura,  um,  sated,  full. 

satus,  [sero,]  sown,  planted. 

saucius,  a,  um,  wounded. 

sa_xum,  i,  N.,  stone,  rock. 

scando,  di,  sum,  3,  climb. 

scelestus,  a,  um,  wicked. 

scelus,  eris,  N.,  crime. 

schola,  ae,  F.,  school. 

scientia,  ae,  F.,  knowledge. 

scilicet,  plainly,  no  doubt,  surely. 

scio,  4,  know,  understand. 

scipio,  onis,  M.,  staff. 

Scipio,  onis,  a  noble  family- 
name  of  Rome. 

scriba,  ae,  M.,  clerk,  scribe. 

scribo,  scripsi,  script-,  3,  write. 

scurra,  ae,  M.,  jester,  buffoon. 

scutum,  i,  N.,  shield. 

se  (sui),  himself,  &c.  (§  19,  3). 

se-cedo,  3,  withdraw,  secede. 

secerno,  crevi,  cret-,  3,  separate, 
distinyuish. 

seco,  secui,  sect-:  1,  cut. 

secreto,  apart,  secretly. 

secrefcus,  [secerno,]  secret. 

sector,  I,  follow  eagerly,  hunt. 

secundarius,  a,  um,  stale. 

secuudo,  a  second  time. 

secuudus,  a,_um,  [sequor,]  sec- 
ond, favorable,  propitious , 
secundo  flumine,  down 
stream. 

sed,  but. 

sedeo,  sedi,  sess-,  2,  sit,  settle. 

sides,  is,  F.,  seat,  foundation. 

seditio,  onis,  F.  ,  sedition,  discord. 

seditiosus,  a,  um,  seditious. 

segnis,  e,  slow,  slothful. 

sella,  se,  seat,  chair. 

semel,  once,  once  for  all. 

semen,  iiiis,  N.,  [sero,]  seed. 

semeiitis,  is,  F.,  sowing. 

semper,  always. 

senator,  oris,  M.,  senator. 


senatorius,  a,  um,  of  the  senate. 

senatus,  us  (i),  M.,  Senate. 

senex,  senis,  old:  M.,  old  man. 

seiii,  se,  a,  six  each,  six. 

senior,  us,  older,  elder  (§  17, 3,  b). 

sententia,  ae,  F.,  opinion;  ex 
sententia,  satisfactorily. 

sentio,  sensi,  sens-,  3,  perceive, 
feel,  think. 

separating  apart,  separately. 

sepelio,  ivi  (ii),  sepult-,  4, 
bury. 

sepes,  is,  F.,  hedge,  fence. 

septern,  seven. 

septemtrio,  onis,  M..  north. 

septimus,  a,  um,  seventh. 

septuagesimus,  seventieth. 

septuaginta,  seventy. 

sepulcrum,  i,  N.,  tomb,  grave. 

sepultura,  ae,  F.,  burial. 

Sequani,  a  tribe  of  Gaul. 

sequor,  secutus,  3,  follow. 

serenus,  a,  um,  clear,  bright. 

serio,  in  earnest. 

sermo,  onis,  M.,  talk,  discourse. 

sero,  sevi,  sat-,  3,  sow,  plant. 

sero,  serui,  sert-,  3,  bind,  weave. 

serpens,  tis,  r.,  a  serpent. 

serpo,  serpsi,  serpt-,  3,  crawl. 

Sertorius,  i,  an  officer  of  Marius, 
who  held  Spam  against  Sulla 
till  B.C.  73. 

sertum,  i,  N.,  garland,  wreath. 

serva,  ae,  F.,  female  slave. 

servilis,  e,  slavish,  servile. 

servio,  4,  be  a  slave,  serve. 

servitude,  inis  ;  -tus,  tutis,  F., 
slavery,  servitude. 

servo,  1,  preserve,  save. 

servus,  i,  M.,  slave. 

sestertium,  i,  N., =1,000  sester- 
ces (about  $40)  ;  decies  ses- 
tertium, 1,000,000  ($40,000). 

sestertius,  i,  M.,  a  sesterce,  = 
4  cts.  (see  §  84). 

seur=:sive,  or,  lohether. 

severus,  a,  um,  austere,  severe. 

sex,  six. 

sexagiiita,  sixty. 

sexcenti,  ae,  a,  six  hundred. 

sexdecim,  sixteen. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


237 


Sextilis,  e,  of  August. 

sextus,  a,  um,  sixth. 

si,  if,  whether ;  quod  si,  but  if. 

sic,  so,  thus. 

sica,  se,  P.,  dagger. 

siccus,  a,  um,  dry,  thirsty;  N., 
dry  land. 

Sicilia,  as,  Sicily. 

Siculus,  a,  um,  Sicilian. 

sic-ut  (uti),  50  as,  as  if. 

sidus,  eris,  N.,  star,    constella- 
tion. 

signiflco,  1,  betoken,  mean. 

signum,  i,    N.,    sign,   standard, 
statue,  signal. 

sileiis,  tis,  still,  silent. 

silva,  se,  F.,  wood,  forest. 

Silvester,  tris,  e,  of  forest. 

simia,  se,  F.,  ape,  monkey. 

similis,  e,  like,  similar. 

similiter,  in  like  manner. 

simplicitas,  atis,  F.,  simplicity. 

simul,  at  the  same  time-,   simul 
atque  or  ac,  as  soon  as. 

simulo,  1,  feign,  pretend. 

simultas,  atis,  F.,  strife. 

siii,  but  if. 

sine,  without. 

singularis,  e,  singular. 

singuli,  se,  a,  single,  one  to  each,, 

sinister,  tra,  um,  left,  on 
awkward,  unlucky. 

sinistra,  se.  F.,  the  left  hand. 

smo,  sivi,  sit-,  8,  permit.  > 

sinus,  us,  M.,fold,  gulf. 

sis  to,  stiti,  stat-,  3,  set,  place. 

sitio,  4,  thirst,  thirst  for.  » 

sitis,  is,  im,  i,  F.,  thirst. 

situs,  [sino,]  set,  situated. 

sive  (seu),  or  if,  lohether,  or. 

sobrius,  a,  um,  sober,  prudent. 

socer,  eri,  M.,  father-in-law. 

societas,  atis,  F.  ,  society,  partner- 
ship, alliance. 

socius,  i,  M.,  companion,  ally. 

sodalis,  is,  M.,  comrade. 

sol,  solis,  M.,  the  sun. 

soleo,  solitus,  2,  be  wont.    _ 

solidus,  a,  um,Jirm,  solid. 

solitude,  inis,  i<\,  solitude. 

solium,  i,  N.,  throne. 


sollicitus  a,  um,  anxious. 
solus,  a,  um,  lus,  alone,  only. 
solve,  solvi,  solut-,  3,  loosen, 

cast   off  (from   shore),  pay, 

release. 

somnium,  i,  N.,  a  dream. 
somiius,  i,  M.,  sleep. 
sonitus,  us,  M.,  sound. 
sono,  sonui,  sonit-,  1,  sound. 
sons,  tis,  guilty,  hurtful. 
sordidatus,  in  shabby  clothes. 
sordidus,  a,  wa\,foul,  sordid. 
soror,  oris,  F.,  sister. 
sororius,  a,  um,  of  sisters. 
sors,  tis,  F.,  lot,  chance,  destiny. 
sortior  4,  allot,  obtain. 
spargo,  si,  sum,  3,  strew,  scatter. 
spatium,  i,  N.,  space,  period. 
species,  ei,  P.,  mew,  appearance. 
spectaculum,  i,  N.,  public  show. 
specto,  1 ,  behold,  look  at. 
speculator,  oris,  M.,  a  scout. 
speculor,  1,  spy,  watch. 
speculum,  i,  N.,  mirror. 
specus,  us,  M.,  cave,  den. 
sperno,  sprevi,  spret-,  3,  despise. 
spero,  1,  hope,  expect. 
spes,  spei,  F.,  hope. 
spina,  89,  F.,  thorn. 
spleiididus,  a,  um,  brigJit. 
spleltdor,  oris,  M.,  splendor. 
spolio,  1,  strip,  spoil. 
spolium,  i,  N.,  spoil,  plunder. 
spondeo,  spopondi,  spoils-,  3, 

pledge,  vow,  betroth. 
sponsus,  betrothed. 
sponte,  of  one^s  own  accord. 
spretus,  [sperno,]  despised. 
squalidus,  a,  um,  squalid,  foul. 
statim,  immediately. 
static,  onis,  F.,  standing,  post. 
statua,  se,  F.,  statue,  image. 
statuo,   statui,   statut-,   3,   set, 

establish,  resolve. 
statura,  ae,  F.,  height,  stature. 
status,  us,  M.,  position. 
stella,  se,  F.,  .s'/m1. 
stercus,  oris,  x.,  dung,  filth. 
steriio,  stravi,  strat-,  3,  spread, 

strew. 
stipeiidiarius,  a,  um,  tributary. 


238 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


stipendium,  i,  N.,  pay.,  military 
service. 

stirps,  pis,  P.,  stock,  race. 

sto,  steti,  stat-,  1 ,  stand,  cost  (with 
abl.  of  j-ricc);  stat,  it  in  a 
fixed  purpose. 

stomachus,  i,  M.,  chagrin. 

strages,  is,  F.,  massacre. 

stragulum,  i,  N.,  rug,  mattress. 

stratus,  [sterno,]  strown. 

strenue,  vigorously. 

strenuus,  a,  um,  vigorous. 

strepitus,  us,  M.,  noise. 

strideo,  di,    2,  hiss,  creak,  buzz. 

striugo,  strinxi,  strict-,  3,  draw, 
press,  graze. 

struo,  struxi,  struct-,  3,  build, 
arrange. 

studeo,  studui,  2,  be  eager  or 
zealous  for,  study. 

studiose,  earnestly. 

studiosus,  a,  um,  zealous. 

studium,  i,  x.,  zeal,  study. 

stultus,  a,  um,  foolish. 

stupeo,  stupui,  2,  be  amazed. 

stupidus,  aj  um,  stupid. 

suadeo,  suasi,  suas-,  2,  advise, 
urge. 

sub  (J  42,  2),  under. 

subduco,  xi,  ct-,  3,  withdraw, 
uplift. 

sub-eo,  4,  fall  into,  approach, 
undergo'. 

siiber,  eris,  x.,  cork-tree. 

subigo,  egi,  act-,  3,  subdue. 

subito,  suddenly. 

subitus,  [subeo,]  sudden. 

subjicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  bring  un- 
der, subdue. 

sublatus,  [tollo,]  elated. 

sublevo,  1,  uplift,  relieve. 

subllmis,  e,  lofty. 

suboles,  is,  p.',  offspring.      - 

subsequor,  secutus,  3,  follow 
close. 

subsidium,  i,  N.,  reset-res,  help. 

subside,  seal,  sess-,  3,  settle. 

subsisto,  stiti,  :•>,  take  a  si 

sub-stituo,  3,  [statuo.]  substi- 
tute. 

subter,  beneath. 


sub-veho,  3,  convey,  bring  (up 
stream) . 

sub-venio,  4,  relieve,  come  to 
hand. 

suc-cedo,  3,  mount,  advance. 

suc-censeo,  2,  be  angry. 

successor,  oris,  M.,  follower. 

suffigo,  xi,  xum  3,  fasten,  affix. 

sui,  sibi,  se  (sese),  one's  self. 

sulcus,  i,  *i.,  furrow. 

Sulla,  L.  Cornelius,  the  Roman 
Dictator,  B.C.  138-78. 

Sullanus,  a,  um,  of  Sulla. 

sum,  esse,  fui  (§  29),  be  (with 
dat.),  belong. 

summa,  ae,  P.,  sum,  main  body. 

sum-mergo,  3,  plunge,  sink. 

sum-mitto,  3,  send  forth. 

summus,  a,  um,  chief,  top  of. 

sumo,  sumpsi,  sumpt-,  3,  take, 
spend,  assume;  sumere  pce- 
nam,  inflict  punishment. 

surnptus,  us,  N.,  expense,  cost. 

supellex,  lectilis,  p. ,  furniture. 

super,  above,  concerning. 

superbia,  se,  p.,  pride. 

superior,  us,  higher,  former. 

supernato,  1,  swim  over. 

snpero,  1,  surpass,  subdue. 

super-sedeo,  2,  sit  upon,  sur- 
pass. 

super-sum,  remain,  survive. 

superus,  a,  um  (§  17,  3,  a), 
upper. 

super-vemo,  4,  come  upon,  at- 
tack. 

supinus,  a,  \u&,  fatten  backward. 

supplex,  icis,  suppliant. 

supplicatio,  onis,  p.,  public 
prayer  or  thanksgiving. 

suppliciter,  supphanthj,  humbly. 

supplicium,  i,  N.,  supplication, 
punishment. 

supporto,  1,  carry,  convey. 

supra,  above,  beyond,  besides. 

supremus  =rsummus ,  It  if/hest . 

surdus,  a,  um,  deaf,  dull. 

surgo,  surrexi,  surrect-,  3,  rise. 

surripio,  ripui,  rept-,  3,  [rapio,] 
snatch,  steal. 

sus,  suis,  c.,  hog,  sow. 


VOCABULARY. — I. 


239 


suscipio,  cepi,  cept-,  3,  [capio,] 
take  up,  undertake. 

suspend o,  di,  sum,  3,  hang,  sus- 
pend, check. 

suspicio,  spexi,  spect-,  3,  sus- 
pect, distrust. 

suspicio,  oiiis,  F.,  suspicion. 

suspicor,  1,  suspect. 

sustineo,  tinui,  tent-,  2,  sustain. 

sustuli,  [tollo,]  raised. 

sutor,  oris,  cobbler. 

suus,  a,  um,  one's  own. 


T. 

T,  the  prsenomen  Titus. 

taberiiaculum,  i,  N.,  tent. 

tabula,  se,  F.,  board,  list. 

taceo,  tacui,  tacit-,  2,  be  silent. 

tacitus,  a,  um,  silent. 

tactus,  [tango,]  touched. 

taedet,  uit,  it  wearies. 

taedium,  i,  N.,  weariness,  dis- 
gust. 

talentum,  i,  N.,  talent  (£  cwt.,  or 
sum  of  a  little  over  $1000;. 

talis,  e,  such,  of  such  sort." 

talus,  i,  M.,  ankle,  die. 

tarn,  .s-o ;  tarn  . . .  quam,  as  .  .  .  as. 

tamen,  yet,  nevertheless. 

tametsi,  although. 

tamquam,  as  if,  as  it  were. 

tandem,  at  length,  now  then. 

tango,  tetigi,  tact-,  3,  touch. 

taiitidem,  at  just  so  much. 

tanto,  by  so  much  (with  conipar.) . 

tantopere,  .90  much,  so  greatly. 

tantum,  .50  much,  only. 

taiitummodo,  only. 

taiitiis,  a,  um,  so  great. 

tarde,  ius,  issime,  slowly. 

tardo,  1,  delay,  linger. 

tardus,  a,  um,  slow,  dull,  late. 

taurus,  i,  M,,  bull. 

te  (tu),  thee. 

tectuni,  i,  N.,  roof,  shelter. 

tecum  (tu),  with  thee. 

tego,  texi,  tect-,  3,  cover,  hide. 

tellus,  uris,  F.,  the  earth. 

telum,  i,  N.,  spear,  javelin. 


temerarius,  a,  um,  rash. 

temere,  rashly,  hastily. 

temeritas,  atis,  F.,  rashness. 

temperans,  tis,  moderate. 

temperantia,  ae,  F.,  moderation. 

tempero,  1,  regulate,  refrain. 

tempestas,  atis,  F.,  time,  season. 

tempi  urn,  i,  N.,  temple. 

tempus^  oris,  N.,  time. 

tenax,  acis,  tenacious. 

tendo,  teteiidi,  tent-  (tens-),  3, 
stretch,  spread,  tend. 

tenebras,  arum,  F.,  darkness. 

teneo,  tenui,  tent-,  2,  hold. 

tener,  era,  um,  soft,  tender. 

tento,  1,  try,  attempt. 

tentorium,  i,  N.,  tent. 

tenuis,  e,  thin,  slender. 

tenus,  up  to,  as  far  as. 

tepidus,  a,  um,  lukewarm,  faint. 

ter,  three,  times. 

tergum,  i,  N.,  back;  dare  terga, 

terni,  se,  a,  by  threes.  [ jlce. 

tero,  trivi,  tiit-,  3,  ivear  away. 

terra,  ee,  F.,  earth,  ground,  region. 

terrenus,  a,  um,  of  earth. 

terreo,  terrui,  territ-,  2,  frighten. 

terror,  oris,  M.,  dread,  terror. 

tertio  (um),  thirdly. 

tertius,  a,  um,  third. 

testamentum,  i,  N.,  a  will. 

testimoniuni,  i,  N.,  evidence. 

testis,  is,  c.,  a  witness. 

tester,  1,  bear  ivitness,  attest. 

testudo,  inis,  F.,  tortoise  (boards 
or  shields,  locked  to  cover  a 
storming-party) . 

teter,  tra,  um,  ojj'ensive,  foul. 

Thessalia,ee,F.,  Northern  Greece. 

Tiberis,  is,  M.,  the  Tiber. 

Tiberius  (Claudius  Nero),  em- 
peror from  A.D.  14-31. 

tigillum,  i,  N.,  a  little  beam. 

Tigranes,  is,  k.  of  Armenia,  son- 
in-law  of  Mithridates. 

tigris,  is  (idis),  c.,  tiger. 

timeo,  timui,  2,  fear,  dread. 

timidus,  a,  um,  timid,  cowardly. 

timor,  oris,  M.,fear,  dread. 

titulus,  i,  M.,  title,  motto. 

toga,  se,  F.,  [tego,]  toga,  mantle. 


240 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


tolero,  1,  bear,  sustain. 

tollo  (sustuli,  sublat-),  3,  lift, 
raise,  destroy,  remove. 

tondeo,  totondi,  tons-,  2,  clip, 
cut,  shear,  crop. 

tono,  tonui,  1,  thunder. 

tonsor,  oris,  M.,  barber. 

tonsorius,  a,  um,  of  a  barber. 

torpeo,  torpui,  2,  be  stiff'. 

torpor,  oris,  M.,  mwibness. 

torqueo,   torsi,   tort-,  2,  twist. 

torreo,  torrui,  tost-,  2,  roast. 

torridus,  a,  um,  parched. 

tot,  so  many. 

totidem.Jusf  so  many. 

t5tus,  a,  um,  g.,  lus,  whole. 

trabs,  bis,  p.,  beam. 

tractus,  [traho,]  drawn. 

trado,  didi,  dit-,  3,  deliver,  com- 
mit, betray. 

tra-duco,  3,  lead  over,  transfer, 

tragula,  ee,  p.,  dart,  javelin. 

traho,   traxi,   tract-,    3,    <lraw, 

trajicio,  jeci,  ject-,  3,  throw  over, 
transport,  pierce. 

tranquillus,  a,  um,  tranquil. 

trans,  across,  beyond. 

tran-scribo,  3,  copy,  transfer. 

traus-duco:=traduco. 

trans-eo,  4,  go  across,  pass  over. 

traus-figo,  3,  transfix. 

trans-fodio,  3,  pierce,  stab. 

transgredior,  gressus,  3,  cross.  I 

transigo,    egi,    act-,     3,     drive  \ 
through,  settle,  transact. 

transilio,  ui  (ivi),  4,  spring  over.  | 

trans-mitto,  3,  send  across. 

transport©,  1,  convey,  transport. 

transversus,  a,  um,  crosswise. 

trecenti,  ae,  a,  three  Jmndred. 

tredecim,  thirteen. 

tremo,  ui,  3,  shake,  tremble. 

trepidus,  a,  um,  alarmed. 

tres,  tria,  three. 

tribunal,  alis,  N.,  judgment-seat. 

tribunatus,  us,  M.,  tribuneship. 

tribunus,  i,  M.,  tribune. 

tribuo,  ui,  ut-,  3,  allot,  impart. 

triduum,  i,  x.,  three  day*. 

trigemini,  three  of  one  birth. 

triui,  ae,  a,  three  each. 


triplex,  icis,  three-fold. 
tristis,  e,  sad. 
tritus,  [tero,]  rubbed  worn. 
triumpho,  1,  triumph,  exult. 
triumphus,   i,    M.,    triumph    (a 

solemn  procession  of  victory). 
trucido,  1,  butcher,  massacre. 
trudo,  si,  sum,  3,  push,  thrust. 
truncus,  i,  M.,  tnmk,  body. 
truncus,  a,  um,  m< timed. 
tu,  tui,  tibi,  te,  (pi.,  vos),  HUM. 
tuba,  se,  p.,  trumpet. 
tueor,  itus,  2,  look  at,  guard. 
tuli,  [fero,]  bore. 
Tullus  Hostilius,  third  king  of 

Rome,  B.C.  679-640. 
turn,  then ;  cum  .  .  .  turn,  both  .  . 

and ;  not  only  .  .  but  also. 
tumeo,  ui,  2,  be  swollen. 
tumidus,  a,  um,  swollen. 
tumultuor,  1,  be  tumultuous. 
tumultus,  us,  M.,  tumult. 
tumulus,  i,  M.,  mound,  tomb. 
tune,  then. 
tundo,  tutudi,  tuns-  (tus-),  3, 

to  strike,  bruise. 
tunica,  ae,  F.,  tunic. 
turba,  ae,  p.,  crowd. 
turbidus,  a,  um,  confused. 
turbo,  1,  disturb,  trouble. 
turbo,  inis,  M.,  ichirl,  hurricane. 
turdus,  i,  x.,  -a,  ae,  F,,  thmsh. 
turgeo,  tursi,  2,  be  swollen. 
turgidus,  a,  um,  swollen. 
turma,  ae,  p.,  troop,  squadron. 
turpis,  e,  ugly,  base,  foul. 
turris,  is,  im,  i,  P.,  tower. 
tutor,  oris,  M.,  guardian. 
tutus,  [tueor,]  safe. 
tuus,  a,  um,  thy,  your. 
tyrannus,  i,  M.,  tyrant. 


u. 


uber,  eris,  N.,  breast,  udder. 
uber,  eris,  rich,  fertile. 
ubi.  where,  when. 
ubicumque,  wherever,  everywhere. 
ubique,  everywhere. 


VOCABULARY.  —  I. 


241 


ulciscor,  ultus,  3,  revenge,  pun- 

ullus,  a,  um,  lus,  any.  [ish. 

ulmus,  i,  F.,  elm. 

Ulterior,  us,  farther,  'beyond. 

ultimus,  a,  um,  furthest,  last. 

ultra,  beyond,  besides. 

ultro,  beyond,  voluntarily. 

ultus,  avenged,  punished. 

umbra,  ae,  F.,  shade,  shadow. 

umquam,  ever. 

una,  together. 

unda,  se,  F.,  wave. 

unde,  whence. 

undecim,  eleven. 

undecimus,  a,  um,  eleventh. 

undeviginti,  nineteen. 

undique,  everywhere. 

ungo,  unxi,  unct-,  3,  anoint. 

unguis,  is,  M.,  nail,  talon. 

universus,  a,  um,  all  together. 

unquam=umquam,  ever. 

unus,  a,  um,  lus,  one. 

unusquisque,  each. 

urbanus,  a,  um,  of  the  city,  re- 
fined, well-bred. 

urbs,  bis,  F.,  city  (esp.  Rome). 

urgep  (-gueo),  ursi,  '2,  urge. 

urmator,  oris,  M.,  diver. 

uro,  ussi,  ust-,  3,  burn,  chafe. 

ursus,  i,  M.  ;  -a.  se,  F.,  a  bear. 

usquam,  anywhere. 

usque,  all  the  way,  for  a  while. 

ustus,  [uro,]  burnt. 

usurpo,  1,  employ,  make  use  of. 

usus,  us,  M.,  use,  advantage. 

usus,  [utor,]  having  used. 

ut,  that,  as,  ichen,  how,  so  that, 
in  order  that,' that  not  (with 
words  of  fearing). 

uter,  tris,  M.,  bag,  skin. 

uter,  tra,  um,  which  (of  two) . 

uter-que,  each,  both. 

uti=ut,  that. 

utilis,  e,  useful,  profitable. 

utilitas,  a  tis,  F.,  use,  profit. 

utiiiam,  would  that ! 

utor,  usus,  3,  use,  employ. 

utrimque,  on  both  sides. 

utrum,  whether  (§  71). 

uva,  se,  p.,  cluster  of  grapes. 

uxor,  oris,  F.,  wife. 


V. 


vaco,  1,  be  void,  at  leisure. 

vacuus,  a,  um,  empty. 

vadum,  i,  N.,  shoal,  ford. 

vagio,  4,  cry,  bray. 

vagitus,  us,  M.,  crying,  braying. 

vagus,  a,  um,  roaming. 

valde,  very,  very  much. 

valens,  tis,  vigorous. 

valeo,  valui,  valit-,  2,  be  well, 
vigorous. 

valetudo,  inis,  health. 

validus,  a,  um,  strong. 

valles  (-is),  is,  F.,  valley. 

vallum,  i,  N.,  rampart  (earth- 
wall  set  with  palisades). 

vanus,  a,  um,  empty,  vain. 

vapor,  oris,  M.,  vapor. 

varius,  a,  um,  changing,  various. 

vas,  vasis,  pi.,  -a,  orum,  N.,  ves- 
sel, dish,  tool;  pi.,  baggage. 

vas  to,  1,  lay  waste. 

vastus,  a,  um,  empty,  waste,  vast. 

vates,  is,  um,  c.,  prophet,  poet. 

vaticinatio,  onis,  F.,  prophecy. 

vaticinor,  prophesy. 

vectigal,  alis,  N.,  tax,  revenue. 

vegetus,  a,  um,  vigorous,  active. 

vehemens,  tis,  eager,  violent. 

vehementer,  vigorously,  very. 

veho,  vexi,  vect-,  3,  carry. 

vel,  or,  either,  even. 

velamen,  iiiis,  N.,  cover. 

velle,  [volo,]  wish. 

vello,  vulsi,  vuls-,  3,  pull. 

velox,  ocis,  swift,  fleet. 

velum,  i,  N.,  sail,  veil. 

velut,  veluti,  just  as,  as  if. 

vena,  se,  F.,  vein. 

venalis,  e,  for  sale,  venal. 

venaticus,  a,  urn,  for  hunting. 

vendo,  didi,  dit-,  3,  sell. 

venenum,  i,  N.,  poison. 

ven-eo,  4,  be  sold. 

veneratio,  onis,  F.,  reverence. 

venia,  se,  F.,  favor,  pardon. 

veiiio,  veni,  vent-,  4,  come. 

venor,  1,  hunt,  pursue. 


242 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


ventito,  1,  keep  coming. 

ventus,  i,  M.,  wind,  breeze. 

verber,  eris,  x.,  lash,  scourge. 

verbum,  i,  x.,  word;  verbi 
causa,  for  example. 

vereor,  I,  fear,  revere. 

Vergilius,  Virgil,  a  Roman  poet. 

verge,  si,  3,  bend,  lie  towards. 

vero,  in  truth,  but. 

verruca,  SB,  F.,  wart. 

versor,  1,  dwell,  abide* 

versus,  us,  M.,  verse. 

verto,  ti,  sum,  3,  turn. 

veru,  us,  urn,  ubus,  x.,  a  spit. 

verum,  truly,  yes,  but,  yet. 

verus,  a,  um,  true,  real. 

vescor,  3,  feed,  eat. 

Vesontio,  onis,  Besan^on,  a 
town  of  Gaul . 

vesper,  eri  (eris),  M.,  evening. 

Vesta,  ae,  daughter  of  Saturn, 
goddess  of  the  household. 

vester,  tra,  urn,  your. 

vestis,  is,  F.,  clothing. 

veteranus,  a,  um,  veteran. 

veto,  vetui,  vetit-,  I,  forbid. 

vetus,  eris,  old;  pi.  the  ancients. 

vexillum,  i,  x.,  standard. 

vexo,  1,  harass,  distress. 

via,  ae,  F.,  way,  road,  street. 

viator,  oris,  M.,  traveller. 

vibro,  1,  brandish,  quiver. 

vicarius,  a,  um,  substituted, 
(noun),  a  substitute,  deputy. 

vicinus,  a,  um,  neighboring. 

vicis  (gen.),  em,  e;  es,  ibus, 
change,  turn  ;  ace.,  instead  of, 
for ;  in  vicem,  by  turns. 

victor,  oris,  M.,  conqueror. 

victoria,  ae,  F.,  victory. 

vicus,  i,  M.,  street,  village. 

video,  vidi,  vis-,  2,  see,  under- 
stand. ;  P.,  appear,  seem  good. 

vidua,  ae,  F.,  widow. 

vigeo,  2,  thrive,  flourish. 

vigil,  ilis,  awake,  watchful. 

vigilautia,aerF.,  vigilance,  guard. 

vigilia,  ae,  F.,  watch,  night-guard. 

vigilo,  1,  guard,  be  watchful. 

viginti,  twenty. 

vigor,  oris,  M.,  energy,  vigor. 


villa,  ae,  F.,  country-seat,  villa. 

vincio,  vinxi,  vinct-,  4,  bind. 

vinco,  vici,  vict-,  3,  conquer. 

vinculum,  i,  x.,  bond,  chain. 

vindex,  icis,  c.,  defender. 

viiidico,  1,  claim,  avenge. 

vinum,  i,  x.,  wine. 

violentia,  ae,  F.,  violence. 

violo,  1,  harm,  violate. 

vir,  viri,^M.,  man,  husband. 

virga  (ula),  ae,  F.,  twig,  rod. 

virgo,  inis,  F.,  maiden,  Vestal. 

vir gul turn,  i,  x.,  thicket. 

viridis,  e,  green,  verdant. 

virilis,  e,  manly,  a  man. 

viritim,  man  by  man. 

virtus,  utis,  F.,  virtue,  valor. 

vis,  vim,  vi,  F.,  force,  violence; 
pi.,  vires,  strength. 

viso,  si,  sum,  3,  view,  visit. 

visus,  [video,]  seen. 

vita,  ae,  F.,  life. 

vitium,  i,  x.,  fault,  vice. 

vito,  1,  shun,  avoid. 

vivo,  vixi,  vict-,  3,  live. 

vivus,  a,  um,  alive. 

vix,  scarcely,  hardly. 

voco,  1,  call. 

volito,  I,  fly,  flit. 

volo,  velle,  volui  (§  37, 1),  wish. 

volo,  \,ifty,  hasten. 

Volsci,  orum,  Volscians,  a  peo- 
ple of  Latium. 

volucer,  eris,  ere,  flying ;  bird. 

volumen,  inis,  x.,  roll,  volume. 

voluntarius,  a,  um,  voluntary. 

voluntas,  atis,  F..  will,  u'ish, 

voluptas,  atis,  F.,  delight. 

volvo,  volvi,  volut-,  3,  roll,  turn. 

vos,  [tu,]  you. 

voveo,  vovi,  vot-,  3,  vow. 

vox,  vocis,  F.,  voice,  speech. 

vulgaris,  e,  common. 

vulgo,  commonly,  publicly. 

vulgus,  i,  x.  (or  M.),  people. 

vulnero,  1,  wound,  hurt. 

vulnus,  eris,  x.,  wound,  hurt. 

vulpes,  is,  F.,  fox. 

vultur,  uris,  M.,  vulture. 

vultus,  us,  M.,/ace. 

zona,  ae,  F.,  belt,  girdle. 


II.    ENGLISH  AND  LATIN. 


a,  generally  untranslated;  when 

meaning  a  certain,  quidam. 
able,  be,  possum. 
about,  circiter  (ACC.) 
abroad,  foris. 
absent,  be,  absum. 
accuse,  accuso,  1. 
acquit,  absolvo,  3. 
across,  trans  (ACC.). 
actuate,  permoveo,  2. 
admire,  admlror,  1. 
admonish,  admoneo,  2. 
advance,  progredior,  3. 
.ZEdui,  JEdui,  orum,  M. 
advantage,  be,  interesse  (§  50, 

4,  rf). 

against,  in  (ACC.). 
aid,  auxilium,  i,  N. 
air,  acr,  is,   ace.,  a'era,  M. 
alarm,  pavor,  oris,  M. 
all,  omnis,  e. 

alone,  solus,  a,  um ;  gen.  solius. 
alongside,  prceter  (ACC.). 
already,  jam. 
although,    quamquam,    ut,    licet 

(§  61,  2). 
always,  semper. 
ambassador,  legatus,  i,  M. 
among,  in  (ACC.  or  ABL.(. 
and,  et. 

angry,  be,  irascor,  3 
animal,  animal,  is  (§  11,  i.  2,  e). 
another,  alius,  a,  w^/;  gen.  IMS. 
any  (you  wish),  quivis,  quilibet. 
apiece,  distributive  numeral, 
appeal,  proubco,  1  (ad). 
apple,  pomum,  i,  N. 
approach,  appropinquo,  1  ^  noun 

adventus,  us,  M. 
army,  exercilus,  us,  M.  ;  (drawn 

up),  acies,  ci,  F. 
around,  circa  (ACC.). 


art,  ars,  artis,  F. 

as,  wf,   sicut;   (as  correl.   see  § 

22,  6). 

ashamed,  be,  ^wrfef  (§  50,  4,  c). 
Asia,  Asia,  ce,  F. 
ask,  ro<70,  1  (§  52,  2,  c) 
assault,  oppugno,  1. 
assemble,  convenio,  4. 
assist,  sublevo,  1. 
at,  ad  (ACC.),  m  (ABL.). 
Athens,  Athlncc,  arum,  F.  (pi.), 
attack,  impetus,  us,  M. 
attempt,  tento,  1. 
attentive,  attentus,  a,  um. 
away  from,  a&  (ABL.). 


B. 

bad,  malus,  a,  um. 

baggage,  impedimenta,  drum,  N. 

bank,  rijoa,  GE,  F. 

bark  (verb),  /a^ro,  1  ;    (noun), 

cortex,  M. 

battle,  prcdium,  i,  N. 
beam,  trabs,  is,  F. 
bear,  /ero,  (§  37,  4). 
beautiful,  pulcher,  chra,  chrum. 
because,  quod,  quia. 
become,  fio  (§  37,  7). 
before   (prep.),    ante;    (conj.), 

antequam,  priusquam. 
begin,  ineo  (§  37,  6),  incipio,  3. 
Belgian,  Belf/a,  CE,  M. 
belong,  per  tine  o,  2  (a^/). 
beyond,  irans  (ACC.). 
bird,  ayw,  is,  F. 
black,  nir/er,  gra,  grum. 
blame,  culpo,  1. 
boat,  linter,  trw,  F. 
bond,  vinculum,  i,  N. 


244 


LATIN  LESSONS. 


book,  liber,  &n,  M. 
boundaries,  fines,  ium,  M.  (pi.), 
born,  be.  nascor,  3. 
boy,  puer,  i,  M. 
brave,  fortis,  e. 
bravely,  fortiter. 
bridge,  pons,  tis,  M. 
bright,  clarus,  a,  um. 
broad,  latus,  a,  um. 
brother,  frater,  tris,  M. 
build,  cediflco,  1. 
building,  cedifidum,  i,  N. 
burden,  onus,  er/x,  x. 
business,  negotium,  i,  N. 
but,  sed. 

by   (a  person  after  a   passive 
verb),  ab. 


c. 

Caesar,  Ccesar,  dris 
call,  coco,  1. 

camp,  castra,  drum,  N.  (pi.), 
candidly,  aperte. 
care,  cura,  a?,  F. 
carefully,  diligenter. 
carry,  jsorto,  1. 
Carthage,  Carthago,  inis,  F. 
cast  away,  abjicio,  3. 
cavalry,  equites,  um,  M.  (pi.), 
cave,  antrum,  i,  x. 
century,  centuria,  fc,  F. 
certain,  quidam,  qucedam,  quod- 
dam. 

chief,  princeps,  cipis,  M. 
children,  Uberi,  drum,  M. 
citizen,  ciwis,  is,  M. 
city,  wr6s,  is,  F. 
cloak,  paludamentum,  i,  N. 
close,  claudo,  3. 
cloud,  nubes,  is,  F. 
cohort,  cohors,  lis,  F. 
column,  columna,  OB,  F 
come,  m?*'0,  4. 
commander,  (/MA,  duds,  c. 
common,  communis,  c. 
company  (in),  cww  (ABL.). 
conceal,  ce/o,  1  (§  52,  2,  d). 
concerning,  Je  (ABL.). 


condemn,  damno,  1. 

conquer,  vinco,  3. 

conqueror,  victor,  bris. 

consul,  consul,  is,  M. 

consult,  consulo,  3  ;  (one's  in- 
terest, DAT.). 

contend,  contendo,  3. 

contention,  contentio,  bnis, 

Corinth,  Corinthus,  i.  F. 

cottage,  casa,  fe,  F. 

country  (one's  own), patria,  CE, 
F.  ;  rus  (§  55,  iii.). 

crime,  scelus,  eris,  N.  ;  crimcn, 
inis,  N. 

cross,  transeo,  4  ;  transmitto,  3. 

cruel,  crudelis,  e. 

cultivate,  co/o,  3. 

culture,  cultus,  us,  M. 

cut,  seco,  1. 


D. 

danger,  periciilum,  i,  N. 

dark  (of  color),  niger,  gra, 
grum. 

daughter,  filia,  ce,  F. 

day,  dies,  li,  M. 

death,  7?zors,  mortis,  F.  ;  to,  co/> 
tVw  (§  50,  4,  6). 

declare  (war),  indico,  3  (DAT.). 

deep,  altus,  a,  um. 

defend,  defendo,  3. 

delight,  delecto,  1. 

deliver,  fra</o,  3. 

demand,  postulo,  1  (§  52,  2,  c. 
Rein.)  ;  infero,  1  (§  51,  2,  c). 

dense,  densus,  a,  um. 

depart,  decedo,  3  ;  (set  out), 
projidscor,  3  ;  (scatter) ,  dis- 
cedo. 

desert,  desero,  3. 

deserter,  perfuga,  ce,  M. 

desire,  cupio,  3. 

desirous,  appetens,  ntis  (GEN.). 

destroy,  perdo,  3. 

detain,  detineo,  2. 

determine,  const  it  uo,  3. 

dictator,  dictator,  bris,  M. 

differ,  differ  o. 


VOCABULARY.  —  II. 


245 


differently,  aliter. 
difficult,  difficilis,  e  (§  17, 1,  6). 
diligence,  diligentia,  ce,  F. 
diligently,  diligenter. 
disorder,  confusio,  bnis,  F. 
dissension,  dissentio,  onis,  F. 
distance,  spatium,  i,  N. 
distant,  longinquus,  a,  um;   be 

distant,  disto,  1. 
do,  facioj  3. 

dog,  cam's,  is,  M.  (§  11,  i.  d,  1). 
door,  janua,  ce,  F. 
draw  up,  instruo,  3. 
drive,  jpe//o,  3. 

duty,  officium,  i,  N.  (or  GEN.). 
dwell,  habito,  1. 


E. 

each,  quisque,  unusquisque. 
each    other,   a/ms  ...  a/mm, 

after  .  .  .  alterum  (§  47,  9). 
eager,  avidus,  a,  WTO. 
earth,  terra,  ee,  p. 
easily,  facile. 
easy,  facilis,  e. 
educate,  educo,  1. 
elect,  /acio,  3,  creo,  1. 
eloquence,  eloquentia^  ce,  P. 
encompass,  czVu/o,  3. 
encourage,  hortor^  1. 
endure,  perfero  (§  37,  4). 
enemy,  hostis,  is,  c.  the  enemy 

(collectively),  hostes,  ium. 
enroll,  conscrlbo,  3. 
enter,  infro,  1. 
escape,  effugio,  3. 
establish,  confirmo,  1,  statuo,  3. 
evening,  vesper,  eri,  M. 
exercise,  exerceo,  2. 
extreme,  extremus,  a,  WTO. 


F. 

faithful, 

far,  /owry 

far  and  wide,  /ate. 

farmer,  agricola,  ce,  M. 


farther  (adj.),  ulterior,  us. 

father,  pater,  iris,  M. 

fault,  cw/pa,  6B,  F. 

fear,  timeo,  2,  metuo,  3,  vereor, 

2  ;  (noun),  ft'mor,  orts,  M. 
fellow-citizen,  czvis,  is,  M.  v/ith 

possessive. 

fill,  compleo,  repleo,  2. 
field,  «</er,  a^ri,  M. 
fierce,  atrox,  atrocis. 
fiercely,  acriter. 
fight,  dimico,  pugno,  1. 
find,  reperio,  4. 
finish,  /mo,  4. 
first,  primus,  a,  WTO;   adv.,  pri- 

wzwrn  and  primo. 
fish,  piscis,  is,  M. 
flee,  fugio,  3. 
fleet,  classis,  is,  F. 
flight,  /w^ra,  CB,  F. 
flow,  ^wo,  3. 
fly,  volo,  1. 

following  (day),^?osterws,  a,  um. 
folly,  stultitia,  ce,  F. 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  itis,  M. 
for,  nam,  enim,  etenim. 
forces,  copies,  arum,  P.  (pi.), 
forest,  sz'/va,  cc,  F. 
forget,  obliviscor,  3. 
fortify,  munio,  4. 
fortunate,  fortunatus. 
found,  condo,  3. 
friend,  amicus,  i,  M. 
friendship,  amicitia,  ce,  F. 
from,  a&,  ex. 
fruit,  fructus,  us,  M.  ;  (of  fields), 

fruyes,  WTO,  F.  (§  14,  1,  c). 
fugitive,  fuyiens,  part,  offugio. 
full,  plenus,  a,  um. 
further,  adj.,  ulterior,  us. 
fury,  furor,  oris,  M. 

G. 

gain,  lucrum,  i,  N. 
games,  Zurft,  orwTO,  M.  (pi.), 
garden,  hortus,  i,  M. 
Gaul  (the country) ,  Gallia,  ce,  F. 
Gaul  (an  inhabitant),    G  alias, 
i,  M. 


246 


LATIN    LESSONS. 


general,  dux,  duds,  M.,  imperd- 

tor,  or  is,  M. 

German,  Germunus,  a,  um. 
girl,  puella,  ce,  F. 
give,  do,  1 ;  give  up,  rfetfo,  3. 
glad,  Icelus. 
glory,  gloria,  ce,  F. 
go,  eo,  4  (§  37,  6)  ;  go  on,  pass. 

of  gero,  3. 

gDd,  dc<us,i,  M.  (§  10,  4,/). 
going  to  (fut.  act.  part.), 
gold,  aurum,  ?',  x. 
good,  bonus,  a,  um. 
grandfather,  auus,  ?',  M. 
great,  ma  gnus,  a,  um. 
ground,  humus,  i,  F. 
grow  weak,  languesco,  3. 
guide,  dux,  duds,  M. 


hall,  aula,  ce,  F. 

happens,  it,  accidlt. 

happy,  felix,ids;  beatus,  a,  um. 

harbor,  port  UK,  us,  M. 

hardship,  durum,  i,  x.  (§  47,  4). 

hasten,  festlno,  propero,  I. 

hatred,  odium,  i,  x. 

have,  habeo,  2. 

hear,  audio,  4. 

Helvetians,  Helvetii,  drum,  M. 

here,  be,  ad  sum. 

high,  «£/?«?,  a,  MWI. 

highly,  war/m  (§  50,  1,  i.). 

hither  (adj.),  citerior,  us. 

home  (to),  domum  (§  55,  3,  &)  ; 

(at),  domi  (§  55,  3,  c). 
honor,  honor,  or  is,  M. 
hope,  s/>es,  e«,  F. 
horse,  equus,  i,  M. 
horseman,  e^rwes,  &£s,  M. 
hostage,  obscs,  idis,  c. 
house,  domus,  us,  F.  (§12,  3,  e). 
hunger,  fames,  is,  F. 


immediately,  statim,  confestim. 
immortal,  immorfalis,  e. 


in,  in  (ABL.)  ;  in  company  with, 
cum  (ABL.)  ;  in  the  power  ot, 
penes  (ACC.)  ;  in  turn,  in- 
vicem. 

inform,  cerium  [ccrtiorem~\facio. 

inhabitant,  incola,  a?,  M. 

inquire,  quccro,  3. 

insist  on,  Jhigiio,  1  (ACC.). 

into,  in  (ACC.). 

island,  insula,  ce,  F. 

Italy,  Italia,  ce,  F. 


j. 

journey,  iter,  itineris,  N. 

judge,  judex,  ids,  M. 

just,  Justus,  a,  um;  (time),  ipxe. 


E. 

keep  off,  prokibeo,  2. 
kill,  interfido,  3  ;  occldo,  3. 
kind,  benignus,  a,  um. 
king,  rex,  regis,  M. 
kingdom,  regnum,  i,  N. 
know,  scio,  4. 


Lacedoemonian,  Lacedcemoniut, 

a,  um. 

lake,  lacus,  us,  M. 
land,  terra,  a',  F. 
language,  lingua,  03,  F. 
large,  ma  gnus,  ampins,  a,  um. 
last,  proximus ;    (furthest),  ex- 

tremus,  a,  um. 
Latin,  Latinus,  a,  um. 
lay  waste,  vasto,  1. 
lead,  r/?/co,  3. 
lead  out,  educo,  3. 
leap,  salto,  1  ;  over,  transilio,  4. 
learn,  r/wco,  3. 
leave,  relinquo,  3. 
legate,  legatus,  i,  M. 


VOCABULARY.  —  II. 


247 


legion,  legio,  bnis,  F. 

letter,  litterce,  arum,  F.  (pi.). 

liberate,  libero,  1. 

lie,jaceo,  2  ;  (speak  falsehood), 

mentior,  4. 

lieutenant,  legatus,  i. 
life,  vita,  ce,  F. 
light,   lux,  lucis,  F.  ;   be  light, 

luceo,  2. 
light,  lev  is,  et 

like,  similis,  e  (DAT.  or  GEN.). 
line  (of  battle),  acies,  ei,  F. 
lion,  teo,  bnis,  M. 
literature,  litterce,  drum,  F.  (pi.). 
live,  w'yo,  3  ;  (dwell),  habito,  1. 
lofty,  excelsus,  a,  urn. 
long,  longus,  a,  wwi. 
look  at,  specto,  1. 
love,  awo,  1. 


M. 

make,  facio,  3  ;  (a  magistrate) , 
creo,  1  ;  (war  upon),  infer o 
(DAT.).  ;  (cloak),  conficio. 

maker,  faber,  bri,  M. 

man,  homo,  mis,  c.  ;  vir,  viri,  M. 

maniple,  manipulum,  i,  N. 

many,  multi,  ce,  a. 

master  (of  boys),  magister,  tri; 
(of  slaves),  dominus,  i,  M. 

meet  (death),  obeo,  4. 

memory,  memoria,  ce,  F. 

messenger,  nuntius,  i,  M. 

midday,  meridiem,  ei,  M. 

midnight,  media  nox  (at,  ABL.). 

migrate,  migro,  1. 

mile,  mille  passuum  (§  18,  1,  e). 

Miletus,  Miletus,  i,  F. 

mind,  animus,  i,  M. 

mistaken,  be,  fallor  (pass.). 

money,  pecunia,  ce,  F. 

moon,  luna,  ce,  F. 

more,  magis ;  comp.  degree, 
plus,  amplius. 

morrow,  on  the,  poster  o  die. 

most,  superl.  degree. 

mountain,  mons,  tis,  M. 

mourn,  lugeo,  2. 


move,  moveo,  2. 
music,  musice,  es,  F. 
must,  oportet,  or  gerundive. 
my,  meus,  a,  um. 


N. 

name,  nomen,  mis,  N. 
narrow,  anguslus,  a,  urn. 
near,  jwope  (DAT.  or  ACC.). 
nearest,  proximus. 
need,  opus  (§  54,  1,  rf). 
never,  nunquam. 
new,  novus,  a,  um. 
night,  near,  noctis,  F.  ;  by  night, 

nodw. 

no,  not,  non. 

none,  nullus,  a,  um  (§  16,  1,  6). 
now,  nunc. 
nowhere,  nusquam. 
number,  numerus,  i. 
Numitor,  Numllor,  or  is,  M. 


0. 

obey,  pareo,  2  (§  52,  2,  a). 
obtain    possession,    potior,    4 

(§  54,  6,  d). 
of,  genitive  case. 
often,  scepe. 
old  man,  sencx,  senis,  M. ;  <jrmn- 

dis  natu. 
on,    m    (ABL.)  ;    on  this  side, 

citra  (ACC.). 
one,  unus,  a,  um;  gen.  lus ;  one 

.  .  .  another,  alius  .  .  .  alius 

(§47,9). 

oppress,  opprimo,  3. 
orator,  orator,  bris,  M. 
order,  or  give  orders,  jubeo,  2 

(§  70,  3,  a), 
other,    alius,   a,    ud ;    gen.    lus 

(§  16,  1,  6). 
our,  noster,  tra,  trum. 
out  of,  ea:  (ABL.). 
outside  of,  ea:/ra  (ACC.). 
over,  super,  prep. 


248 


LATIN   LESSONS. 


P. 

part,  pars,  tin,  F.  (gen.  case), 
pass,  franco  (summer),  exigo,  3. 
patiently,  pat  tenter. 
peace,  pax,  pads,  F. 
people,  populus,  z,  M. 
perish,  pereo  (§  37,  6). 
place,  locus,  i,  M.  (§  14,  2.  c)  : 
verb,  7>0no,  3,  place  around, 
tircumdo,  3  (§  51, 1,  c)  ;  take 
place,  pass,  of  yero,  3. 
plain,  planities,  ei,  F. 
plan,  consilium,  i,  N. 
play,  fof/o,  3. 
pleasing,  acceptus,  a,  wm. 
pleasure,  voluptas,  atis,  F. 
plough,  aro,  1. 
poet,  poe/a,  as,  M. 
Pompey,  Pompeius,  i,  M. 
poor,  pauper,  ens. 
possession,    obtain,   potior,    4 

(§  54,  0,  </). 

power  (in...  of),  ;>enes  (ACC.). 
powerful,  pot  ens,  tis. 
praise,  la  us,  laud  is,  F. 
praise,  laudo,  1. 
prefer,    ywafo    (§   37,   3)  ;    ante- 

pbno,  3. 

prepare,  paro,  1. 
present,  be,  adsum. 
preserve,  conservo,  1. 
pretend,  simulo,  1. 
prevent,  prohibeo,  2. 
prisoner,  captli-us,  i,  M. 
produce,  fruges,   um,   F.    (pi.  § 

14,  1,  c). 
promissum,    i,    x.  ;    verb,  pro- 

»H'«O,  3,  polliceor,  2. 
prosper,  sec  undo,  1. 
protection,  prccsidivm,  i,  N. 
provided,  (/i/?/?,  dummodo  (S  6. 

1,3). 

punish,  j>nn 'to,  -1. 
punishment,  pccna,  &,  F. 
pupil,  dtfctpiftcff,  z,  M. 
put,  conjicioj  3. 


a- 

quaestor,  qucestor,  bri*,  jr. 
queen,  reglna,  ce,  F. 


R. 

rapacious,  rapax,  acis. 
i  rapidly,  celeriter. 
\  rather  (had),  wafo  (§  37,  3). 
reach,  rewzo  (4),  ad. 
read,  %o,  3. 
|  receive',  accipio,  3. 
I  recognize,  ar/nosco,  3. 
recover,  recipio  (3)  se. 
refresh,  rejicio,  3. 
rejoice,  gaudeo,2  (§  35,  2J 
remain, 

remind,'  admoneo,  2. 
renew,  redintegro,  1. 
repent,  pcenitet  (§  50,  4,  2). 
report,  /a??za,  a,  F. 
republic,  respublica,  &,  F.  (§14, 

repulse,  repello,  3. 
restrain,  tempero,  1  (DAT.). 
return,  reverlo,  3  ;  rec/eo,  4. 
revolution,  nora  rex. 
reward,  proemium,  i,  N. 
rise,  or/or,  4  ;  sur^o,  3. 
river    jfuvius,    i,    M.  ;  flumen, 

inis,  N. 

river-bank,  rz/^a,  <E,  F. 
road,  z-/a,  CB,  F. 
rock,  saxum,  t,  N. 
roll,  ro/i'o,  3. 
Roman,  Romania,  a,  um. 
Rome,  Roma,  01,  F. 
rugged,  axper,  era,  crum. 
rule  (the  republic),  #ero,  3. 
run,  curro,  3. 

s. 

sad,  tristis,  e. 
sailor,  nauta,  ce,  F. 
sake,  for  the,   causa  or  gratia 
(§  50,  1,  {,  Hem.). 


VOCABULARY.  — II. 


249 


same,  idem  (§  20,  2). 

say,  dico,  3. 

school,  Indus,  i,  M. 

scholar,  discipulus,  i,  M. 

sea,  mare,  is,  N. 

sea-shore,  ora,  ce,  P. 

seated,  be,  consideo,  2. 

see,  m'rfeo,  2. 

seek,  peto,  3  ;  qucero,  3. 

seem,  videor,  2. 

seize,  occiipo,  1. 

sell,  vendo,  3. 

senate,  sendtus,  us,  M. 

send,  mz'tto,  3. 
.servant,  famulus,  i,  M. 

serviceable,  wftYis,  e. 

sesterce,  sestertius,  i,  M.  ;  thou- 
sands, sestertium,  i,  N. 

set  out,  prqficiscor,  3. 

severely,  graoiter. 

shade,  umbra,  ce,  F. 

ship,  naz?&,  is,  F. 

shore,  ora,  te,  F. 

short,  brevis,  e. 

shoulder,  humerus,  i,  N. 

show,  monstro,  1. 

show,  species,  el,  F. 

side,  latas,  em,  N.  ;   on    this, 
c/fra  (ACC.). 

signal,  sifjnum,  i,  N. 

since,  quoniam,  cum. 

sit,  sedeo,  2. 

skilled,   peritus,  a,  um  (§  50, 
3,6). 

sky,  ccelum,  i,  N. 

slaughter,  clades,  is,  F. 

slave,  serous t  i,  M. 

small,  parvus,  a,  um. 

so,  ita,  sic  ;  (such),  to/is,  e. 

soldier,  miles,  itis,  c. 

some,  quidam,  aliquis,   aliquan- 
tum  (GEN.). 

some  . . .  other,    alius  .  .  .  alms 
(§  47,  9). 

son,  films,  i,  M. 

soon,  max. 

Spain,  Hispania,  ce,  F. 

spare,  pareo,  3. 

speak,  loquor,  3  ;  (of  an  orator), 
dico,  3. 

stand,  ,<?/o,  1. 


star,  ste#a,  ce,  F. 

state,  civitas,  dtis,  F. 

story,  fabula,  ce,  F. 

strange,  novus,  a,  um. 

strive,  nitor,  3. 

strong,  vaHdus,  a,  um. 

study,  studeo,  2. 

subdue,  subigo,  3 

Suessioiies,  Suessiones,  um. 

summer,  cestas,  dtis,  F. 

sun,  sol,  solis,  M. 

surrender,  deditio,  onis,  F. 

surround,  cinyo,  3  ;  circum-sto,  1. 

sustain,  sustineo,  2. 

swift  (rivers),  rapidus,  a,  um, 

(persons,  &c.),  velox,  ocis. 
swiftness,  celeritas,  dtis,  F. 
swim,  nato,  1. 
sword,  ferrum,  i,  N. 


T. 

take,  cop/o,  3,  (possession  of), 

occupo,  1,  (place),  passive  of 

gero,  3. 

talent,  talentum,  i,  N. 
teach,  f/oceo,  2. 
teacher,  doctor,  toris,  M. 
tell,  narro,  1,  <7ico,  3. 
temper,  animus,  i,  M. 
tenacious,  fcnaz,  dels. 
territories,  fines,  ium,  M. 
than,  quam,  or  abl.  case  (§  54, 5). 
that,  z'#e,  a,  ud ;    (after  same), 

<?wi. 

theatre,  theatrum,  i,  N. 
there,    ibi,   illic ;     thither,    eo  ; 

there  is,  es?. 
thick,    densus,    a,    um,    (wall), 

latus,  a,  um. 

thing,  neut.  adj.  (§  47,  4). 
think,  puto,  1. 
thirst     (noun),    sitis,    is,    F.  ; 

(verb),  sitioj  4  (§  52,  1,  a), 
this  side  of,  citra  (ACC.). 
through,  per  (ACC.). 
throw,  facio,  3. 
Tiber,  Tiberis,  is,  M.  ;  (ACC.  ini). 
to,  ad  (ACC.),  or  dative  case. 


250 


LATIN    LE8 


to-day,  hodie. 

towards,  ad  (ACC.),  of    tit  no, 

sub  (ACC.). 
town,  oppidum,  i,  x. 
train,  exerceo,  2. 
treachery,  proditio,  bnis,  F. 
tribune,  tribanis,  i,  M. 
troublesome,  molestus,  a,  um. 
trust,  credo,  3  (§  51,  2,  a), 
truth  (true  things),  vera  (n.  pi.), 
tumult,  tumulfus,  us,  M. 
turn  (verb) ,  verfo,  3  ;  (noun) , 

invicem. 


u. 

understanding,  intcllcctus,  us,  M. 
undertaking,  inccplum,  i,  N. 
unequal,  impar. 
unfriendly,  inimicus,  a,  Mm. 
unless,  nisi. 

unlike,  dissimilis,  e  (§  17,  1,  ft), 
until,  rfwm,  donee. 
unwilling,  be,  no/0  (§  37,  2). 
unworthy,  indignus,  a,  M?«. 
upon,  in  (ABL.). 
use    (verb),    utor,    3 ;    (noun), 
its  us,  us,  M. 


v. 

value,  (estimo,  1. 

very,  superlative  degree  (§  17, 

5,  ft). 

vessel,  wr/rw,  zs,  F. 
vexed  (to  be),  _pzpe*  (§  50,  4, 


victory,  victoria,  CB,  F. 
villa,  rz7/a,  ce,  F. 
vulture,  vullur,  is,  M. 


w. 

wait,  cxspecto,  1. 
walk,  ambtilO)  1. 


wall,  murus,  ?',  M.  ;  (of  a  city), 
mania,  drum,  N.  (pi.)- 

war,  bellum,  i,  N. 

warn,  moneo,  2. 

waste,  lay,  vasto,  1. 

watch,  vigilia,  ce,  F. 

water,  aqua,  ce,  F. 

wave,  fluctus,  us,  M. 

way,  rm,  «?,  F. 

weak,  gi'ow,  languesco,  3. 

weapon,  ^e/?/m,  i,  N. 

wearied,  fessus,  a,  um ;  be, 
te<Ze«  (§  50,  4,  c). 

well,  ftene. 

what  o'clock,  ^/o/rc  7^m. 

when,  CMWI,  or  an  appositive. 

where,  ubi. 

•whether,  mini,  ne. 

which  (of  two) ,  uter  (§  16, 1,  ft). 

white,  albus,  a,  um. 

wide,  latus,  a,  um. 

wind,  ventus,  i,  M. 

winter,  hiems,  is,  F. 

wise,  sapient,  ntis. 

wish,  rolo  (§  37,  1),  cupio,  3. 

with,  abl.  case  ;  (in  company 
\vith),  cum  (ABL.). 

within,  intra  (ACC.). 

wolf,  lupus,  i,  M. 

woods,  sih-a,  (c,  F. 

worthy,  diynus,  a,  um,  with  abl. 

wound,  vidnero,  1. 

wiite,  scribo,  3. 


Y. 

year,  annus,  i,  M. 

yes,  repeat  the  verb. 

yesterday,  #en'. 

yet,  tamen;  not  yet,  nondum. 


z. 

Zeno,  Zeno,  onis,  M. 


INDEX  OF  SYNCMYMES. 


A. 

comes,  151. 

F. 

abesse,  180. 

comitia,  18. 

facies,  179. 

accendo,  169. 

commoror,  150. 

famulus,  151. 

accidit,  149. 

communico,  159. 

fari,  78. 

accipio,  182. 
acies,  24,  146. 

concessum  est,  73. 
concilium,  18. 

fas  est,  73. 
festino,  16. 

adipiscor,  178. 
adolescens,  56. 
adversarius,  15. 

conor,  169. 
consilium,  16,  18. 
constantia,  180. 

flagito,  58. 
flamma,  169. 
flumen,  17. 

sedes,  169. 

contigit,  149. 

fluvius,  17. 

sedificium,  169. 

copia,  12. 

formido,  75. 

seger,  159. 

cruciatus,  151. 

frustra,  159. 

segrotus,  159. 

cruor,  61. 

furor,  180. 

cequor,  30. 

cunctus,  169. 

ager,  8. 
agmen,  24. 
agnomen,  Gr.  p.  32. 

J5DT»Adf*n      1  ^9 

cupio,  78. 
curia,  151. 

D. 

. 
gestio,  78. 
gladius,  182. 
gratiam  habere,  17& 

elJ^llUoOUj    JnJ*j.» 

aio,  78. 

deesse,  180. 

gratias  agere,  178. 

alii,  177. 

demons,  180. 

"      referre,  178. 

alites,  159. 

dementia,  180. 

IT 

amens,  180. 

demum,  180. 

U< 

amentia,  180. 
amnis,  17. 
ancile,  152. 

denique,  180. 
depopulor,  170. 
dico,  78. 

habito,  150. 
haud,  146. 
homo,  36. 

anima,  54. 
appello,  13. 
arvum,  8. 

discrimen,  180. 
disidero,  78.  ' 
dissimulo,  64. 

hostis,  15. 
humanitas,  25. 

atque,  7. 

ditio,  81. 

•           •           1  r*f\ 

auctoritas,  81. 
aveo,  78. 
avis,  159. 
avum,  179. 

doceo,  39. 
doctus,  160. 
domus,  169. 
ductor,  171. 
dux,  171. 

ignis,  169. 
illustris,  168. 
imber,  153. 
imperator,  171. 
impertio,  159. 

B, 

imperium,  37. 

bellum,  146. 

E. 

edoceo,  39. 

impetro,  178. 
in  singulos  dies,  172. 

C. 

educo,  39. 

incendium,  169. 

calamitas,  172. 

emissarius,  174. 

incendo,  169. 

callis,  64. 

ensis,  182. 

inclitus,  168. 

campus,  8. 

epistola,  25. 

infans,  56. 

capio,  182. 

erro,  66. 

infelicitas,  172. 

catena,  44. 

erudio,  39. 

inflammo,  169. 

celeber,  168. 

eruditus,  160. 

infortunium,  172. 

ceteri,  177. 

et,  7. 

inimicus,  15. 

cito,  171. 

evenit,  149. 

inquam,  78. 

civitas,  23. 

excors,  180. 

intelligo,  173. 

clarus,  168. 

excipio,  182. 

interea,  147. 

clipeus,  152. 

exercitus,  24. 

interim,  147. 

cognosce,  152. 

experior,  181. 

irascor,  71. 

cognomen,  Gr.  p.  32. 

explorator,  174. 

itaque,  60. 

252 


INDEX    OF    SYNONYM  Ls. 


iter,  64. 

perduco,  39. 

scitum,  18. 

iter  facere,  50. 

periclitor,  18. 

scriptura,  174. 

periciilum,  180. 

scutum,  152. 

J. 

janua,  7. 
juramentum,  177. 
jusjurandum,  177. 
juvenis,  56. 

perigrinari,  50. 
peritus,  160. 
peto,  58. 
placet,  50. 
plebs,  18. 

semita,  64. 
seuatus,  151. 
sententia,  16. 
sentio,  173. 
semis,  151. 

T 

phi  via,  153. 

sica,  182. 

Mi 

laqueus,  44. 
legatus,  170. 
lex,  18. 
libet,  50. 

poena,  151. 
pontns,  30. 
populor,  170. 
populus,  18. 
postremo,  180. 

sileo,  173. 
simulo,  64. 
singuli,  169. 
socius,  151. 
sodalis,  151. 

licet,  73. 
litera,  25. 
litus,  23. 
locus,  11. 

porta,  7. 
portorium,  174. 
posco,  58. 
possum,  46. 

speculator,  174. 
stomachor,  71. 
succendo,  169. 
succenseo,  71. 

JL 

postulo,  58. 

sumo,  182. 

mancipium,  151. 
maneo,  150. 
mare  30. 

potentatus,  81. 
potentia,  81. 
potestas,  81. 

supero,  180. 
supplicium,  151. 
suscipio,  182. 

medeor,  57. 
mens,  54. 
metiio,  75. 
miseria,  172. 
mcenia,  10. 
morbidus,  159. 
murus,  10. 

primus,  71. 
prmceps,  71. 
principatum,  37. 
prcelium,  146. 
profieiscor,  50. 
propero,  16. 
provoco,  13. 
prudeutia,  50. 

T. 

taceo,  173. 
tandem,  180. 
tempus,  178. 
tempestas,  178. 
tento,  181. 
terra,  85. 

N. 

pugio,  182. 

timeo,  75. 

ne,  146. 

pugna,  146. 

tormentiun,  151. 

nemo,  169. 

totus,  169. 

nequidquam,  159. 

Q. 

trihuo,  159. 

nimbus,  153. 

que,  7. 

tributum,  174. 

nitor,  169. 

qxiia,  71. 

turba,  ISO. 

nobiiis,  168. 

queo,  46. 

tumultus,  180. 

nomine,  171. 

quod,  71. 

non,  146. 

quoniam,  71. 

U. 

0. 

quotidie,  172. 

ulciscor,  158. 

.  29. 
.  173. 

B. 

universus,  169. 
urbs,  23. 

oscines,  159. 

recipio,  182. 

v 

oeuli,  179. 
ornuis,  169. 
MI,  23. 
oppugno,  29. 
opto. 

r\T-o      O*^ 

regio,  62. 
regnum,  37. 
reliqui,  177. 
rhetor,  170. 
ripa,  23. 
rivus,  17. 

V* 

vagor,  66. 
vasto,  170. 
vectigal,  173. 
vereor,  75. 
via,  64. 

OKI,  M. 

orator,  170. 

rogo,  58. 
rus,  62. 

vinco,  180. 
vinculum,  44. 

p. 

vindico,  158. 

pallor,  66. 

8. 

vir,  36. 

parrna,  152. 

sacramentum,  177. 

voco,  171. 

paries,  10. 
participo,  159. 
patria,  62. 

sanguis,  61. 
sano,  57. 
sapientia,  50. 

volo,  78. 
volucer,  159. 
vulnero,  39. 

pelagus,  30. 

saucio,  39. 

vultus,  179. 

.     ( 


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